View source for 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)
| image              = Хаубица Д-30 122мм.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = D-30 howitzer of the Serbian army
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]<!--See WP:INFOBOXFLAG and template:Infobox weapon/doc.-->
| type               = [[Howitzer]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = 
| is_bladed          = 
| is_explosive       = 
| is_artillery       = yes
| is_vehicle         = 
| is_UK              = <!-- Service history -->
| service            = 1960–present
| used_by            = Soviet Union and allies as well as nonaligned and post-Soviet states.
| wars               = [[Lebanese Civil War]]<br>[[Western Sahara War]]<ref>{{cite magazine |language=it |title=Il contenzioso del sahara occidentale fra passato e presente |url=https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |author=Francesco Palmas |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=50–59 |newspaper=Informazioni della Difesa |access-date=2018-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141151/https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2012/Documents/R4_2012/50_59_R4_2012.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Uganda–Tanzania War]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Tom|last1=Cooper|first2=Adrien|last2=Fontanellaz|title=La guerre du Kagera|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=October 2016|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=75|pages=72–81}}</ref><br>[[Soviet–Afghan War]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Armor of the Afghanistan War|first1=Steven |last1=Zaloga|first2= Wojciech |last2=Luczak|first3= Barry |last3=Beldam|publisher=Concord Publications|series = Armor 2009|year=1992|isbn=978-9623619097|page=7}}</ref><br>[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br>[[Gulf War]]<br>[[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]<br>[[Somali Civil War]]<br>[[Yugoslav War]]<br>[[Second Congo War]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uXZAwAAQBAJ|title=Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998 2003|last=Cooper|first=Tom|publisher=Helion & Company Limited|year=2013|isbn=978-1-920143-84-8|location=UK|page=49}}</ref><br>[[Boko Haram insurgency]]<br>[[Syrian Civil War]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4UNSPEPRj8|title=[Syria] Highway M-20 - Deir ez-Zor. Hunting for "snakes" - Шоссе M-20 - Дейр ез-Зор. Охота на "змей"|website=YouTube|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4UNSPEPRj8|archive-date=30 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br>[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbass]]<ref name="30666howitzer2A18">{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/30666/Ukrainian_Military_Deploys_Turkish_made_Bayraktar_Drone_in_Donbas#.YXlXmZ5ByUk|date=October 26, 2021|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=Defense World Net}}</ref><br>[[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CzwmA0eBdw|title=#السلسلة_الوثائقية_الحوثيون - الجزء الأول|last=شبكة المجد|date=8 September 2014|access-date=13 January 2018|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614155044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CzwmA0eBdw|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuSYxkPf0K8|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817174513/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuSYxkPf0K8|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br>[[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]]<br>[[Tigray War]]<br>[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br> Many regional conflicts
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = F.F. Petrov
| design_date        = 1950s
| manufacturer       = PJSC Plant No. 9
| production_date    = 1960–present
| number             = 
| variants           = See ''[[#Variants|variants]]''
<!-- General specifications -->| weight             = Combat: {{convert|3210|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| length             = Transport: {{convert|5.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|4.66|m|ftin|abbr=on}} 38 calibres<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery|last=Foss |first=Christopher|date=1977|publisher=Collier|page=93|isbn=0020806000|location=New York|oclc=911907988}}</ref>
| width              = Transport: {{convert|1.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height             = Transport: {{convert|1.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| crew               = 1+7
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge          = 122 x 447mm .R<br>Separate loading charge and projectile<ref name=":0" />
| caliber            = {{convert|122|mm|in|abbr=on}}
| action             = 
| rate               = Maximum: 10–12 rpm<br>Sustained: 5–6 rpm
| velocity           = 
| range              = {{convert|15.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|21.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br>(with [[rocket-assisted projectile]])
| feed               = 
| sights             = <!-- Artillery specifications -->
| breech             = Semi-automatic vertical [[Rifled breech loader#The sliding block|sliding-wedge]]<ref name=":0" />
| recoil             = [[Hydraulic recoil mechanism|Hydro-pneumatic]]
| carriage           = tripod
| elevation          = −7° to 70°
| traverse           = 360°
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications -->| blade_type         = 
| hilt_type          = 
| sheath_type        = 
| head_type          = 
| haft_type          = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| diameter           = 
| filling            = 
| filling_weight     = 
| detonation         = 
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle specifications -->
| armour             = 
| primary_armament   = 
| secondary_armament = 
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| suspension         = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| speed              = 
}}

The '''122-mm howitzer D-30''' ([[GRAU]] index 2A18) is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[howitzer]] that first entered service in  1960. It is a robust piece that focuses on the essential features of a towed [[field gun]] suitable for all conditions. The D-30 has a maximum range of 15.4&nbsp;kilometers, or over 21&nbsp;km using [[rocket-assisted projectile]] ammunition.

