View source for Amoebozoa

{{short description|Phylum of protozoans}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{long fossil range|800|0|earliest=1624|ref={{efn|name=Amoebozoa dating|The oldest fossils are dated at 800 Mya,<ref name="Porter_2003"/> but molecular clocks estimate the divergence time of Amoebozoa between 1624 and 1384 Mya.<ref name="Parfrey2011"/>}}}}
| image = Chaos_carolinense.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15<!-- to match Template:Long fossil range -->
| image_caption = ''[[Chaos carolinensis]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Amoebozoa
| authority = [[Max Lühe|Lühe]], 1913 ''emend.'' [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]], 1998<ref name="6kingdom"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Clades<ref name="Adl_2019"/>
| subdivision =
* [[Tubulinea]]
* [[Discosea]]
* [[Evosea]]
** [[Variosea]]
** [[Eumycetozoa]]
** [[Cutosea]]
** [[Archamoebea]]
| synonyms =
* [[Eumycetozoa]] {{au|Zopf 1884, emend Olive 1975}}{{efn|The term [[Eumycetozoa]], before its redefinition in 2017,<ref name="BetweenPod"/> was considered to be equal to Amoebozoa.<ref name="Adl_2012"/>}}
}}

'''Amoebozoa''' is a major [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] group containing about 2,400 described species of [[Amoeba|amoeboid]] [[protist]]s,<ref name="Pawlowski_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawlowski J, Audic S, Adl S, Bass D, Belbahri L, Berney C, Bowser SS, Cepicka I, Decelle J, Dunthorn M, Fiore-Donno AM, Gile GH, Holzmann M, Jahn R, Jirků M, Keeling PJ, Kostka M, Kudryavtsev A, Lara E, Lukeš J, Mann DG, Mitchell EA, Nitsche F, Romeralo M, Saunders GW, Simpson AG, Smirnov AV, Spouge JL, Stern RF, Stoeck T, Zimmermann J, Schindel D, de Vargas C | display-authors = 6 | title = CBOL protist working group: barcoding eukaryotic richness beyond the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = e1001419 | date = November 6, 2012 | pmid = 23139639 | pmc = 3491025 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419 }}</ref> often possessing blunt, fingerlike, [[Pseudopod#Morphology|lobose]] [[pseudopod]]s and tubular [[mitochondria]]l [[cristae]].<ref name="Adl_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW | display-authors = 6 | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–93 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23020233 | pmc = 3483872 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x }}</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T, Fiore-Donno AM, Chao E, Kudryavtsev A, Berney C, Snell EA, Lewis R | title = Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 83 | pages = 293–304 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25150787 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.011 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In traditional classification schemes, Amoebozoa is usually ranked as a [[phylum]] within either the [[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] [[Protista]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla |last=Corliss |first=John O. | name-list-style = vanc |date=1984 |journal=BioSystems |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=87–126 |doi=10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0  |pmid=6395918 }}</ref> or the kingdom [[Protozoa]].<ref name = "Cavalier-Smith_2003">{{cite journal |title=Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa |last=Cavalier-Smith |first=Thomas | name-list-style = vanc |journal=European Journal of Protistology |doi=10.1078/0932-4739-00002 |volume=39 |issue=4 | date = 2003 |pages=338–348}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruggiero |first=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=Dennis P. |last3=Orrell |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Bailly |first4=Nicolas |last5=Bourgoin |first5=Thierry |last6=Brusca |first6=Richard C. |last7=Cavalier-Smith |first7=Thomas |last8=Guiry |first8=Michael D. |last9=Kirk |first9=Paul M. |date=2015-06-11 |title=Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e0130114 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 |issn=1932-6203|pmc=5159126 }}</ref> In the classification favored by the International Society of Protistologists, it is retained as an unranked "[[supergroup (biology)|supergroup]]" within Eukaryota.<ref name="Adl_2012" /> [[Molecular genetics|Molecular genetic]] analysis supports Amoebozoa as a [[monophyletic]] [[clade]]. Modern studies of eukaryotic [[phylogenetic trees]] identify it as the sister group to [[Opisthokonta]], another major clade which contains both [[fungi]] and [[animals]] as well as several other clades comprising some 300 species of unicellular eukaryotes.<ref name="Pawlowski_2012" /><ref name="Cavalier-Smith_2015" /> Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level [[taxon]], variously named [[Unikonta]],<ref name = "Cavalier-Smith_2003" /> Amorphea<ref name="Adl_2012" /> or [[Opimoda]].<ref name="Derelle_2015" />

Amoebozoa includes many of the best-known amoeboid organisms, such as ''[[Chaos (genus)|Chaos]]'', ''[[Entamoeba]]'', ''[[Pelomyxa]]'' and the genus ''[[Amoeba (genus)|Amoeba]]'' itself. Species of Amoebozoa may be either shelled (testate) or naked, and cells may possess [[flagella]]. Free-living species are common in both salt and freshwater as well as soil, moss and leaf litter. Some live as [[parasites]] or [[Symbiosis|symbionts]] of other organisms, and some are known to cause disease in humans and other organisms.

