View source for M. A. G. Osmani

{{Short description|Bangladeshi General (1918–1984)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Bangladeshi English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Bangabir
| name          = Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani
| native_name   = মুহাম্মদ আতাউল গণি ওসমানী
| native_name_lang = bn
| image         = File:M A G Osmani.jpg|thumb|M A G Osmani
| caption       = Sculpture of M. A. G. Osmani
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|df=y|1918|9|01}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|df=y|1984|2|16|1918|9|01}}
| birth_place   = [[Sunamganj]], [[Sylhet Division|Greater Sylhet ]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place   = [[London]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial = [[Shah Jalal Dargah Cemetery]]<br /> Sylhet, Bangladesh
| placeofburial_label = 
| nickname      = Bangabir (বঙ্গবীর)
| allegiance    = {{ubl | {{flag|British India}}  | {{PAK}}   | {{BAN}}}}
| branch        = {{ubl | {{army|British India}} | {{army|Pakistan}} | {{army|Bangladesh}}}}
| serviceyears  = 1939-1972
| unit          = [[Indian Army Service Corps]]<br>[[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]]<br>[[East Bengal Regiment]]
| rank          = *{{army|British India}} (1940–1947)
[[File:British Army OF-3.svg|16px]] [[Major]]
*{{army|Pakistan}} (1947–1967)
[[File:OF-5 Pakistan Army.svg|16px]] [[Colonel]]
*{{army|Bangladesh}} (1971–1972)
[[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg|15px]] [[General (Bangladesh)|General]]<br/>[[File:BD Army General Star Plate.svg|30px]]
| commands      = *Commander-in-Chief of [[Mukti Bahini]] 
*Commandant of [[East Bengal Regimental Centre]]
*CO of [[Senior Tigers|1st East Bengal Regiment]] 
*CO of [[14th Punjab Regiment]] 
*CO of [[East Pakistan Rifles]] 
*Military Operations Directorate of the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)]]
| battles       = {{unbulleted list| [[World War II]]|[[Indo-Pak War of 1965]]| [[Bangladesh War of Liberation]]}}
}}

'''Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani''' ({{lang-bn|মুহাম্মদ আতাউল গণি ওসমানী}}; 1 September 1918&nbsp;– 16 February 1984), was a [[Sylheti]] military leader. Osmani's career spanned five decades, beginning with service in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1939. He fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] during [[World War II]]. After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he joined the [[Pakistan Army]] and served in the [[East Bengal Regiment]], retiring as a [[colonel]] in 1967. Osmani joined the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] in 1971 as the [[commander-in-chief]] of the nascent [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]]. Regarded as the founder of the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]], Osmani retired as a [[four-star general]] from the [[Bangladesh Army]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/tribute/the-man-who-inspired-us-during-war-1456906|title=The man who inspired us during war|work=The Daily Star|date=September 2017}}</ref>

Osmani entered politics in independent Bangladesh, serving as a [[Member of Parliament]] and [[cabinet minister]] in the government of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]. Along with [[Mainul Hosein]], he resigned from parliament in opposition to the creation of the one party state of [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League|BAKSAL]]. He advised the government on restoring the chain of command in the military after the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|15 August coup]]. He contested the [[1978 Bangladeshi presidential election]] against [[Ziaur Rahman]]. Osmani died in London in 1984 and was buried in his hometown [[Sylhet]].   
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==Early life==
Osmani was born into a Bengali [[Muslim]] landowning family in [[Sunamganj]], Sylhet, [[Assam Province]], [[British India]], on 1 September 1918. He was a descendant of Shah Nizamuddin Osmani, a 14th-century associate of [[Shah Jalal]]. His ancestral village is in [[Dayamir Union]] within [[Osmani Nagar Upazila]] of [[Sylhet District]].

Osmani attended Cotton School in [[Sylhet]], matriculating at [[Sylhet Government Pilot High School]] in 1934. He studied English and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/13-history-of-bangladesh/biography/239-muhammad-ataul-ghani-osmani-bangabir-summary-biography-of-muslim-and-bengali|title=Muhammad Ataul Ghani (M. A. G.) Osmani (Bangabir)|website=Londoni}}</ref> He won the Pritoria Prize for excellence in English.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p238">{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Syed Muhammad |year=2011 |title=Misrakathana |publisher=Ananyā |location=Dhaka |language=bn |oclc=755214448 |page=238}}</ref> Osmani studied [[geography]] at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and graduated in 1938. He enrolled as a cadet at the [[Indian Military Academy]] the following year.