With its striking three-leg mounting, the D-30 can be rapidly traversed through 360&nbsp;degrees. Although no longer manufactured in the nations of the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]], the D-30 is still manufactured internationally and is in service in more than 60&nbsp;countries' armed forces.

The barrel assembly of the 2A18 gun is used by the [[2S1]] self-propelled howitzer. There are also Egyptian, Chinese, Serbian and Syrian self-propelled variants and conversions. The Syrian conversion utilizes the hull of a [[T-34]] tank.

==History==
The 122&nbsp;mm (originally 48&nbsp;[[Line (unit)|lines]]) calibre was adopted by Russia in the early 20th century, becoming very important to Soviet artillery during the Second World War. Development of the D-30 began in the 1950s, as a replacement for the [[122&nbsp;mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)|M-30 howitzer]], widely used in divisional and regimental artilleries. The D-30 also replaced the remaining 76&nbsp;mm M1942 guns in motor rifle regiments.

Military requirements that led to the D-30 can only be deduced. Its role supporting tank and motor rifle regiments, and Soviet doctrine from the Great Patriotic War, suggest that while indirect fire was the primary role, direct fire anti-tank was very important. The latter is evidenced by the very effective [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]] shell, the low silhouette of the piece, its wide and rapid top-traverse and its shield.

The D-30 was designed by the well established design bureau at Artillery Plant No 9 in Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg), at the time led by the eminent artillery designer Fëdor Fëdorovich Petrov (1902–1978). This team was responsible for designing the earlier M-30, the post-war [[152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)|152&nbsp;mm D-20 gun-howitzer]], and other guns.

[[File:122h63ampuu.jpg|250px|thumb|Finnish D-30 in direct fire during a training exercise]]

Soviet divisional artillery was assigned to manoeuvre regiments (in regimental artillery groups – RAGs) and as divisional troops (in divisional artillery groups – DAGs). A RAG was normally three batteries, each of six pieces, to each motor rifle and tank regiment. DAGs were mostly equipped with 152&nbsp;mm pieces, but the DAG of a motor rifle division included a D-30 battalion. The role of an RAG was a normal field artillery role to support manoeuvre forces with indirect, semi direct and direct fire.

The D-30 entered Soviet service in 1963 and is sometimes referred to as the M1963. In 1967, widespread introduction of self-propelled guns was authorised and the D-30's barrel and ammunition was used for the new 2S1. When the 2S1 entered service, it was usually assigned to tank regiments and motor rifle regiments equipped with BMP infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). D-30s were retained in motor rifle regiments equipped with BTR APCs.

The D-30 has been widely exported and used in wars around the world, notably in the Middle East, and particularly in the [[Iran–Iraq War]], a long-lasting war of attrition similar to [[World War I]].

The gun remains a mainstay of artillery forces in developing countries and was deployed in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|war in Afghanistan]]. Soldiers from several western armies have been trained on the D-30 by various user nations in order to be able to train Afghan soldiers on it.

In 2017, the Algerian military displayed a locally developed variant mounted on a [[Mercedes-Benz Zetros]] truck. It includes four stabilization legs to absorb firing impacts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Algeria displays locally developed self-propelled artillery|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72018/|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170706000423/http://www.janes.com/article/72018/algeria-displays-locally-developed-self-propelled-artillery|archive-date=6 July 2017|date=4 July 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Artilleryman of the Afghan National Army.jpg|250px|thumb|Afghan National Army 205th Corps D-30 shooting indirect fire mission, Zabul Province, September 2009]]