While the majority of amoebozoan species are unicellular, the group also includes several clades of [[slime molds]], which have a macroscopic, multicellular stage of life during which individual amoeboid cells remain together after multiple cell division to form a macroscopic plasmodium or, in cellular slime molds, aggregate to form one.

Amoebozoa vary greatly in size. Some are only 10–20 μm in diameter, while others are among the largest protozoa. The well-known species ''[[Amoeba proteus]],'' which may reach 800 μm in length, is often studied in schools and laboratories as a representative cell or [[model organism]], partly because of its convenient size. [[Multinucleate]] amoebae like ''Chaos'' and ''Pelomyxa'' may be several millimetres in length, and some multicellular amoebozoa, such as the "dog vomit" slime mold ''[[Fuligo septica]]'', can cover an area of several square meters.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhulidov DA, Robarts RD, Zhulidov AV, Zhulidova OV, Markelov DA, Rusanov VA, Headley JV | title = Zinc accumulation by the slime mold Fuligo septica (L.) Wiggers in the former Soviet Union and North Korea | journal = Journal of Environmental Quality | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 1038–42 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12026071 | doi = 10.2134/jeq2002.1038 }}</ref>

==Morphology==
[[File:Строение амебы Mayorella sp.jpg|thumb|An amoeba of the genus ''Mayorella'' (Amoebozoa, Discosea)]]
Amoebozoa is a large and diverse group, but certain features are common to many of its members.  The amoebozoan cell is typically divided into a granular central mass, called [[endoplasm]], and a clear outer layer, called ectoplasm.  During locomotion, the endoplasm flows forwards and the ectoplasm runs backwards along the outside of the cell.  In motion, many amoebozoans have a clearly defined anterior and posterior and may assume a "monopodial" form, with the entire cell functioning as a single pseudopod. Large pseudopods may produce numerous clear projections called subpseudopodia (or determinate [[pseudopodia]]), which are extended to a certain length and then retracted, either for the purpose of locomotion or food intake.  A cell may also form multiple indeterminate pseudopodia, through which the entire contents of the cell flow in the direction of locomotion. These are more or less tubular and are mostly filled with granular endoplasm. The cell mass flows into a leading pseudopod, and the others ultimately retract, unless the organism changes direction.<ref>{{cite book|title = Biology of Amoeba|url = https://archive.org/details/biologyofamoeba0000jeon|url-access = registration|last = Jeon|first = Kwang W. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher = Academic Press|location = New York |year = 1973|isbn = 978-0-323-14404-9 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/biologyofamoeba0000jeon/page/100 100]}}</ref>

While most amoebozoans are "naked," like the familiar ''[[Amoeba]]'' and ''Chaos'', or covered with a loose coat of minute scales, like [[Cochliopodium]] and [[Korotnevella]], members of the order [[Arcellinida]] form rigid shells, or [[test (biology)|tests]], equipped with a single aperture through which the pseudopods emerge.  Arcellinid tests may be secreted from organic materials, as in ''[[Arcella]]'', or built up from collected particles cemented together, as in ''[[Difflugia]].  ''

In all amoebozoa, the primary mode of nutrition is [[phagocytosis]], in which the cell surrounds potential food particles with its pseudopods, sealing them into [[vacuole]]s within which they may be digested and absorbed. Some amoebozoans have a posterior bulb called a uroid, which may serve to accumulate waste, periodically detaching from the rest of the cell.{{Citation needed|date = April 2015}}  When food is scarce, most species can form [[cyst]]s, which may be carried aerially and introduce them to new environments.{{Citation needed|date = April 2015}}  In slime moulds, these structures are called spores, and form on stalked structures called fruiting bodies or [[sporangium|sporangia]]. [[Mixotroph]]ic species living in a symbiotic relationship with microalgae of the genus [[Chlorella]], which lives inside the cytoplasm of their host, have been found in [[Arcellinida]] and [[Mayorella]].<ref name="HOSHINA_2021">{{cite journal|last1=Hoshina|first1=Ryo|last2=Tsukii|first2=Yuuji|last3=Harumoto|first3=Terue|first4=Toshinobu|last4=Suzaki|title=Characterization of a green Stentor with symbiotic algae growing in an extremely oligotrophic environment and storing large amounts of starch granules in its cytoplasm|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|number=2865|date=February 2021|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-82416-9|pmc=7859197}}</ref><ref name="WEINER_2022">{{cite journal|first1=Agnes K.M.|last1=Weiner|first2=Billie|last2=Cullison|first3=Shailesh V.|last3=Date|first4=Tomáš|last4=Tyml|first5=Jean-Marie|last5=Volland|first6=Tanja|last6=Woyke|first7=Laura A.|last7=Katz|first8=Robin S.|last8=Sleith|title=Examining the Relationship Between the Testate Amoeba Hyalosphenia papilio (Arcellinida, Amoebozoa) and its Associated Intracellular Microalgae Using Molecular and Microscopic Methods|journal=Protist|volume=173|issue=1|date=February 2022|pages=125853|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2021.125853|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The majority of Amoebozoa lack [[flagellum|flagella]] and more generally do not form [[microtubule]]-supported structures except during [[mitosis]].  However, flagella do occur among the [[Archamoebae]], and many slime moulds produce biflagellate [[gamete]]s {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}.  The flagellum is generally anchored by a cone of microtubules, suggesting a close relationship to the [[opisthokont]]s. {{Citation needed|date = April 2015}} The [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] in amoebozoan cells characteristically have branching tubular [[crista|cristae.]] However, among the [[Archamoebae]], which are adapted to anoxic or microaerophilic habitats, mitochondria have been lost.