==Military career==
When he joined the [[British Indian Army]], Osmani was a member of the 4th Urban Infantry ([[Indian Territorial Force]] unit) from 1939 to 1940 while he was a university student.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p238"/> On 5 October 1940, he received a regular commission as a [[second lieutenant]] in the British Indian Army's Royal [[Indian Army Service Corps]] (RIASC).<ref name="Indian_Army_List_41">{{cite book|pages=1000|title=Indian Army List for July 1941|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1941}}</ref> Osmani was initially attached to the 2nd Battalion, [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington Regiment]], which was tasked with a New Delhi depot.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=241}}</ref> After he completed the Short Mechanical Transport Course (November 1940 - February 1941) and Junior Tactical Course (February - April 1941), he was attached to a mechanical transport battalion of the [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]] and posted to Burma during [[World War II]].<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128">{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=128}}</ref>

===British Indian Army (1941–1947)===
Osmani was promoted to the ranks of war-substantive lieutenant and temporary captain on 17 February 1941.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45">{{cite book|pages=328A|title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1945}}</ref> He received a battlefield promotion to acting major on 23 February 1942, with further promotions to war-substantive captain (temporary major) on 23 May.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_45"/> Between 1941 and 1945, he held the posts of platoon commander, battalion adjutant, company [[Second-in-command|2IC]] and battalion commander. From November 1944 to February 1945, Osmani was a grade-two general staff officer at his formation headquarters, completing the Senior Officers Course after the war.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239">{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=239}}</ref>

He was attached to British Indian Army HQ Bihar and Orissa Area from May to July 1946. On 13 July 1946, Osmani was granted a regular commission in the British Indian Army, with a promotion to substantive captain on 5 October 1946.<ref name="Indian_Army_List_47">{{cite book|pages=268|title=Indian Army List-Special Edition (August 1947)|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1947}}</ref>  He subsequently completed the Senior Officers Course in February 1947, and was promoted to local [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref name="Islam p18">Islam, Sheikh Akthar Ul, ''Sadhinota Judher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmany'' p. 18, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> He was posted to British Indian Army GHQ in [[Shimla|Simla]] in the Quartermaster General and Ordnance Branches until August 1947. From August to 6 October 1947 he served as GSO-2 at the HQ of [[Claude Auchinleck]] in New Delhi. Although Osmani had passed the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] examination, he declined a foreign-service position in 1947 to remain with the Pakistan Army.<ref name="Islam p18"/> He witnessed the end of the British Indian Army, representing Pakistan during the division of army assets between India and Pakistan.<ref name="General Osmany p128">''General Osmany'' p.128</ref>

==={{anchor|Career in the Pakistani Army}}Pakistan Army===
After the 1947 birth of India and Pakistan in 1947, Osmani joined the Pakistan Army on 7 October 1947. He was promoted to acting lieutenant colonel on 7 January 1948. He was assigned to general-staff headquarters as GSO-1, Coordination, Planning and Personnel.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/>

Osmani attended the Long Term Staff Course at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]], [[Quetta]], Pakistan and served with [[Yahya Khan]], [[Tikka Khan]] and [[A. A. K. Niazi]], all of whom led the Pakistan Army against his Bangladesh forces in 1971. After completing the course, Osmani joined the staff of army chief of staff Reginald Hutton in January 1949 and (as chair of a committee tasked by [[Douglas Gracey]] to evaluate army enlistment standards) recommended the establishment of cadet colleges in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Islam p18"/> He later became an assistant [[adjutant general]].