==Description==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:D-30 Howitzer Ammunition.jpg|left|thumb|D-30 Ammunition components]] -->
[[File:122- мм гаубица Д-30 (1).jpg|250px|thumb|D-30 122&nbsp;mm howitzer]]

Distinctive features of the D-30 include its low mobile mounting and above-barrel recoil system. The three-legged mobile mount is unusual for field artillery, with stabilizers that are clamped together for towing and deployed when in action. A large tow linkage is fixed to the muzzle; in transport the barrel serves as a trail. Similar mounts were a feature of several 76-mm pre-war (1931–1935) universal (both field and anti-aircraft) guns designed by Leningrad's Kirov Plant (L-1, L-2 and L-3). Other examples were the 1939 French 47SA39 APX, and 1943 German 105-mm light field howitzers designs by [[Škoda Works|Skoda]] and [[Krupp]]; neither entered service. The [[Bofors]] 105&nbsp;mm L28 Light Field Howitzer 4140<ref>http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/Univer_KZ.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122172024/http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/Univer_KZ.pdf |date=2015-01-22 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> was similarly arranged with four legs and did enter Swedish service. The 1930s-designed British 2-pdr. anti-tank gun was another piece featuring a three-legged mounting.

Compared to the M-30, the new howitzer had a significantly longer 35&nbsp;calibre gun barrel, just short of being a gun-howitzer by Soviet definition. Like other guns of the period, it had a high efficiency [[muzzle brake]]; this improved muzzle velocity by 175&nbsp;m/s to a total of 650&nbsp;m/s for HE, and raised maximum range by 3,500&nbsp;m beyond the similar M-30. Maximum range was 2&nbsp;km better than the 76&nbsp;mm M1942 at 15.3&nbsp;km. Weight increased by 650&nbsp;kg over the M-30, to 3,150&nbsp;kg; the D-30 is over twice the weight of the 76mm [[76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)|M1942]]. Accuracy improved, with mean error at about 10&nbsp;km dropping from 35&nbsp;m with the M-30 to just 21&nbsp;m.

Effective stabilisation length is a fundamental aspect of a gun mount, and legs 120° apart need to be longer than those with a smaller angle. The D-30's design minimises this problem in several ways. Trunnions are close to the ground, as a result of placing the recoil system and cradle above the barrel. The trunnions are also at the very rear of the breech; this maximises the recoil space when firing at higher elevation angles. Their rearward position also pushes the recoiling element forward on the mount, maximizing relative rearward span of the stabilizers and so stability during recoil. Additionally there is a very efficient muzzle brake, which absorbs about half the recoil. There is no mechanism to reduce recoil length as the angle of elevation increases.

Some of the design decisions have a price. The muzzle brake produces about twice the overpressure in the area around the gun that is acceptable to Western armies, and is the reason it is often seen being fired with a long lanyard, which reduces rate of fire. Furthermore, the maximum elevation angle is restricted to 18° (early versions) or 22° (later versions) when the breech is over a trail leg. This is enforced by a mechanical cam that prevents the piece firing for about 60% of the total top traverse, and limits range to about 12&nbsp;km, with full maximum range only possible in the central arc of about 48° between each pair of legs. The extreme rearward location of the trunnions means the elevating mass is unbalanced, requiring a strong balancing mechanism to enable manual elevation. To do this, the D-30 uses compression balancing gears.

A central jack is powered by hand-operated hydraulics. This jack is lowered while the wheels are raised to permit two of the stabiliser legs to be swung 120° rearwards. The mounting is then lowered and the ends of the legs spiked to the ground. This mounting provides for quick traversing to fire in any direction.

The pair of large tires are suspended on a single trailing arm; maximum towing speed is 60&nbsp;km/h on the road. As was normal in Soviet designs, the tyres were filled with foam. Initially, the D-30 had no brakes and no seat for the layer—non-essential luxuries.

A [[sliding block breech]] was adopted instead of the M-30's pre-1914 screw pattern, giving a slight increase in the rate of fire. It is a semi-automatic vertical sliding block breech, with a tied jaw; the block moves down to open and opens automatically ejecting the empty cartridge case as the recuperator forces the gun tube back into battery after a round is fired. The design is closely related to those of breeches on other Soviet post–World War II guns and howitzers.