==Classification==
{{further|wikispecies:Amoebozoa}}

===Place of Amoebozoa in the eukaryote tree===

It appears (based on molecular genetics) that the members of Amoebozoa form a [[sister group]] to animals and fungi, diverging from this lineage after it had split from the other groups,<ref name="Eichinger2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eichinger L, Pachebat JA, Glöckner G, Rajandream MA, Sucgang R, Berriman M, Song J, Olsen R, Szafranski K, Xu Q, Tunggal B, Kummerfeld S, Madera M, Konfortov BA, Rivero F, Bankier AT, Lehmann R, Hamlin N, Davies R, Gaudet P, Fey P, Pilcher K, Chen G, Saunders D, Sodergren E, Davis P, Kerhornou A, Nie X, Hall N, Anjard C, Hemphill L, Bason N, Farbrother P, Desany B, Just E, Morio T, Rost R, Churcher C, Cooper J, Haydock S, van Driessche N, Cronin A, Goodhead I, Muzny D, Mourier T, Pain A, Lu M, Harper D, Lindsay R, Hauser H, James K, Quiles M, Madan Babu M, Saito T, Buchrieser C, Wardroper A, Felder M, Thangavelu M, Johnson D, Knights A, Loulseged H, Mungall K, Oliver K, Price C, Quail MA, Urushihara H, Hernandez J, Rabbinowitsch E, Steffen D, Sanders M, Ma J, Kohara Y, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Spiegler S, Tivey A, Sugano S, White B, Walker D, Woodward J, Winckler T, Tanaka Y, Shaulsky G, Schleicher M, Weinstock G, Rosenthal A, Cox EC, Chisholm RL, Gibbs R, Loomis WF, Platzer M, Kay RR, Williams J, Dear PH, Noegel AA, Barrell B, Kuspa A | display-authors = 6 | title = The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum | journal = Nature | volume = 435 | issue = 7038 | pages = 43–57 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15875012 | pmc = 1352341 | doi = 10.1038/nature03481 | bibcode = 2005Natur.435...43E }}</ref>
as illustrated below in a simplified diagram:

{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |state1=double
  |1=[[Loukozoa]] [[File:Giardia lamblia.jpg|60 px]]
|label2=[[Podiata]]
|2={{clade
   |1=[[CRuMs]] [[File:Collodictyon anterior view, showing sulcus, nucleus, blepharoplast, rhizoplast, and four flagella..jpg|60 px]] 
   |label2=[[Amorphea]]
   |2={{clade
      |1='''Amoebozoa'''
      |label2=[[Obazoa]]
      |2={{clade

         |1=[[Breviata]] [[File:Mastigamoeba invertens.jpg|80 px]] 
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Apusomonadida]] [[File:Apusomonas.png|60 px]]

            |label2=[[Opisthokonta]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Fungi]] [[File:Asco1013.jpg|60 px]]  
              |2=[[Animalia]] [[File:Comb jelly.jpg|45 px]] 
         }}}}}}
      }}
   }}}}
|label1=[[Opimoda]]}}

Strong similarities between Amoebozoa and [[Opisthokont]]s lead to the hypothesis that they form a distinct clade.<ref name="Ancestor">{{cite book |title=The Ancestor's Tale |isbn=978-0544859937 |last1=Dawkins  |first1=Richard |last2=Wong |first2=Yan |year=2016 |title-link=The Ancestor's Tale |author1-link=Richard Dawkins }}</ref> Thomas Cavalier-Smith proposed the name "unikonts" (formally, Unikonta) for this branch, whose members were believed to have been descended from a common ancestor possessing a single emergent flagellum rooted in one [[basal body]].<sup>[1][2]</sup>  However, while the close relationship between Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta is robustly supported, recent work has shown that the hypothesis of a uniciliate ancestor is probably false. In their Revised Classification of Eukaryotes (2012), Adl et al. proposed Amorphea as a more suitable name for a clade of approximately the same composition, a sister group to the [[Diaphoretickes]].<ref name="Adl_2012" />  More recent work places the members of Amorphea together with the [[malawimonas|malawimonids]] and [[collodictyon]]ids in a proposed clade called Opimoda, which comprises one of two major lineages diverging at the root of the eukaryote tree of life, the other being [[Diphoda]].<ref name="Derelle_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Derelle R, Torruella G, Klimeš V, Brinkmann H, Kim E, Vlček Č, Lang BF, Eliáš M | title = Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 112 | issue = 7 | pages = E693–9 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25646484 | pmc = 4343179 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1420657112 | bibcode = 2015PNAS..112E.693D | doi-access = free }}</ref>