===={{anchor|Joining the Infantry Arm}}Infantry====
After serving as a staff officer for eight years, Osmani joined the Pakistan Army infantry. With a rank of major and after induction training, he joined the 5/14 Punjab. He was posted as 2IC and company commander of the 5th Punjab Battalion of the [[14th Punjab Regiment]], part of a brigade commanded by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]], in 1950. Osmani became commander of the 105th Brigade Training Team in January 1951 and commander of the 5/14 Punjab in May, followed by a four-month tour of duty in Kashmir and [[Waziristan]].<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/><ref>Hamid, Lt. Col. (ret.) Muhammad A., ''Felay Asha Shainik Jiban'' p42, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref>

Osmani disagreed with [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] Gen. Ayub Khan<ref>Siddiqi, Brig Gen. (ret.) A.R., ''The Military in Pakistan Image and Reality''  Chapter 1</ref> over the treatment of [[Ishfakul Majid]], the senior Bengali army officer in who was falsely accused in the [[Rawalpindi conspiracy]] and forced to resign.<ref>Khan, Maj Gen. (ret.) Fazal Muqeem, ''Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership'' p45, p94,</ref> In August 1951 Osmani left 5/14 Punjab and was posted as third CO of the 1st [[East Bengal Regiment]], the first Bengali to hold the post, in October.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Sayed Muhammad |year=1999 |script-title=bn:সেনাবাহিনীর অভ্যন্তরে আটাশ বছর |title=Senābāhinīra abhyantare āṭāśa bachara |trans-title=Twenty-eight years inside the army |location=Dhaka |publisher=Mowla Brothers |language=bn |page=20 |oclc=42761824}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Tour of duty in East Pakistan (1950–1956)}}East Pakistan (1950–1956)====
Osmani became the CO of the 1st East Bengal Regiment, stationed in [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]] as part of the 107th Brigade, on 8 November 1951. He chose Bengali songs for regimental marching and its band ("Chol Chol Chol" by Kazi Nazrul Islam, "Gram Chara oi ranga matir poth" by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and ''Dhono Dhanne Pushpe Bhora'' by D.L. Roy), and the ''Brotochari'' (introduced by Shodoy Dutt) became the regimental dance.<ref>Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, ''O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany)'', p 62, {{ISBN|978-984-8866-18-4}}</ref> Osmani ordered his NCOs to submit daily situation reports in Bangla.<ref name="General Osmany' p90">''General Osmany'', Peer, M. Ataur Rahman,  p. 90</ref> This display of Bengali culture was frowned on by his Punjabi superiors,<ref>Islam, Sheikh Akthar Ul, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmany'' p. 20, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> who disliked the adoption of what they saw as [[Hindu]] culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anam |first1=Tahmima |title=Robindronath Tagore's legacy lies in the freedom-seeking women of his fiction|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/rabindranath-tagores-legacy-lies-in-the-freedomseeking-women-of-his-fiction-2279473.html |work=The Independent |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Osmani was commandant of the East Bengal Regimental Center in Chittagong from February 1953 to January 1955.

He commanded the 107th Brigade in Jessore from April to October 1953 (when he was promoted to major), rejoining 1 EBR as CO until February 1954. After Osmani completed the GHQ law course and left the EBRC, he became an additional commandant (later deputy director) of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] under the provincial government of East Bengal in March 1955.<ref name="General Osmany' p90"/> In the EBR, he expanded the recruitment of non-Bengali minority groups and ended recruiting from West Pakistan.<ref>''General Osmany'', Peer, M. Ataur Rahman,  p. 101</ref>

==={{anchor|Last post: Staff Officer GHQ Pakistan}}GHQ Pakistan===
Osmani was promoted to lieutenant colonel and became a senior advisor at [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] headquarters in Baghdad as part of the Pakistan military delegation from December 1955 to May 1956. He was promoted to acting colonel in May 1956, joining the Pakistan Army GHQ at [[Rawalpindi]] as deputy director for military operations (DDMO).<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p239"/> In August and September 1957 he served as an acting brigadier, serving as DDMO until May 1966. Osmani received the permanent rank of colonel in 1961, and received advanced weapons training in the United States three years later. He served under [[Gul Hassan Khan]] in 1964, who felt that Osmani had been passed over for promotion. Khan allowed him to focus on the Bengal regiments.<ref>Hassan Khan, Lt. General Gul, 'Memories of Lt. General Gul Hassan', pp. 265-267, {{ISBN|0-19-547329-9}} | Bengali Translation: ‘Pakistan Jokhon Bhanglo’ University Press Ltd. 1996 {{ISBN|984-05-0156-9}}</ref>