The non-reciprocating sights are standard Soviet pattern, designed for one-man laying. Included are a direct fire anti-tank telescope, a panoramic periscopic indirect-fire sight (dial sight) in a reciprocating mounting, an angle of sight scale, and a range drum for each charge engraved with the range (distance) scale. The elevation leveling bubble is mounted on the dial sight mount. The range drum enables the standard Soviet technique of semi-direct fire when the piece is laid visually on the target and the range set on the range drum.

Soviet 122&nbsp;mm howitzers used different ammunition to 122&nbsp;mm guns, although there was some compatibility. In the case of ammunition for the D-30, the standard 122&nbsp;mm howitzer shell weight of 21.8&nbsp;kg was retained, with a metal cartridge case holding variable propelling charges. Cartridge and shell are loaded separately; this means that the shells have to be hand-rammed by a man to the right of the breech with a ramming rod. The D-30 could fire the older M-30 ammunition; however, new shells were also introduced, eventually including a [[rocket-assisted projectile]] with a range of 21.9&nbsp;km. The M-30's range of propelling charges, comprising base and eight increments, was replaced by a new set comprising base and four increments; single base propellant was retained. A more effective [[High Explosive|High Explosive (HE)]] shell was developed, as well as smoke, illumination and chemical filled projectiles.

In keeping with Soviet doctrine, the anti-tank role is important; there is a [[HEAT]] shell capable of penetrating 460&nbsp;mm of steel armour plate.

The maximum rate of fire of the D-30 is 6–8&nbsp;rounds per minute, and about 75 rounds per hour. There is disagreement as to whether this maximum rate of fire is achievable for indirect fire. Based on reloading speeds of similar guns using separate charges, solo re-laying, and given a stable emplacement, semi-automatic breech and no long lanyard, (examples are the 25-pdr. and 105mm L118), and assuming concurrent lay adjustment during reloads, then it probably is when in the hands of a competent detachment. However, 5-6 rounds per minute may be more realistic with a poorly trained gun crew.

The D-30 is noted for simplicity of maintenance by its users; reputedly there are no special tools, all jobs can be done with a wrench and large hammer. However, like any other gun, routine maintenance is essential, and western troops in Afghanistan have reported Afghan operated D-30s having problems with shells sticking in the barrel due to lack of cleaning.

