View source for Anemone

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae}}
{{About|the plant|the animal|Sea anemone|other uses|Anemone (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Anemones5.jpg
|image_caption=''[[Anemone coronaria]]''
|display_parents=2
|taxon=Anemone
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species=''[[Anemone coronaria]]''
|type_species_authority=L.
|synonyms_ref={{r|powo}}
|synonyms={{Species list
|Abelemis |Raf. ex Britton
|Anemanthus |Fourr.
|Flammara |Hill
|Hartiana |Raf.
|Pulsatilloides |(DC.) Starod.
}}
}}

'''''Anemone''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|m|ə|n|iː}}) is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the buttercup [[family (biology)|family]] [[Ranunculaceae]]. Plants of the genus are commonly called '''windflowers'''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bill Neal |title=Gardener's Latin |date=1992 |publisher=[[Robert Hale (publishers)|Robert Hale]] |location=London |isbn=0709051069 |page=8}}</ref> They are [[Native plant|native]] to the [[Temperate climate|temperate]] and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] regions of all continents except [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Antarctica]].{{r|powo}} The genus is closely related to several other genera including ''[[Anemonoides]]'', ''[[Anemonastrum]]'',  ''[[Hepatica]]'', and ''[[Pulsatilla]]''. Some botanists include these genera within ''Anemone''.{{r|GRIN}}{{r|usda}}

==Description==
[[Image:Anemone (PSF).png|thumb|140px|right|An illustration of an anemone]]
''Anemone'' are perennials that have basal leaves with long [[petiole (botany)|leaf-stems]] that can be upright or prostrate. Leaves are simple or compound with lobed, parted, or undivided leaf blades. The leaf margins are toothed or entire.

[[Flower]]s with 4–27 sepals are produced singly, in [[inflorescence#Determinate|cymes]] of 2–9 flowers, or in [[umbels]], above a cluster of leaf- or sepal-like [[bract]]s. Sepals may be any color.  The pistils have one ovule. The flowers have [[nectar]]ies, but [[petal]]s are missing in the majority of species.

The fruits are ovoid to obovoid shaped [[achene]]s that are collected together in a tight cluster, ending variously lengthened stalks; though many species have sessile clusters terminating the stems. The achenes are beaked and some species have feathery hairs attached to them.{{r|fna}}

==Taxonomy==
''Anemone'' was named by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 and is situated in the tribe [[Anemoneae]], subfamily [[Ranunculoideae]], and the family Ranunculaceae.{{r|ipni}}{{r|wang2009}} As considered in the broader sense (''[[sensu lato]]'') the genus is sometimes considered to include a number of other genera, such as ''[[Anemonoides]]'', ''[[Anemonastrum]]'',  ''[[Hepatica]]'', ''[[Pulsatilla]]'', ''[[Knowltonia (plant)|Knowltonia]]'', ''[[Barneoudia]]'', and ''[[Oreithales]]''.{{r|hoot2012}} Several of these were included as separate genera within Anemoneae by Wang ''et al.'', a tribe with six genera in total.{{r|wang2009}}

Early molecular analyses divided the genus into two [[subgenera]] (''[[Anemonidium]]'' and ''Anemone''), with seven sections, and 12 informal subsections.{{r|hoot1994}} Ziman and colleagues (2008) treated the [[genus]] ''Anemone'' as 5 subgenera, 23 sections, 4 subsections, 23 series and about 118 species.{{sfn|Ziman et al|2011}} A further reclassification by Hoot and colleagues (2012) estimated 200 species.{{r|hoot2012}}

Hoot et al. found many of the previously defined subdivisions, based on [[plant morphology|morphological]] characteristics were [[polyphyletic]] or [[paraphyletic]]. In contrast two clearly defined [[monophyletic]] [[clades]] emerged corresponding to the above two subgenera. ''Anemonidium'' demonstrated four [[subclades]], corresponding to sections. The larger subgenus ''Anemone'' showed a similar pattern.

