View source for Kuthi Valley

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox valley
| name               = Kuti Valley
| other_name         = 
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<!--  Location  -->
| location           = 
| country            = India
| region             = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| state              = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district           = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
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'''Kuti Valley''' is a [[Himalaya]]n valley situated in the [[Pithoragarh District]], [[Kumaon division]] of the [[Uttarakhand]] state of [[India]]. Located in the eastern part of Uttarakhand, it is the last valley before the border with [[Tibet]]. It runs along a NW to SE axis, formed by the river '''Kuti Yankti''', which is one of the headwaters of the [[Sharda River|Kali River]] that forms the boundary between India and Nepal in this region. 

This valley is mainly dominated by [[Byansi people|Byansi]]s, one of the four [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]] communities of Kumaon, with the others being [[Gori Ganga|Johar]], [[Darma Valley|Darmiya]] and [[Chaudansi people|Chaudansi]].{{sfnp|Bergmann, Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties|2016|p=89}}<ref>{{harvp|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976|pp=8–9}}: "[...] the four Kumaon Bhotia communities, viz., the Johar, the Darma, the Chaudans and the Byans, share greater similarities among themselves"</ref>

In May 2020, Nepal laid claim to the northeastern half of the valley, claiming that Kuthi Yanki represented the Kali River and it was meant to be Nepal's border by the 1816 [[Sugauli Treaty]]. India said that the claim was not based on historical facts and evidence.<ref name=Reuters>[https://in.reuters.com/article/nepal-india-map/new-nepal-map-hardens-position-over-land-disputed-with-india-idINKBN22W2SV New Nepal map hardens position over land disputed with India], Reuters, 20 May 2020.
</ref>

== Kuthi Yankti river ==
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| mark-description1 = Point on China–India border
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| label-pos10 = bottom |label-offset-x10 = 10 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = [[Kalapani River]]
| mark-description10= Also called Lipu Gad, headwater of Kali
<!-- Tinker Khola -->
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|30.1355|80.9848}}
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| label11 = Tinkar |labela11 = Khola
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| mark-title11 = Tinkar Khola
| mark-description11 = Tributary of Kali in Nepal
<!-- Kuthi Yankti -->
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| label12 = Kuthi | labela12 = Yankti
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| mark-title12 = [[Kuthi Yankti]]
| mark-description12 = Headwater of Kali
<!-- Darma -->
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<!-- Lasser Yankti -->
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| mark-description17 = Headwater of Kali
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}}
Kuthi Yankti is one of the two headwaters of the [[Sharda River|Kali River]], the other being the [[Kalapani River]] that flows down from the [[Lipulekh Pass]].<ref>{{harvp|Hoon, Living on the Move|1996|p=48}}: "The river Kaliganga forms a natural boundary between India and Nepal. It has two headwaters: the eastern one Kalapani is a collection of springs, and the western one Kutiyankti rises from the snow fields of the Himadri near Kuti, the last Bhotiya village in Vyas [Byas]."</ref>

Kuthi Yankti emerges from slopes near Wilsha, below the Limpiyadhura range, and passes Lake Jolingkong at an altitude of 4,630 m, to the Kuti village. It flows southeast to merge with the [[Kalapani River]] near the [[Gunji, Uttarakhand|Gunji]] village to form the [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali River]] (or Sharada River). High Himalayan passes of Mangsha Dhura (5,490 m) and Limpiya Dhura (5,530 m) are situated along the northern border of the Kuthi valley joining it with Tibet. Shin La pass and Nama pass join [[Darma Valley]] to Kuthi valley from the south. Jolingkong and Parvati are main alpine lakes.<ref>{{citation |first1=Arnold |last1=Heim |first2=August |last2=Gansser |title=The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas |publisher=Macmillan |date=1939 |url=http://www.perrelet.gr/abacus/dox/TheThroneOfTheGods.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods|1939}}}}</ref> [[Sangthang|Sangthang Peak]] is the highest along the line of peaks forming the northern boundary of the valley with Tibet. Among the peaks forming the southern boundary of the valley, notable peaks are Brammah Parvat (6,321 m), Cheepaydang (6,220 m) and Adi Kailash (5,945 m).