===Self-propelled versions===
* [[2S1 Gvozdika]] was developed on basis of [[MT-LB]] tracked vehicles that were often employed by Soviet forces for towing instead of trucks. Combining the gun D-30 with the chassis of the [[MT-LB]], the [[2S1]] Gvozdika was made. This was the first Soviet enclosed turret self-propelled artillery gun, going into service in the early 1970s. The [[2S1]] is very light and mobile, and amphibious without preparation. Good mobility and the quick reaction abilities of the 2S1 enhance the flexibility of the D-30, reducing its vulnerability in maneuver battles.
* [[Sora 122mm]]  Most modern self-propelled version of the D-30J with automatic loader, inertial navigation system (INS) and fire control system, mounted on a modified [[FAP 2026]] chassis designed by [[Military Technical Institute Belgrade]].
* SH-2 Chinese wheeled version developed by [[Norinco]]. It has a modern fire control system and howitzer is elevated by electric motors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_artillery_vehicles_and_weapon_systems_uk/sh2_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_122mm_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures.html |title=SH2 wheeled self-propelled howitzer 122mm technical data sheet specifications description pictures {{pipe}} China artillery vehicles and weapon systems UK {{pipe}} Chinese China army military equipment armoured UK |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |date=2011-11-28 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209073541/http://www.armyrecognition.com/china_artillery_vehicles_and_weapon_systems_uk/sh2_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_122mm_technical_data_sheet_specifications_description_pictures.html |archive-date=2016-12-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[PLZ-07]] Chinese version of tracked D-30 122mm. It has NBC protection system, night/day driving vision, firing control system.
* Semser developed by Israel's [[Soltam]] under contract to the Kazakhstani Ministry of Defense, manufactured by local Kazakh companies. Has an integrated automated command and control system, provided by Soltam and [[Elbit]]. Is based on [[KamAZ-6350]] 8x8 chassis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/semser.htm|title=Semser 122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer - Military-Today.com|last=ARG|website=www.military-today.com|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114160105/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/semser.htm|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
There is more self-propelled versions developed by other countries by mounting D-30 on some tracked or wheeled vehicles at disposal of their armed forces. Most of them do not have any complex fire control system and are manually loaded and elevated. Cuba, Sudan, Laos, Syria and Egypt have produced such simplified variants.
<ref>{{cite web |author=Hoàng Lê |url=http://kienthuc.net.vn/quan-doi/xem-quan-doi-cuba-tap-tran-bastion-2013-284938.html#p-6 |title=Xem quân đội Cuba tập trận Bastion 2013 {{pipe}} Quân đội |publisher=Kienthuc.net.vn |date=2013-11-27 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224217/http://kienthuc.net.vn/quan-doi/xem-quan-doi-cuba-tap-tran-bastion-2013-284938.html#p-6 |archive-date=2016-11-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/sudan_sudanese_army_artillery_vehicles_systems_uk/khalifa_ghy02_d-30_122mm_6x6_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_technical_data_sheet_specifications.html |title=Khalifa GHY02 D-30 122mm 6x6 wheeled self-propelled howitzer technical data sheet specifications {{pipe}} Sudan Sudanese army artillery vehicles systems UK {{pipe}} Sudan Sudanese army military equipment vehicles UK |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |date=2013-03-15 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311152619/http://www.armyrecognition.com/sudan_sudanese_army_artillery_vehicles_systems_uk/khalifa_ghy02_d-30_122mm_6x6_wheeled_self-propelled_howitzer_technical_data_sheet_specifications.html |archive-date=2017-03-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/laos_unveils_ural-mounted_d-30_122mm_howitzer.html |title=Laos Unveils Ural-mounted D-30 122mm Wheeled Howitzer |access-date=2019-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010954/https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/laos_unveils_ural-mounted_d-30_122mm_howitzer.html |archive-date=2019-01-03 |url-status=live |website=armyrecognition.com |date=2018-12-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |archive-date=2016-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510220528/http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/new_wheeled_artillery_systems_for_egytian_army_based_on_russian_ural-4320_6x6_truck_chassis_10805161.html |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/new_wheeled_artillery_systems_for_egytian_army_based_on_russian_ural-4320_6x6_truck_chassis_10805161.html |url-status=dead |website=armyrecognition.com |title=New wheeled artillery systems for Egyptian army based on Russian Ural-4320 6x6 truck chassis. |date=2016-05-08}}</ref>

[[File:D-30-T-34-batey-haosef-4.jpg|thumb|220px|Syrian D-30 self-propelled artillery conversion on the hull of a T-34 tank]]
Post 1973, Syrian and Egyptian armed forces fielded D-30 guns fitted to the hulls of obsolete [[T-34]] tanks, similar to Israeli conversions of [[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] hulls. This rather crude modification improves the speed of divisional artillery, allowing for the ability to match speed with front-line mechanized forces. A major drawback is the lack of protection for the gunners.

===Variants===
* '''2A18''' or '''D-30''' – basic model, as described.
** '''2A18M''' or '''D-30M''' – new double baffle muzzle brake, square central base plate, towing lunette assembly.
** '''2A18M-1''' or '''D-30M-1''' – with semi-automatic loader. Prototype.
** '''D-30A''' – modified recoil system, new muzzle brake.
** '''[[2S1 Gvozdika]]''' self-propelled version.
* '''Type 85''' or '''D-30-2''' Chinese self-propelled version of the D-30.
** '''D-30-3''' – Chinese upgrade of the [[85 mm divisional gun D-44|Type 56]]&nbsp;85&nbsp;mm field gun with 122&nbsp;mm weapon.
** '''Type 86''', variously, '''Type 83''', '''Type 96''' – Chinese licence-production or derivative of the D-30.
* '''D30 RH M-94''' – Croatian built version, new muzzle brake, redesigned trail, improved [[hydraulic brake]].
* '''D 30-M''' – Egyptian licence version of the D-30.
** '''SPH 122''' – Self-propelled version, mounted on a modified [[M109 howitzer|M-109]] chassis.
** '''T-122''' – Self-propelled version, mounted on a modified [[T-34]] chassis.
* '''HM 40''' Iranian version.
* '''Shafie D-30I''' or '''HM-40''' – Iranian version.
* '''D-30J''' – Yugoslav version of the D-30 - heavily modified version based on license designed by [[Military Technical Institute Belgrade]]
** '''Saddam''' – Iraqi designation of Yugoslavia D-30J produced on license bought from Yugoslavia.
** '''D-30JA1''' – Improved Serbian version - further development of D-30J.
** '''[[Sora 122mm]]''' -  Self-propelled version of D-30J
** '''M-91 "Mona"''' – Yugoslav variant with the 100&nbsp;mm ordnance of the [[MT-12]]. Prototype only.
* '''Khalifa-1''' – Sudanese licensed version of the D-30.