Hoot et al. proposed the following two subgenera and several sections be retained, with a number of subsections and series:
* ''Anemone'' subg. ''Anemonidium'' <small>(Spach) Juz.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemonidium'' sect. ''Hepatica'' <small>Spreng.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemonidium'' sect. ''Keiskea'' <small>Tamura</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemonidium'' sect. ''Anemonidium'' <small>Spach</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemonidium'' sect. ''Omalocarpus'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''Anemone'' subg. ''Anemone'' <small>L.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemone'' sect. ''Pulsatilloides'' <small>DC.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemone'' sect. ''Pulsatilla'' <small>(Mill.) DC.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemone'' sect. ''Rivularidium'' <small>Jancz.</small>
** ''A.'' subg. ''Anemone'' sect. ''Anemone'' <small>L.</small>

===Species===
[[File:Anemone drummondii.jpg|thumb|''[[Anemone drummondii]]'']]
[[File:Ranuncolaceae - Anemone hortensis-2.JPG|thumb|''[[Anemone hortensis]]'']]
[[File:Anemone virginiana var. virginiana (1).jpg|thumb|''[[Anemone virginiana]]'']]
{{As of|April 2020}} [[Kew]]'s [[Plants of the World Online]] lists 63 species in the genus ''Anemone'':{{r|powo}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=32em|
*''[[Anemone afghanica]]'' <small>Podlech</small>
*''[[Anemone alaschanica]]'' <small>(Schipcz.) Borodina</small>
*''[[Anemone angustiloba]]'' <small>H.Eichler</small>
*''[[Anemone baissunensis]]'' <small>Juz. ex M.M.Sharipova</small>
*''[[Anemone begoniifolia]]'' <small>H.Lév. & Vaniot</small>
*''[[Anemone berlandieri]]'' <small>Pritz.</small>
*''[[Anemone biflora]]'' <small>DC.</small>
*''[[Anemone brachystema]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone brevistyla]]'' <small>C.C.Chang ex W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone bucharica]]'' <small>(Regel) Finet & Gagnep.</small>
*''[[Anemone canadensis]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Anemone caroliniana]]'' <small>Walter</small>
*''[[Anemone cathayensis]]'' <small>Kitag. ex Tamura</small>
*''[[Anemone coronaria]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Anemone cylindrica]]'' <small>A.Gray</small>
*''[[Anemone debilis]]'' <small>Fisch. ex Turcz.</small>
*''[[Anemone decapetala]]'' <small>Ard.</small>
*''[[Anemone drummondii]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
*''[[Anemone edwardsiana]]'' <small>Tharp</small>
*''[[Anemone flexuosissima]]'' <small>Rech.f.</small>
*''[[Anemone fulingensis]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & Z.Y.Liu</small>
*''[[Anemone fuscopurpurea]]'' <small>H.Hara</small>
*''[[Anemone glazioviana]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
*''[[Anemone hemsleyi]]'' <small>Britton</small>
*''[[Anemone hokouensis]]'' <small>C.Y.Wu ex W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone hortensis]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Anemone howellii]]'' <small>Jeffrey & W.W.Sm.</small>
*''[[Anemone imperialis]]'' <small>Kadota</small>
*''[[Anemone koraiensis]]'' <small>Nakai</small>
*''[[Anemone lacerata]]'' <small>(Y.L.Xu) Luferov</small>
*''[[Anemone laceratoincisa]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone liangshanica]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone lithophila]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
*''[[Anemone lutienensis]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone milinensis]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone motuoensis]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone multifida]]'' <small>Poir.</small>
*''[[Anemone nutantiflora]]'' <small>W.T.Wang & L.Q.Li</small>
*''[[Anemone ochotensis]]'' <small>(Fisch. ex Pritz.) Fisch.</small>
*''[[Anemone okennonii]]'' <small>Keener & B.E.Dutton</small>
*''[[Anemone orthocarpa]]'' <small>Hand.-Mazz.</small>
*''[[Anemone palmata]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Anemone parviflora]]'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''[[Anemone pavoniana]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''[[Anemone pendulisepala]]'' <small>Y.N.Lee</small>
*''[[Anemone petiolulosa]]'' <small>Juz.</small>
*''[[Anemone poilanei]]'' <small>Gagnep.</small>
*''[[Anemone raui]]'' <small>Goel & U.C.Bhattach.</small>
*''[[Anemone robusta]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone robustostylosa]]'' <small>R.H.Miao</small>
*''[[Anemone scabriuscula]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone seravschanica]]'' <small>Kom.</small>
*''[[Anemone somaliensis]]'' <small>Hepper</small>
*''[[Anemone sumatrana]]'' <small>de Vriese</small>
*''[[Anemone taipaiensis]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone tamarae]]'' <small>Kharkev.</small>
*''[[Anemone thomsonii]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
*''[[Anemone tibetica]]'' <small>W.T.Wang</small>
*''[[Anemone triternata]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
*''[[Anemone truncata]]'' <small>(H.F.Comber) Luferov</small>
*''[[Anemone tschernaewii]]'' <small>Regel</small>
*''[[Anemone tuberosa]]'' <small>Rydb.</small>
*''[[Anemone virginiana]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Anemone xingyiensis]]'' <small>Q.Yuan & Q.E.Yang</small>
}}