{{See also|Eukaryote#Phylogeny}}

===Subphyla within Amoebozoa: Lobosa and Conosa===
Traditionally all amoebozoa with lobose pseudopods were grouped together in the class [[Lobosea]], placed with other amoeboids in the phylum Sarcodina or [[Rhizopoda]], but these were considered to be unnatural groups. Structural and genetic studies identified the [[percolozoa]]ns and several archamoebae as independent groups.  In phylogenies based on [[rRNA]] their representatives were separate from other amoebae, and appeared to diverge near the base of [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] evolution, as did most slime molds.

However, revised trees by [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith|Cavalier-Smith]] and Chao in 1996<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE | title = Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 551–62 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8995052 | doi = 10.1007/BF02202103 | bibcode = 1996JMolE..43..551C | s2cid = 28992966 }}
</ref> suggested that the remaining lobosans do form a monophyletic group, to which the Archamoebae and Mycetozoa were closely related, although the percolozoans were not.  Subsequently, they emended the phylum Amoebozoa to include both the subphylum Lobosa and a new subphylum [[Conosa]], comprising the Archamoebae and the [[Mycetozoa]].<ref name="6kingdom">
{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = A revised six-kingdom system of life | journal = Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 203–66 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9809012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x | s2cid = 6557779 }}
</ref>

Recent molecular genetic data appear to support this primary division of the Amoebozoa into Lobosa and Conosa.<ref name="Cavalier-Smith_2015" /> The former, as defined by Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators, consists largely of the classic Lobosea: non-flagellated amoebae with blunt, lobose pseudopods (''Amoeba'', ''Acanthamoeba, Arcella, Difflugia etc.'').  The latter is made up of both amoeboid and flagellated cells, characteristically with more pointed or slightly branching subpseudopodia (Archamoebae and the Mycetozoan slime molds).

===Phylogeny and taxonomy within Amoebozoa===
From older studies by Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2016<ref name="Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R | title = 187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 99 | pages = 275–296 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27001604 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and Silar 2016.<ref>{{cite book | date=2016| last = Silar | first = Philippe | name-list-style = vanc | chapter = Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138|pages=1–462 | title = HAL archives-ouvertes | isbn = 978-2-9555841-0-1 | chapter-url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138/file/Protistes_Eucaryotes.pdf }}</ref> Also recent phylogeny indicates the Lobosa are paraphyletic: Conosa is sister of the Cutosea.<ref name="BetweenPod">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang S, Tice AK, Spiegel FW, Silberman JD, Pánek T, Cepicka I, Kostka M, Kosakyan A, Alcântara DM, Roger AJ, Shadwick LL, Smirnov A, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJ, Brown MW | display-authors = 6 | title = Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 34 | issue = 9 | pages = 2258–2270 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28505375 | pmc = 5850466 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msx162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pánek T, Zadrobílková E, Walker G, Brown MW, Gentekaki E, Hroudová M, Kang S, Roger AJ, Tice AK, Vlček Č, Čepička I | display-authors = 6 | title = First multigene analysis of Archamoebae (Amoebozoa: Conosa) robustly reveals its phylogeny and shows that Entamoebidae represents a deep lineage of the group | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 98 | pages = 41–51 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 26826602 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.011 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leontyev |first1=Dmitry V. |last2=Schnittler |first2=Martin |last3=Stephenson |first3=Steven L. |last4=Novozhilov |first4=Yuri K. |last5=Shchepin |first5=Oleg N. | title = Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 399 | issue = 3 | pages = 209–238 | date = March 2019 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5| doi-access =  }}</ref>