==Emplacement procedure==
A location chosen for emplacement of the D-30 should be as level as reasonably possible. Firstly, the carriage is raised via an internal hydraulic jack located under the cradle of the gun. Once the gun is at the required height, the wheels are raised via the wheel lifting lever; this allows the two split stabilizer legs to be separated from the mono stabiliser leg and brought rearward into firing configuration.

The legs are then locked in place with locking pins. The carriage is lowered via the hydraulic jack so that the legs touch the ground; integral stakes are then hammered into the ground. At this point, the gun is ready for direct fire using the OP4&nbsp;direct fire sight, or can be orientated and have its position fixed via the aiming circles for subsequent indirect fire using the Pantel sight.

==Ammunition==
The D-30 fires separate loading [[projectile]]s, with variable charges.

{|border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:95%; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #996; line-height:1.5; font-size:95%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background:#996; color:#fff;"
|
| colspan="7" | '''Available projectiles'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #996; background:#ddb; text-align:center;"
|  style="width:7%; border:1px solid #996;"| Designation
|  style="width:9%; border:1px solid #996;"| Type
|  style="width:6%; border:1px solid #996;"| Fuze
|  style="width:8%; border:1px solid #996;"| Weight
|  style="width:20%; border:1px solid #996;"| Explosive filler/payload
|  style="width:16%; border:1px solid #996;"| Muzzle velocity (max. propellant charge)
|  style="width:14%; border:1px solid #996;"| Armor penetration
|  style="width:26%; border:1px solid #996;"| Notes
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | OF-462
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" | RGM-2,D-1,D1U<br> V-90,AR-5
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.76&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 3.675&nbsp;kg of TNT
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | 3OF56
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" | RGM-2,D-1,D1U<br> V-90,AR-5
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.76
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 4.05&nbsp;kg of A-IX-2
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Improved HE-FRAG.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | SH-1
| style="border:1px solid #996" | AP Flechete
| style="border:1px solid #996" | RGM-2,D-1,D1U<br> V-90,AR-5
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | BK-6M
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HEAT-FS
| style="border:1px solid #996" | GPV-2
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 17.47&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.6&nbsp;kg of A-X-1
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 740&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" |460&nbsp;mm to 580&nbsp;mm
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | BK-13
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HEAT-FS-T
| style="border:1px solid #996" | V-15
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.4&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 2.1&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | S-463
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Illumination
| style="border:1px solid #996" | T-7
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.4&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1&nbsp;kg flare
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Illumination time ≥ 25 s
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | D-462
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Smoke
| style="border:1px solid #996" | KTM-2
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.3&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 3.6&nbsp;kg of WP
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | [[Kitolov-2M|3OF69M]]
| style="border:1px solid #996" |Laser guided
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 28&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 5.5&nbsp;kg HE-FRAG
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ICM
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Ms-1
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.5&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 18 M-42 bomblets <br> or 15 M-42D bomblets
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 683&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | M42 – 70&nbsp;mm <br> M42D – 110&nbsp;mm
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Egyptian made
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | M335 (CL 3153)
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ICM
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.5&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 24 M85 bomblets
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 698&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 105&nbsp;mm
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Israeli round
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | TF ER BB ХМ09
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Range 21.500m
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | TF ER BT ХМ08
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" |
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Range 18.500m produced by [[Sloboda Čačak]]
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco ERFB/HB
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.76&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 725&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco ERFB/BB
| style="border:1px solid #996" | FRAG-HE
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.25&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 730&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco Cargo
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ICM
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.76&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 30 Type 81 bomblets
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 682&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 80&nbsp;mm
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco HE-I
| style="border:1px solid #996" | HE-I
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.76&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco Smoke
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Smoke
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 22.15&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 3.2&nbsp;kg of WP
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 690&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced, produces smoke for more than 70 seconds.
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996; text-align:left" | Norinco Illumination
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Illumination
| style="border:1px solid #996" | ?
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 21.3&nbsp;kg
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 1.09&nbsp;kg flare
| style="border:1px solid #996" | 683&nbsp;m/s
| style="border:1px solid #996" | n/a
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Chinese produced, 600,000 candela flare, burns for 50 seconds.
|}