===Etymology===
According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνεμώνη}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|anemōnē}}) means 'daughter of the wind', from {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνεμος}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|ánemos}}, 'wind') + feminine [[patronymic]] suffix {{wikt-lang|grc|-ώνη}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|-ṓnē}}, so 'daughter of').<ref>{{OED|Anemone}}</ref> The ''[[Metamorphoses (poem)|Metamorphoses]]'' of [[Ovid]] tells that the herb was created by the goddess [[Aphrodite]] when she sprinkled nectar on the blood of her dead lover [[Adonis]], and Ovid describes the etymology as referring to the frailty of the petals that can be easily blown away by the wind. "Anemone" may also refer to Nea'man, the Phoenician name for Adonis, referring to an earlier Syrian myth of the god of vegetation, also tusked by a boar.<ref name="histsyria">{{Cite book| last = Hitti| first = Philip K.| title = History of Syria| access-date = 2020-07-02| date = 1951| url = https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSyria-PhilipK.Hitti/page/n137|page=117}}</ref> The common name '''windflower''' is used for the entire genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref>{{r|meaning}}


==Ecology==

===Diseases and pests===
{{Main|List of anemone diseases}}
''Anemone'' species are sometimes targeted by cutworms, the [[larva]]e of [[Noctuidae|noctuid]] [[moth]]s such as [[angle shades]] and [[heart and dart]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

==Cultivation==
[[File:Anemone.png|alt=pink anemone|thumb|Pink anemone]]
Some of the species are grown in gardens. Their popularity varies by species and region. In addition to certain straight species being available, hybrids and cultivars are available for certain species. Certain species, such as ''[[Anemone coronaria]]'', are typically only available in hybrid form while others, such as ''Anemonoides blanda'' are nearly always sold in straight species form.

Cultivated anemones are nearly always one of the following colors: bluish violet, white, pink, red, and hues in a range between violet and pink. There are no truly blue anemones, despite the frequent use of the label "blue" in marketing to describe blue-violet flowers (flowers that are more violet than blue). Color labelling inaccuracy in marketing is found in treatments of numerous other genera, especially as it concerns the color blue — although some popular garden flowers from the same family are actually blue, such as some selections from ''[[Delphinium]]''. One species of anemone, ''[[Anemone ranunculoides]]'', is unusual for its yellow flowers. Typically, only double-flowered forms of it are cultivated.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020|reason=No evidence provided that only double-flowered forms are cultivated}}

In horticultural terms there are three main groups:

# spring-flowering species found in woodland and alpine meadows, often [[tuber]]ous or [[rhizome|rhizomatous]]; e.g. ''Anemonoides nemorosa'', ''Anemonoides blanda''
# spring- and summer-flowering species from hot dry areas, with tuberous roots, e.g. ''Anemone coronaria''
# summer- and autumn-flowering species with fibrous roots, which thrive in moist dappled shade; e.g. ''Eriocapitella hupehensis''<ref>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref>

The spring-flowering autumn-planted ephemeral species ''[[Anemonoides blanda]]'' is grown in large-scale commercial cultivation and can be purchased in bulk quantities. It is most commonly-available with a bluish violet flower (usually erroneously called "Blue Shades" despite its flower being more purple than blue) that varies from intense to pale, depending upon the individual plant and possibly soil conditions. A white-flowered form is the second-most common type. The least common of the commonly-cultivated forms is a pale pink. The violet, and especially pink, forms sometimes possess petals that fade to white near the flower center. The genus contains quite a number of other spring-flowering species. ''A. hortensis'' and the hybrid ''A. fulgens'' have less-divided leaves than some others and have rose-purple or scarlet flowers.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anemone|volume=2|page=3}}</ref>