By 1958 Osmani was deputy director of the general staff and then deputy director of military operations under [[Yahya Khan]], a position he held until his retirement eight years later. Although he reached the rank of colonel in the first decade of his career, during the next decade he did not receive a promotion. During Osmani's tenure as DDMO in the General Staff Branch, he was a Pakistan Army advisor at CENTO, [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]] and Pakistan Air Defense Committee meetings.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=242}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Bengali soldier recruitment bottleneck}}Bengali recruitment bottleneck====
Pakistan mustered six infantry divisions and one armored brigade after the division of the British Indian army in 1947. These formations were neither fully equipped nor staffed. The number of Bengali officers and soldiers in the Pakistan armed forces was small, due to the British preference for recruiting from the [[martial race]]s and the departure of many non-Muslim Bengali personnel for the Indian Army. The Pakistan Army raised two battalions of the East Bengal Regiment from 1947 to 1950, and [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab regiments]] were inherited from the British Indian Army. The [[Azad Kashmir Regiment]] was created soon after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].

When Osmani joined GHQ in 1956, three East Bengal regiments and the East Bengal Regimental Centre (EBRC) were part of the Pakistan Army. Over the next nine years the number of Punjab regiments grew (reorganized in 1956) reached almost 50, the [[Frontier Force Regiment|Frontier Force]] and [[Baloch Regiment|Baluch Regiments]] grew. Many senior army officers believed in the martial-race theory, and considered Bengalis poor military material.<ref name="Library of Congress studies">{{cite book |last=Makeig |first=Douglas C. |date=1989 |editor1-last=Heitzman |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Worden |editor2-first=Robert |chapter=National Security |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89600298/ |series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Hasan-Askari |author-link=Hasan-Askari Rizvi |title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan |date=September 2000 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=128 |isbn=0-312-23193-8}}</ref> Bengali recruits, generally smaller in stature than West Pakistanis, often failed to meet minimum physical requirements (which were based on average West Pakistani physical characteristics).<ref name="Library of Congress studies"/> Many Pakistani officers favored mixed regiments over Bengali ones and some officers felt that increasing the number of Bengali formations threatened Army unity.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p10, {{ISBN|984-05-1373-7}}</ref>

===={{anchor|Role in the 1965 War}}Role in 1965 war====
Osmani was sidelined by the Pakistani generals, despite his service as DDMO during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. Instead he devoted himself to the East Bengal regiments. He complained that the Pakistani press suppressed the contributions of his 1st Bengal unit, which was posted in [[Kasur]] during the war.<ref>Siddiqi, Brig. (ret.) A. R., ''The Military in Pakistan: Image and Reality'', p. 110, {{ISBN|9694022827}}</ref> Successive Bengali and non-Bengali COs of the 1 EBR built on Osmani's foundation, and under the command of A. T. K. Haque its battalion received 17 awards for gallantry (including two [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]s and nine [[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]s)—the largest number of awards of any Pakistan unit in the war. When Osmani visited the unit and recommended a [[Nishan-e-Haider]] for a member, he was reportedly furious when the battalion CO disregarded his recommendation.<ref>Siddiqi, Brig. (ret.) A. R., ''The Military in Pakistan: Image and Reality'' p. 135, {{ISBN|9694022827}}</ref> He organized Bengal regimental reunions, seizing every opportunity to enhance the reputation of Bengali units.

After the war, Osmani chaired the committee tasked with determining future army-reserve and logistical requirements and was president of the Army Sports Control Board from July 1965 to April 1966. On 16 May 1966, he went on leave prior to retirement (LPR).{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Osmani's successor as DDMO was [[Rao Farman Ali]]. Ali wrote that he was horrified at Osmani's treatment by the army; his office was run-down, Osmani was kept out of the loop and office employees treated him with disdain. Osmani was not promoted, perhaps, according to Ali, because he was Bengali and deemed untrustworthy by the high command.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Rao Farman Ali |author-link=Rao Farman Ali |year=1992 |title=How Pakistan Got Divided |location=Lahore |publisher=Jang Publishers |page=18 |oclc=28547552}}</ref>

===Retirement and continued influence===
Osmani retired from the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] on 16 February 1967. Although he had failed to increase the number of Bengal regiments, the Pakistani high command (at the recommendation of Maj. Gen. [[Khwaja Wasiuddin]]) put the existing regiments through a battery of exercises in West Pakistan to test their adaptability and combat readiness. The evaluator of the exercises said the Bengali units performed well, their pride in representing East Pakistan a component of their success, and opposed their replacement with mixed regiments.