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"
|-
! style="background:#F0F2F5" | Amoebozoa phylogeny
|-
|
{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Discosea]]
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Centramoebia]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Centramoebida]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Himatismenida]]
        |2=[[Himatismenida]]
         }}
       }}
    |label2=[[Flabellinia]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Thecamoebida]]
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Dermamoebida]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Vannellida]]
          |2=[[Dactylopodida]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=[[Tevosa]]
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Tubulinea
    |1={{clade
      |label1=[[Corycidia]]
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Trichosida]]
        |2=[[Microcoryciidae]]
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Echinamoebia]]
        |1=[[Echinamoebida]]
        |label2=[[Elardia]]
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Leptomyxia]]
          |1=[[Leptomyxida]]
          |label2=[[Eulobosia]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Euamoebida]]
            |2=[[Arcellinida]]
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
    |label2=Evosida
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Cutosea]]
      |1=[[Squamocutida]]
      |label2=[[Conosa]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Archamoebae]]
        |1={{clade
          |label1=[[Archamoebea]]
          |1={{clade
            |1=[[Entamoebida]]
            |2=[[Pelobiontida]]
             }}
           }}
        |label2=[[Semiconosia]]
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Variosea]]
          |1={{clade
            |1=[[Phalansteriida]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Flamellidae]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Ramamoebida]]
                |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Profiliida]]
                  |2=[[Fractovitellida]]
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |label2=[[Eumycetozoa]]
          |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Dictyostelea]]
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Acytosteliales]]
              |2=[[Dictyosteliida]]
               }}
            |label2=[[Myxogastria]]
            |2={{clade
              |label1=[[Ceratiomyxomycetes]]
              |1={{clade
                |1=[[Ceratiomyxida]]
                |2=[[Protosporangiida]]
                 }}
              |label2=[[Mycetozoa|Myxomycetes]]
              |2={{clade
                |label1=Lucisporomycetidae
                |1={{clade
                  |label1=Cribrarianae
                  |1=[[Cribrariales]]
                  |label2=Trichianae
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Reticulariales]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Liceida]]
                      |2=[[Trichiida]]
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                |label2=Columellomycetidae
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=Echinostelianae
                  |1=[[Echinostelid|Echinosteliida]]
                  |label2=Stemonitanae
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Clastodermatales]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Meridermatales]]
                      |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Stemonitales]]
                        |2=[[Physarales]]
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
 }}
|}

Phylum Amoebozoa <small>Lühe 1913 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998</small> [Amoebobiota; Eumycetozoa <small>Zopf 1884 emend Olive 1975</small>]
* Clade [[Discosea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
** Order ?[[Stereomyxida]] <small>Grell 1971</small>
** Order ?[[Stygamoebida]] <small>Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011</small>
** Class [[Centramoebia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith et al. 2016</small>
*** Order [[Centramoebida]] <small>Rogerson & Patterson 2002 em. Cavalier-Smith 2004</small>
*** Order [[Himatismenida]] <small>Page 1987</small> [Cochliopodiida]
*** Order [[Pellitida]] <small>Page 1987</small> [Cochliopodiida]
** Class [[Flabellinia]] <small>Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011 em. Kudryavtsev et al. 2014</small>
*** Order [[Thecamoebida]] <small>Schaeffer 1926 em. Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011</small>
*** Order [[Dermamoebida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011</small>
*** Order [[Vannellida]] <small>Smirnov et al. 2005</small>
*** Order [[Dactylopodida]] <small>Smirnov et al. 2005</small>
* Clade [[Tevosa]] <small>Kang et al. 2017</small>
** Clade [[Tubulinea]] <small>Smirnov et al. 2005 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
*** Class [[Corycidia]] <small>Kang et al. 2017 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
***** Order [[Trichosida]] <small>Moebius 1889</small>
***** Family [[Microcoryciidae]] <small>de Saedeleer 1934</small>
*** Class [[Echinamoebia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
**** Order [[Echinamoebida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2004 em. 2011</small>
*** Class [[Elardia]] <small>Kang et al. 2017 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
**** Subclass [[Leptomyxia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order [[Leptomyxida]] <small>Pussard & Pons 1976 em. Page 1987</small>
**** Subclass [[Eulobosia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order [[Euamoebida]] <small>Lepşi 1960 em. Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order [[Arcellinida]] <small>Kent 1880</small>
** Clade [[Evosea]] <small>Kang et al. 2017 stat. nov. Adl et al. 2018</small>
*** Clade [[Cutosa]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov.</small>
**** Class [[Cutosea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
***** Order [[Squamocutida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
*** Subphylum [[Conosa]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1998 stat. nov.</small>
**** Infraphylum [[Archamoebae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. n. 1998</small>
***** Class [[Archamoebea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1983 stat. n. 2004</small>
****** Family [[Tricholimacidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
****** Family [[Endamoebidae]] <small>Calkins 1926</small>
****** Order [[Entamoebida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993</small>
****** Order [[Pelobiontida]] <small>Page 1976 emend. Cavalier Smith 1987</small>
**** Infraphylum [[Semiconosia]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>
***** Class [[Variosea]] <small>Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004</small>
****** Order ?[[Flamellidae]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Order ?[[Holomastigida]] <small>Lauterborn 1895</small> [Artodiscida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2013</small>]
****** Order [[Phalansteriida]] <small>Hibberd 1983</small>
****** Order [[Ramamoebida]] <small>Cavalier-Smith 2016</small>
****** Order [[Profiliida]] <small>Kang et al. 2017</small> [Protosteliida <small>Olive & Stoianovitch 1966 em. Shadwick & Spiegel 2012</small>]
****** Order [[Fractovitellida]] <small>Lahr et al. 2011 em. Kang et al. 2017</small>
***** Superclass [[Mycetozoa]] <small>de Bary, 1859 ex Rostafinski, 1873</small>
****** Class [[Dictyostelea]] <small>Hawksworth et al. 1983</small>
******* Order [[Acytosteliales]] <small>Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017</small>
******* Order [[Dictyosteliales]] <small>Lister 1909 em. Olive 1970</small>
****** Class [[Ceratiomyxomycetes]] <small>Hawksworth, Sutton & Ainsworth 1983 </small>
******* Order [[Protosporangiida]] <small>Shadwick & Spiegel 2012</small>
******* Order [[Ceratiomyxida]] <small>Martin 1961 ex Farr & Alexopoulos</small>
****** Class [[Myxogastria|Myxomycetes]] <small>Link 1833 em. Haeckel 1866 </small><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=LKT |last3=Al-Ani |first4=S |last4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
******* Subclass [[Lucisporomycetidae]] <small>Leontyev et al. 2019</small>
******** Superorder [[Cribrarianae]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Cribrariales]] <small>Macbr. 1922</small>
******** Superorder [[Trichianae]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Reticulariales]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Liceales]] <small>Jahn 1928</small>
********* Order [[Trichiales]] <small>Macbride 1922</small>
******* Subclass [[Columellomycetidae]] <small>Leontyev et al. 2019</small>
******** Order ?[[Echinosteliopsidales]] <small>Shchepin et al.</small>
******** Superorder [[Echinostelianae]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Echinosteliales]] <small>Martin 1961</small>
******** Superorder [[Stemonitanae]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small> [Fuscisporida <small>Cavalier-Smith 2012</small>]
********* Order [[Clastodermatales]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Meridermatales]] <small>Leontyev 2015</small>
********* Order [[Stemonitales]] <small>Macbride 1922</small>
********* Order [[Physarales]] <small>Macbride 1922</small>