Among the most well-known anemones is ''A. coronaria'', often called the poppy anemone. It is a tuberous-rooted plant with parsley-like divided leaves and large poppy-like blossoms on stalks of from 15–20&nbsp;cm high. It can be planted in the fall in zones 7 or 8 without extra protection or in spring in cooler zones. If planted in fall it will flower in the spring and if planted in the spring it will flower in late summer. The flowers are typically scarlet, crimson, bluish purple, reddish purple, or white. There are also double-flowered varieties, in which the stamens in the centre are replaced by a tuft of narrow petals. It has been used as a garden plant, in hybrid form in particular, for a long time in some parts of the world. Double forms are named varieties.<ref name="EB1911"/> Hybrids of the de Caen and St. Brigid groups are the most prevalent on the market. In [[Israel]], large numbers of red-flowering non-hybrid ''A. coronaria'' can be seen growing in certain natural areas.

''Eriocapitella hupehensis'', and its white [[cultivar]] 'Honorine Joubert', the latter especially, are well-known autumn-flowering selections. They grow well in well-drained but moisture-retentive soil and reach 60–100&nbsp;cm in height, blooming continually for several weeks. ''E. hupehensis'', ''E. vitifolia'', and their hybrids and are particularly attractive to honeybees.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020|reason=No evidence provided that these species are attractive to honeybees}} A number of low-growing species, such as the native British ''Anemonoides nemorosa'' and ''Anemonoides apennina'', have woodlands and other shady places as their habitat.<ref name="EB1911"/> ''[[Hepatica]]'' species typically also grow in shade.

Garden-cultivated anemones generally grow best in a loamy well-drained evenly-moist fertile soil, although the ephemeral ''A. blanda'' does not require as much moisture during the summer when it is dormant (unlike the related ''[[Eranthis]]'' species that can suffer if they become too dry even while dormant). Some prairie species that are rarely cultivated, such as ''[[Anemone cylindrica]]'', grow well in drier warmer conditions and poor soil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/thimbleweedx.htm |title=Thimbleweed |last=Hilty |first=John |website=Illinois Wildflowers |publisher=Dr. John Hilty |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> ''A. coronaria'' has been described by some professional sources as preferring acidic soil and by others as preferring alkaline soil. Hardy species may be planted in October in many zones. Unlike a hardier species such as ''A. blanda'', ''A. coronaria'' is described as hardy only as low as climate zone 7 by some sources and by others hardy only as low as zone 8. Various strategies, such as the use of protection, can be tried to plant them outdoors in fall in zone 6 but results may vary. As with other plants, some species can be readily raised from seed while some hybrids may be sterile. ''A. blanda'' typically blooms in mid spring.<ref name="EB1911"/> The larger anemone species typically grow well in partial shade, or in full sun provided they are shielded from the hottest sun in southern areas. A well-drained soil, enriched with compost, is typically utilized.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

If cut flowers are desired, it is best to harvest the flowers early in the morning while it is still cold outside while the bloom is still closed. To open your flowers place in room temperature water out of direct sun. ''A. coronaria'' blooms can be purchased from some florists, between November and June depending upon availability.

==Anemones in culture==
"Anemone" has several different meanings depending on the culture and context in which the flower is being used.

Several of the [[Western world|Western]] meanings of anemone flowers pertain to the Greek mythology of the origin of the anemone flower featuring [[Adonis]] and [[Aphrodite]]. The goddess Aphrodite kept the mortal man Adonis as a lover; when Adonis was gored by a wild boar, Aphrodite's tears at his death mixed with his blood and gave rise to the [[Anemone coronaria|anemone]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aphrodite|last=Silveira|first=Cyrino, Monica|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415775229|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=277195883}}</ref> In other versions, the boar was sent by other jealous Greek gods to murder Adonis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich|title=The gods of the Greeks|last=Kerényi|first=Karl|date=1951|publisher=Thames, and Hudson|isbn=0500270481|location=London|oclc=387233|url-access=registration}}</ref> These origin stories reflect the [[Classical antiquity|classical]] dual meanings of the arrival of spring breezes and the death of a loved one.

In the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[language of flowers]], the anemone{{which|date=December 2019}} represented a forsaken love of any kind, while European peasants carried them{{which|date=December 2019}} to ward off pests and disease as well as bad luck.