The Pakistani high command did not increase the number of Bengali units until 1969, when (after a pledge by Yahya Khan) the number of Bengal regiments were increased to 10 and all new units were ordered to ensure a minimum 25-percent annual Bengali representation among their recruits.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p. 10, {{ISBN|984-05-1373-7}}</ref> Osmani, known as "Papa Tiger", was revered by the Bengali troops because of his efforts on their behalf. Although he was not the senior Bengali officer ([[Ishfakul Majid]], commissioned out of Sandhurst in 1924, was older) and did not reach the highest Bengali rank in the Pakistani army (as did Lt. General Khwaja Wasiuddin), Osmani, Wasiuddin and M. H. Mozumdar were patrons of the Bengali troops.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'' p. 11</ref>

=={{anchor|Entry into politics}}Political activity==
Osmani was not directly involved in the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]. Those involved sought his opinion through Khandker Nazmul Huda (Accused No. 27, sub-sector commander of the [[Bangladesh Forces|BDF]] in 1971 and a Bangladesh Army colonel in 1975), and Osmani recommended a political solution for the discrimination faced by Bengalis in Pakistan.<ref>Ali, Col (ret.) Shawkat, ''Satya Mamla Agartala'' p109, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-60-9}}</ref> He had been questioned in 1958, before the trials began, on issues related to the case.<ref>Ali, Col (ret.) Shawkat, ''Satya Mamla Agartala'' p189, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-60-9}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Awami League Candidate}}Awami League candidate===
After his retirement Osmani entered East Pakistani politics, joining [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] in 1970. As an [[Awami League]] candidate, he was elected to the national assembly from the [[Balaganj]]-[[Fenchuganj Upazila]] area of Sylhet. Osmani did not serve as a Pakistani MNA, because after the beginning of the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]] he joined its provisional government.

=={{anchor|Leadership during Bangladesh War of Independence|Role in Bangladesh Liberation War|Resignation}}Bangladesh War of Independence==
[[File:March71.PNG|325px|right|thumb|alt=Military map of Bangladesh|Pakistani and Bengali units on 25 March 1971, during [[Operation Searchlight]]; some unit locations are not shown.]]

Osmani and Ishfakul Majid formed part of the military advisory team for the Awami League leadership in 1971. As the political crisis deepened in March, many Bengali officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces looked to Bengali politicians for guidance and Osmani coordinated the clandestine meetings. Bengali military officers, alarmed by the buildup of Pakistani forces and concerned about their own safety,<ref>Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M Shamsul, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p3, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref><ref>Ahmad, Col. (ret.) Oli, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p115-125, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref><ref name="Khandker, Air Vice Marsha p7">Khandker, Air Vice Marsha (ret.) A.K, Hasan, Moyeedul, Mirza, Wing Commander (ret.) S.R., ''Muktijuddher Purbapar'' p. 7, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-22-7}}</ref> maintained contact with Rahman;<ref>Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M Shamsul, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p. 4, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref> some maintained contact with Awami League leaders through Osmani, who reportedly agreed to coordinate the activities of Bengali units.<ref>Ahmad, Col. (ret.) Oli, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p. 125, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref> Toeing the party line, he advised the officers (including M. R. Mazunder, Chittagong martial-law administrator and Rezaul Jalil, CO of the 1st EBR) against "rash" actions.<ref name="Khandker, Air Vice Marsha p7"/>

==={{anchor|Planned preemptive strike}}Operation Searchlight===
Before the crackdown the student and youth wings of the Awami League set up training camps and trained volunteers with Bengali helpers and student cadets. The league leadership declared independence on 7 March 1971. Bengali ex-servicemen held rallies supporting independence; officers and troops kept abreast of the political situation in East Pakistan, which was becoming uncertain and confrontational. Majid and Osmani reportedly designed a military plan of action:<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p64">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p64</ref> capture the Dhaka airport and Chittagong seaport, sealing off the province. The EPR and police would capture Dhaka, aided by Awami League volunteers, and cantonments would be neutralized by Bengali soldiers. Bengali officers advised sabotaging the fuel dumps at [[Narayanganj]] and Chittagong to ground Pakistani air power and cripple armed-force mobility.