{{Gallery
|title=Ammunition for the D-30
|width=230
|height=280
|lines=2
|File:122 mm BK 13.jpg|alt1=|BK-13 HEAT shell
|File:122 mm BK 6M.jpg|alt2=|BK-6M HEAT shell
|File:122 mm OF-462.jpg|alt3=|OF-462 HE shell
}}

==Operators==
[[File:D-30 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map of D-30 operators in blue with former operators in red]]
[[File:D-30 122mm.jpg|thumb|D-30 of [[Armenian Army]]]]

===Current operators===
[[File:Shot from the D-30 howitzer.png|thumb|Shot from the D-30 howitzer]]
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}: 85, [[IISS]] questions their serviceability {{as of|lc=y|2020}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=250}}
**{{flagicon|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}} [[Taliban]]
* {{flag|Algeria}}: 160{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=340}}
* {{flag|Angola}}: 500{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=429}}
* {{flag|Armenia}}: 69{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=183}}
* {{flag|Artsakh}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=186}}
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}: 129{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=185}}
* {{flag|Bangladesh}}:54 of PL-96 variant{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=254}}
* {{flag|Belarus}}: 48{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=188}}
* {{flag|Bosnia-Herzegovina}}: 100{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=90}}
* {{flag|Burundi}}: 18{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=433}}
* {{flag|Cambodia}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=258}}
* {{flag|China}}: 500 ''Type 96'' variant{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|pp=261, 265}}<ref name="CLAWS">{{cite web |title=Appraisal of PLA Artillery Modernisation |url=https://www.claws.in/publication/appraisal-of-pla-artillery-modernisation/ |website=Centre for Land Warfare Study |ref=}}</ref>
* {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}: 10{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=438}}
* {{flaglist|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=441}}
* {{flag|Croatia}}: 54{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=93}}
* {{flag|Cuba}}:{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=416}} 100 mounted on T-34, 55 mounted on T-55 chassis and 25 mounted on [[KrAZ-255]] 6×6 trucks.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* {{flag|Egypt}}: 190 D-30M{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=345}}
* {{flag|Djibouti}}: 9<ref name=IISS>{{cite book |last=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|date=2021|title=The Military Balance|page=462|isbn=9781032012278}}</ref>
* {{flag|Eritrea}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=444}}
* {{flag|Estonia}}: 42 H63, delivered in 2009.<ref name="sipri">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|website=armstrade.sipri.org|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805014045/http://armstrade.sipri.org/arms_trade/trade_register.php|archive-date=5 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ethiopia}}:{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=445}} 309 delivered in 1998–2000.<ref name="sipri"/>
** [[Tigray Defense Forces]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Tigray Defence Forces - Documenting Its Heavy Weaponry |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/the-tigray-defence-forces-documenting.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}: 471 H63<ref>{{cite web|author=Finnish Defence Forces |url=https://puolustusvoimat.fi/documents/1948673/2015391/CBMFI21.pdf/875c05ac-a499-a6f0-2386-2a7424bcbcc8/CBMFI21.pdf |title=Republic of Finland's 2021 AEMI (Annual Exchange of Military Information) report|access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ghana}}: 6{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=448}}
* {{flag|Georgia}}: 58{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=189}}
* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}: 18{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=450}}
* {{flag|India}}: 520{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=271}}
* {{flag|Iran}}: 540{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=349}}
* {{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Iraqi army equipment 1930-2017 |volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/IraqiArmyEquipment1930-2017SpecialReportVol.2|page=[https://archive.org/details/IraqiArmyEquipment1930-2017SpecialReportVol.2/page/n118 119]}}</ref>
** {{flag|Kurdistan Region}}: 52, the mainstay of the Peshmerga Artillery<ref>{{cite web |author=Military & Defense |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T |title=Peshmerga Military Equipment |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806023747/http://www.businessinsider.com/peshmerga-military-equipment-2014-6?op=1&IR=T |archive-date=2017-08-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|The Military Balance 2016|p=491}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}: 100{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=191}}
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}: 72{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=192}}
* {{flag|Laos}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=291}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}: 42{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=362}}
* {{flag|Libya}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=364}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}}: 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=454}}
* {{flag|Mauritania}}: 20{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=365}}
* {{flag|Mongolia}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=295}}
* {{flag|Montenegro}}: 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=128}}
* {{flag|Mozambique}}: 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=458}}
* {{flag|Myanmar}}: 560{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=296}}
* {{flag|Nicaragua}}: 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=430}}
* {{flag|Nigeria}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=461}}
* {{flag|North Korea}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=285}}
* {{flag|Oman}}: 30{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=369}}
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: 189{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=300}}
* {{flag|Peru}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|pp=434–435}}
* {{flag|Russia}}: 4,570{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|pp=196, 202, 208}}
* {{flag|Rwanda}}: 6{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=463}}
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}: 12<ref name="Security3">{{cite web|title=Morocco|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/Morocco20160103.pdf|location=Tel-Aviv|publisher=Institute For National Security Studies|date=1 March 2016|access-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626000558/http://www.inss.org.il/he/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/Morocco20160103.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: 78{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=141}}
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: still in use but only for parades{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=141}}
* {{flag|South Sudan}}: 5 received from Ukraine in 2013.<ref name="sipri"/> The [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] captured others from Sudan during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]<ref>{{cite journal|date=August 1998 |volume= 10|issue= 4|title=Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0898%20Report.pdf|page=24|journal=Human Rights Watch Report}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}}: 21{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=471}}
* {{flag|Syria}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=377}}
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}: 10{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=209}}
* {{flag|Tanzania}}: 20{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=473}}
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}: 350{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=210}}
* {{flag|Ukraine}}: 129{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|pp=212–214}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}: 60{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=216}}
* {{flag|Vietnam}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=318}}
* {{flag|Zambia}}: 25{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=476}}
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}}: 4{{sfn|The Military Balance 2020|p=478}}
{{div col end}}