==Fossil record==
Vase-shaped [[microfossils]] (VSMs) discovered around the world show that amoebozoans have existed since the [[Neoproterozoic]] Era.  The fossil species ''[[Melanocyrillium hexodiadema]]'', ''[[Palaeoarcella athanata]]'', and ''[[Hemisphaeriella ornata]]'' come from rocks 750 million years old.  All three VSMs share a hemispherical shape, invaginated aperture, and regular indentations, that strongly resemble modern [[arcellinid]]s, which are [[testate amoebae|shell-bearing amoebozoans]] belonging to the class [[Tubulinea]]. ''P. athanata'' in particular looks the same as the extant genus ''[[Arcella]]''.<ref name="Porter_2003"/><ref>{{Cite book | first = Susannah M. | last = Porter | editor-last = Xiao | editor-first = Shuhai | editor2-last = Kaufman | editor2-first = Alan J. | name-list-style = vanc | chapter = The Proterozoic Fossil Record of Heterotrophic Eukaryotes | title = Neoproterozoic Geolobiology and Paleobiology | year = 2006 | pages = 1–21 | place = Dordrecht, The Netherlands | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-1-4020-5201-9 | doi = 10.1007/1-4020-5202-2 | volume = 27 | series = Topics in Geobiology }}</ref>

==List of amoebozoan protozoa pathogenic to humans==
*''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''
*''[[Acanthamoeba]]''
*''[[Balamuthia mandrillaris]]''
*''[[Endolimax]]''

==Meiosis==

The recently available ''[[Acanthamoeba]]'' [[genome]] sequence revealed several [[Homology (biology)#Orthology|orthologs]] of genes employed in [[meiosis]] of sexual [[eukaryote]]s.  These genes included ''[[Spo11]], [[MRE11A|Mre11]], [[Rad50]], [[RAD51|Rad51]], [[RAD52|Rad52]], Mnd1, [[DMC1 (gene)|Dmc1]], [[MSH2|Msh]]'' and ''[[MLH1#Meiosis|Mlh]]''.<ref name="pmid25800982">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan NA, Siddiqui R | title = Is there evidence of sexual reproduction (meiosis) in Acanthamoeba? | journal = Pathogens and Global Health | volume = 109 | issue = 4 | pages = 193–5 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 25800982 | pmc = 4530557 | doi = 10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000009 }}</ref>  This finding suggests that ''Acanthamoeba'' is capable of some form of meiosis and may be able to undergo sexual reproduction.

In sexually reproducing eukaryotes, [[homologous recombination]] (HR) ordinarily occurs during meiosis.  The meiosis-specific [[recombinase]], [[DMC1 (gene)|Dmc1]], is required for efficient meiotic HR, and Dmc1 is expressed in ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''.<ref name="Kelso">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelso AA, Say AF, Sharma D, Ledford LL, Turchick A, Saski CA, King AV, Attaway CC, Temesvari LA, Sehorn MG | title = Entamoeba histolytica Dmc1 Catalyzes Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange That Is Stimulated by Calcium and Hop2-Mnd1 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = e0139399 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26422142 | pmc = 4589404 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0139399 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1039399K | doi-access = free }}</ref>  The purified Dmc1 from ''E. histolytica'' forms [[Synapsis|presynaptic]] filaments and catalyzes [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]-dependent [[Homologous recombination|homologous DNA pairing]] and DNA strand exchange over at least several thousand [[base pairs]].<ref name=Kelso />  The DNA pairing and strand exchange reactions are enhanced by the eukaryotic meiosis-specific recombination accessory factor (heterodimer) Hop2-Mnd1.<ref name=Kelso />  These processes are central to meiotic recombination, suggesting that ''E. histolytica'' undergoes meiosis.<ref name=Kelso />