== Byans and Byansis ==
Kuthi Yankti is part of the Byans ethnographic region, which comprises Kuthi valley as well as the Kali River valley within its vicinity and the [[Tinkar]] valley in Nepal. The people of this region are called [[Byansi people|Byansis]], who speak a distinctive [[Byangsi language]]. There are five Byans villages in the Kuthi valley (Gunji, Nabi, Rongkang, Napalchu and Kuti), two along the Kali River (Budi and Garbyang) and two in the Tinkar valley (Chhangru and Tinkar). In later times, two new villages were founded in Nepal (Rapla and Sitaula).{{sfnp|Nagano & LaPolla, New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages|2001|p=499}} Kuti is the last village in the Kuthi valley, at an elevation of {{convert|12300|ft|m}}. Garbyang, at the junction of Tinkar River with Kali, is the largest.{{sfnp|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976|p=9}}

== Nepalese claims ==
The Byans region was originally part of Kumaon and the whole of Kumaon was under rule of Nepal ([[Gorkha]]) for 25 years.  After the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] and the ensuing [[Treaty of Sugauli]], the Kali River was agreed as the border between Kumaon and Nepal. In 1817, the Nepal Darbar claimed the villages of Tinkar and Chhangru as per the terms of the treaty, and the [[Governor General of India|British Governor General]] acquiesced. The Nepalese then made the further claim that the Kuthi valley also belonged to them on the grounds that Kuthi Yankti was the main headwater  of Kali. This claim was rejected by the British on the grounds that, by tradition and convention, the Kali River is taken to begin at the Kalapani village, where the dark-coloured springs flowing into the river give it the name "Kali". ("Kali" means black in Hindi.)<ref>{{harvp|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981|pp=679–680}}: "Captain Webb and others showed that the lesser stream flowing from the sacred fountain of Kalapani had always been recognised as the main branch of the Kali and had in fact given its name to the river during its course through the hills. The Government, therefore, decided to retain both Nabhi and Kunti, which have ever since remained attached to British Byans."</ref>

The claim to the Kuthi Valley was revived by the Nepalese geographer [[Buddhi Narayan Shrestha]] in 1999, who, after studying old maps of the early 19th century, came to the conclusion that "the origin of Mahakali River lies almost 16 kilometres northwest of Kalapani at Limpiyadhura".<ref>{{citation |last=Śreshṭha |first=Buddhi Nārāyaṇa |chapter=Maps show Kalapani belongs to Nepal |title=Border Management of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W31uAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Bhumichitra |isbn=978-99933-57-42-1 |pp=126–129 |orig-year=first published in 1999 in ''Sunday Despatch'' Weekly}}</ref> In May 2020, the Nepalese government made the claim official by endorsing a new map of Nepal that shows the Kuthi Valley as part of Nepal. The Prime Minister K. P. Oli declared that the country would "reclaim" it.<ref>PTI, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-approves-new-map-including-lipulekh-kalapani-limpiyadhura-amidst-border-row-with-india/article31621475.ece Nepal approves new map including Lipulekh, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura amidst border row with India], The Hindu, 19 May 2020.</ref> India responded that it was a unilateral act that was "not based on historical facts and evidence".<ref>[https://english.onlinekhabar.com/india-nepal-map-is-artificial-enlargement-of-territorial-claims-wont-accept-it.html India: Nepal map is ‘artificial enlargement of territorial claims’, won’t accept it], online khabar, 21 May 2020.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kalapani territory]] – for the territorial dispute between India and Nepal

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{clear}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Edwin Thomas |last=Atkinson |title=The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1981 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18114/page/n205 |via=archive.org |orig-year=first published 1884 |ref={{sfnref|Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2|1981}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bergmann |first1=Christoph |title=Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties: Britain's nineteenth-century Indian empire in the Kumaon Himalaya |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=51 |year=2016 |pages=88–98 |issn=03057488 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2015.06.015 |ref={{sfnref|Bergmann, Confluent territories and overlapping sovereignties|2016}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{citation |first=Bishwa B. |last=Chatterjee |title=The Bhotias of Uttarakhand |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1976 |pp=3-16 |JSTOR=23001864 |ref={{sfnref|Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand|1976}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoon |first=Vineeta |title=Living on the Move: Bhotiyas of the Kumaon Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-0-8039-9325-9 |ref={{sfnref|Hoon, Living on the Move|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Nagano |first1=Yasuhiko |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. |title=New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages: Bon Studies 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCMOAAAAYAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=National Museum of Ethnology |ref={{sfnref|Nagano & LaPolla, New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rawat |first=Ajay Singh |title=Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeQy9ZuvA5sC&pg=PA19 |year=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-101-6 |ref={{sfnref|Rawat, Forest Mangaement in Kumaon Himalaya|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Varma |first1=Uma |title=Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, Dept. of District Gazetteers}}
* {{citation |editor-first=H. G. |editor-last=Walton |title=Almora: A Gazetteer |series=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |volume=35 |publisher=Government Press, United Provinces |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Almora: A Gazetteer|1911}}}}


[[Category:Valleys of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geography of Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Nepal]]