In other cultures, the meanings differ. In [[Chinese art|Chinese]] and [[Egyptian culture|Egyptian]] cultures, the flower of anemone{{which|date=December 2019}} was considered a symbol of illness due to its coloring. The anemone{{which|date=December 2019}} can be a symbol of bad luck in [[Eastern World|Eastern]] cultures. The Japanese anemone may be associated with ill tidings.{{r|meaning}}

==Bibliography==
* {{WD1913|title=Anemone|no-prescript=1}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ehrendorfer|first1=Friedrich|last2=Ziman|first2=Svetlana N.|last3=König|first3=Christiane|last4=Keener|first4=Carl. S.|last5=Dutton|first5=Bryan E.|last6=Tsarenko|first6=Olga N.|last7=Bulakh|first7=Elena V.|last8=Boşcaiu|first8=Monica|last9=Médail|first9=Frédéric|last10=Kästner|first10=Arndt|title=Taxonomic revision, phylogenetics and transcontinental distribution of ''Anemone'' section ''Anemone'' (Ranunculaceae)|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=July 2009|volume=160|issue=3|pages=312–354|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00861.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ziman|first1=SN|last2=Keener|first2=CS|last3=Kadota|first3=Y|last4=Tsarenko|first4=OM|title=A revision of ''Anemone'' L. (Ranunculaceae) from the Southern Hemisphere|journal=Journal of Japanese Botany|date=August 2006|volume=81|issue=4|pages=193–224 |url=http://www.jjbotany.com/pdf/JJB_081_193_224.pdf |access-date=7 December 2020}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ziman|first1=SN|last2=Bulakh|first2=EV|last3=Kadota|first3=Y|last4=Keener|first4=CS|title=Modern view on the taxonomy of the genus Anemone L. sensu stricto (Ranunculaceae)|journal=Journal of Japanese Botany|date=June 2008|volume=83|issue=3|pages=127–155 |url=http://www.jjbotany.com/pdf/JJB_083_127_155.pdf |access-date=7 December 2020}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ziman|first1=Svetlana|last2=Bulakh|first2=Elena|last3=Tsarenko|first3=Olga|title=''Anemone'' L. (Ranunculaceae): comparative morphology and taxonomy of the species from the Balkan flora|journal=Botanica Serbica|date=2011|volume=35|issue=2|pages=87–97 |url=http://botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs/arhiva/pdf/2011_35_2_536_full.pdf |access-date=7 December 2020 |ref={{harvid|Ziman et al|2011}}}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em|refs=
<ref name=meaning>{{Cite web|title=The Anemone Flower: Its Meanings & Symbolism|url=http://www.flowermeaning.com/anemone-flower-meaning/|date=2016|website=Flower Meaning|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=fna>{{eFloras|1|101733|Anemone |first1=Bryan E. |last1=Dutton |first2=Carl S. |last2=Keener |first3=Bruce A. |last3=Ford |volume=3 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?664 |title=Genus: ''Anemone'' L. |access-date=2008-05-15 |author=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |date=2007-05-10 |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115003152/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?664 |archive-date=2009-01-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=hoot1994>{{cite journal|last1=Hoot|first1=Sara B.|last2=Reznicek|first2=Anton A.|last3=Palmer|first3=Jeffrey D.|title=Phylogenetic Relationships in Anemone (Ranunculaceae) Based on Morphology and Chloroplast DNA|journal=Systematic Botany|date=January 1994|volume=19|issue=1|pages=169|doi=10.2307/2419720|jstor=2419720}}</ref>
<ref name=hoot2012>{{cite journal|last1=Hoot|first1=Sara B.|last2=Meyer|first2=Kyle M.|last3=Manning|first3=John C.|title=Phylogeny and Reclassification of ''Anemone'' (Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species|journal=[[Systematic Botany]]|date=1 March 2012|volume=37|issue=1|pages=139–152|doi=10.1600/036364412X616729|s2cid=85773478}}</ref>
<ref name=ipni>{{cite web |url=http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Anemone |title=Plant Name Search Results |access-date=2008-04-18 |author=[[International Organization for Plant Information]] (IOPI) |work=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>
<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Anemone'' L.|url=http://plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330847-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=usda>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ANEMO |title=Plants Profile, ''Anemone'' L. |access-date=2008-05-16 |author-link=Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |work=The Plants Database }}</ref>
<ref name=wang2009>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=An-Ming|last3=Ren|first3=Yi|last4=Endress|first4=Mary E.|last5=Chen|first5=Zhi-Duan|title=Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data|journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics|date=January 2009|volume=11|issue=2|pages=81–110|doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q158286}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anemone| ]]
[[Category:Ranunculaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]