Studies of  ''[[Entamoeba invadens]]'' found that, during the conversion from the [[Polyploid|tetraploid]] [[uninucleate]] [[Apicomplexan life cycle#Glossary of cell types|trophozoite]] to the tetranucleate cyst, [[homologous recombination]] is enhanced.<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh N, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S | title = Homologous recombination occurs in Entamoeba and is enhanced during growth stress and stage conversion | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = e74465 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24098652 | pmc = 3787063 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0074465 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...874465S | doi-access = free }}</ref>  Expression of genes with functions related to the major steps of meiotic recombination also increased during encystations.<ref name=Singh />  These findings in ''E. invadens'', combined with evidence from studies of  ''E. histolytica'' indicate the presence of meiosis in the ''Entamoeba''.  A comparative genetic analysis indicated that [[meiosis|meiotic processes]] are present in all major amoebozoan lineages.<ref name="pmid30380054">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hofstatter PG, Brown MW, ((Lahr DJG)) |title=Comparative genomics supports sex and meiosis in diverse Amoebozoa |journal=Genome Biol Evol |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=3118–3128 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30380054 |pmc=6263441 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy241 }}</ref>

Since ''Amoebozoa'' diverged early from the eukaryotic family tree, these results also suggest that meiosis was present early in eukaryotic evolution.

==Human health==
[[Amoebiasis]], also known as amebiasis or entamoebiasis,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Entamoebiasis - MeSH - NCBI|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004749|website = www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date = 2015-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Entamoebiasis|url = http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/brs.cfm?Term=Entamoebiasis|website = mesh.kib.ki.se|access-date = 2015-07-21|archive-date = 2015-07-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722073115/http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/brs.cfm?Term=Entamoebiasis|url-status = dead}}</ref> is an infection caused by any of the amoebozoans of the ''[[Entamoeba]]'' group. Symptoms are most common upon infection by ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Amoebiasis can present with no, mild, or severe [[symptomatic|symptoms]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Symptoms may include [[abdominal pain]], mild [[diarrhoea]], [[dysentery|bloody diarrhea]] or [[colitis|severe colitis]] with [[necrosis|tissue death]] and [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> This last complication may cause [[peritonitis]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> People affected may develop [[anemia]] due to loss of blood.<ref name="Mansons2013"/>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Invasion of the intestinal lining causes [[amoebic dysentery|amoebic bloody diarrhea]] or [[amoebic colitis]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> If the parasite reaches the bloodstream it can spread through the body, most frequently ending up in the liver where it causes [[amoebic liver abscesses]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> [[Liver]] abscesses can occur without previous diarrhea.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Cysts of ''Entamoeba'' can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under fingernails.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> It is important to differentiate between amoebiasis and [[bacterial colitis]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> The preferred diagnostic method is through faecal examination under microscope, but requires a skilled microscopist and may not be reliable when excluding infection.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> This method however may not be able to separate between specific types.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> [[Leukocytosis|Increased white blood cell count]] is present in severe cases, but not in mild ones. The most accurate test is for [[serology|antibodies in the blood]], but it may remain positive following treatment.<ref name="Mansons2013"/>

<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Prevention of amoebiasis is by separating food and water from faeces and by proper [[sanitation]] measures. There is no vaccine.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> There are two treatment options depending on the location of the infection.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Amoebiasis in tissues is treated with either [[metronidazole]], [[tinidazole]], [[nitazoxanide]], [[dehydroemetine]] or [[chloroquine]], while luminal infection is treated with [[diloxanide furoate]] or [[Diiodohydroxyquinoline|iodoquinoline]].<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> For treatment to be effective against all stages of the amoeba may require a combination of medications. Infections without symptoms do not require treatment but infected individuals can spread the parasite to others and treatment can be considered.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Treatment of other ''Entamoeba'' infections apart from ''E. histolytica'' is not needed.<ref name="Mansons2013"/>