===Former operators===
* {{flagicon image|AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg}} [[Boko Haram]]{{sfn|The Military Balance 2016|p=492}}
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
* {{flaglist|Islamic State}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2016|p=492}}
* {{flaglist|Israel}}: 5 {{as of|lc=y|2016}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2016|p=334}}
* {{flag|Moldova}} - 18 from Romania, delivered in 1992<ref name="sipri"/>
* {{flag|Poland}} - Not operational.
* {{flag|Somalia}}: 12{{sfn|The Military Balance 2015|p=468}}
* {{flag|Soviet Union}} – Passed on to successor states.
* {{flag|Yemen}}: 130 {{as of|lc=y|2015}}{{sfn|The Military Balance 2015|p=358}}
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}  – Passed on to successor states.
* {{flag|GDR}} - Passed on to reunified Germany.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Chris Bellamy, ''Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces'', Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1986, {{ISBN|0-08-031200-4}}
* {{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2015 |title=The Military Balance |volume=115 |publisher=Routlegde |isbn=978-1-85743-766-9 |ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2015}} }}
* {{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2016|date=February 2016|volume=116|isbn=9781857438352 |publisher=Routlegde|ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2016}}|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
* {{cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |year=2020 |title=The Military Balance |volume=120 |publisher=Routlegde |isbn=978-0-367-46639-8 |ref={{harvid|The Military Balance 2020}} }}

==External links==
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/d-30.htm FAS.org]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/d-30.htm Globalsecurity.org]
* [http://bulletpicker.com/pdf/Afghanistan%20Ordnance%20ID%20Guide,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=440]

{{DEFAULTSORT:122 Mm Howitzer 2a18 (D-30)}}
[[Category:122&nbsp;mm artillery]]
[[Category:Howitzers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Field artillery of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Cold War artillery of the Soviet Union]]