<!--Epidemiology and history -->
Amoebiasis is present all over the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Lecture Notes: Tropical Medicine|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|date = 2014-04-17|isbn = 978-1-118-73456-8 |first1 = Nick|last1 = Beeching|first2 = Geoff|last2 = Gill | name-list-style = vanc |pages = 177–182|chapter = 19}}</ref> About 480 million people are infected with what appears to be ''E. histolytica'' and these result in the death of between 40,000–110,000 people every year.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Most infections are now ascribed to ''E. dispar''.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> ''E. dispar'' is more common in certain areas and symptomatic cases may be fewer than previously reported.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> The first case of amoebiasis was documented in 1875 and in 1891 the disease was described in detail, resulting in the terms ''amoebic dysentery'' and ''amoebic liver abscess''.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> Further evidence from the Philippines in 1913 found that upon ingesting cysts of ''E. histolytica'' volunteers developed the disease.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> It has been known since 1897 that at least one non-disease-causing species of ''Entamoeba'' existed (''Entamoeba coli''), but it was first formally recognized by the [[WHO]] in 1997 that ''E. histolytica'' was two species, despite this having first been proposed in 1925.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> In addition to the now-recognized ''[[Entamoeba dispar|E. dispar]]'' evidence shows there are at least two other species of ''Entamoeba'' that look the same in humans - ''[[Entamoeba moshkovskii|E. moshkovskii]]'' and ''Entamoeba bangladeshi''.<!-- <ref name="Mansons2013"/> --> The reason these species haven't been differentiated until recently is because of the reliance on appearance.<ref name="Mansons2013">{{Cite book|title = Manson's Tropical Diseases|publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences|date = 2013-10-26|isbn = 978-0-7020-5306-1 |first1 = Jeremy|last1 = Farrar|first2 = Peter|last2 = Hotez|first3 = Thomas|last3 = Junghanss|first4 = Gagandeep|last4 = Kang|first5 = David|last5 = Lalloo|first6 = Nicholas J.|last6 = White | name-list-style = vanc |pages = 664–671}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Amoeba proteus.jpg|''[[Amoeba proteus]]'' ([[Lobosa]]: [[Tubulinea]])
File:Arcella sp.jpg|''[[Arcella]]'' sp. test (Lobosa: Tubulinea)
File:Parasite140120-fig3 Acanthamoeba keratitis Figure 3B.png|''[[Acanthamoeba]]'' sp. (Lobosa: [[Discosea]])
File:Thecamoeba striata001.JPG|''[[Thecamoeba]]'' sp. (Lobosa: Discosea)
File:Entamoeba histolytica.jpg|''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'' [[trophozoite]] ([[Conosa]]: [[Archamoebae]])
Pelomyxa palustris.jpg|''[[Pelomyxa palustris]]'' (Conosa: Archamoebae)
File:Stemonitis_fusca_a1_(3).JPG|''[[Stemonitis]]'' sp. (Conosa: [[Myxogastria]])
File:Dictyostelium discoideum 02.jpg|''[[Dictyostelium discoideum]]'' (Conosa: [[Dictyostelia]])
</gallery>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Adl_2019">{{cite journal|vauthors=Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, ((Lahr DJG)), Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, ((Mitchell EAD)), Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q|year=2019|title=Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|volume=66|issue=1 |pages=4–119|doi=10.1111/jeu.12691|pmid=30257078 |pmc=6492006 }}</ref>

<ref name="Porter_2003">{{cite journal|vauthors=Porter SM, Meisterfeld R, Knoll AH|title=Vase-shaped microfossils from the Neoproterozoic Chuar Group, Grand Canyon: a classification guided by modern testate amoebae|journal=Journal of Paleontology|date=May 2003|volume=77|issue=3|pages=409–429|doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0409:VMFTNC>2.0.CO;2| url = http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/porter/Papers/Porteretal2003_VSMs.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="Parfrey2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA | title = Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 33 | pages = 13624–9 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21810989 | pmc = 3158185 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1110633108 | bibcode = 2011PNAS..10813624P | doi-access = free }}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Schilde C, Schaap P | chapter = The Amoebozoa | volume = 983 | pages = 1–15 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23494299 | pmc = 4037983 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-62703-302-2_1 | chapter-url = | isbn = 978-1-62703-301-5 | series = Methods in Molecular Biology | title = Dictyostelium discoideum Protocols }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | first = Jan | last = Pawlowski | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050102201656/http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa.html | archive-date = 2 January 2005 | url-status = dead | title = Molecular Phylogeny of Amoeboid Protists — Tree of Amoebozoa | work = Molecular Systematics Group (MSG) | publisher =  Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva }}
* {{cite web | first1 = Patrick | last1 = Keeling | first2 = Brian S. | last2 = Leander |first3 = Alastair | last3 = Simpson | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 | title = Tree of Life Eukaryotes | publisher = Tree of Life Project }}
* {{cite book | title = Fresh-Water Rhizopods of North America | first = Joseph | last = Leidy | name-list-style = vanc | year = 1879 | chapter-url = http://user.xmission.com/~psneeley/Personal/FwrPLA.htm | chapter = Amoeba Plates | publisher = Government Printing Office | location = Washington D.C. }}
* {{cite web |title = Amoebozoa | work = NCBI Taxonomy Browser | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=554915&lvl=2 |id=554915}}

{{Eukaryota}}
{{Amoebozoa}}
{{Amoebozoa diseases}}
{{Life on Earth}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q473809}}

[[Category:Amoebozoa| ]]
[[Category:Amoeboids]]
[[Category:Amorphea phyla]]