The Awami League leadership, attempting a political solution,<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p64"/> did not endorse action or preparation for conflict by Bengali soldiers before the crackdown. Warnings by Bengali officers that the Pakistan Army was preparing to strike were ignored, and junior Bengali officers were told by their superiors to be prudent and avoid political issues.

The Pakistan Army caught the Bengali political leadership and soldiers by surprise. Resistance to [[Operation Searchlight]] was spontaneous and disorganized,{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} and nearly all the Awami League leadership fled to Calcutta.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1992|p=99}}</ref> Bengali soldiers were largely unaware of the larger situation; many units performed routine duties as late as 31 March, rebelling only under Pakistani attack. A general amnesty for Bengali troops suggested by Pakistani generals on 31 March was ignored.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} [[Group Captain]] [[A. K. Khandker|A.K. Khandkar]] witnessed the departure of Yahia and warned Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Pakistani troop movements.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p70">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p70</ref><ref>Khandker, Air Vice Marsha (ret.) A.K, ''1971 Bhetore Baire'' p40-41, {{ISBN|978-984-90747-4-8}}</ref><ref>Khandker, Air Vice Marshal (ret.) A.K, Hasan, Moyeedul, Mirza, Wing Commander (ret.) S.R., ''Muktijuddher Purbapar'' p15-18, {{ISBN|978-984-8765-22-7}}</ref>  His 26 March declaration of independence was largely unnoticed.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p75</ref> No countrywide communication reached Bengali soldiers to begin the uprising; they rebelled when they were attacked or heard news of the Pakistani attack.

Osmani was at the home of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman when Bengali officers informed Awami League leaders of Yahia Khan's departure and the army movements.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p70"/> After Rahman refused to go into hiding, Osmani hid in Dhaka until 29 March, shaved off his mustache (he was known as "the man attached to a mustache")<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p12</ref> and left for the Indian border. He went to Jingira, then by boat to Daudkandi (where suspicious residents detained him before the brother of the local member of parliament helped free him).<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''Revolution Military Personnel and The War of Liberation in Bangladesh'' p. 128, {{ISBN|978-3838393421}}</ref> Osmani walked and crossed the Gomoti by boat (with the help of a Bengali army signal corps officer),<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p. 29, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> reaching India by 2 April 1971.

===Meetings at Teliapara===
Osmani arrived at Teliapara, where the 2nd and 4th East Bengal Regiments (EBR) established a temporary base with a member of the [[Border Security Force|BSF]] on 2 April 1971. He held a meeting of Bengali officers on 4 April, attended by M. A. Rab, 2 EBR CO K. M. Shafiullah, 4&nbsp;EBR CO Khaled Musharraf, 8 EBR CO Ziaur Rahman, Salahuddin Reza, Qazi Nurujjaman and Shafat Jamil. Osmani proposed that the 2nd and 4th EBR occupy [[Comilla]], and asked Jaman to formulate a fireplan. After objections by other officers that the battalions would incur crippling losses, the proposal was dropped.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p35, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>
Zia proposed that all available forces surround Chittagong, to hold the area as long as possible; this idea was also dropped as impractical.<ref name="Noor-Ujjaman, Col p30">Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p30, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The commanders agreed to send two companies (one each from 2 and 4 EBR) to aid the 8th EBR under [[Ziaur Rahman]].

Five sector commanders were appointed by Osmani: Ziaur Rahman (Chittagong area), [[Khaled Musharraf]] (Comilla), [[K M Shafiullah]] (Sylhet), Abu Osman Chowdhury (Kushtia-Jessore) and Salahuddin Reza ([[Mymensingh]] area).<ref>Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. (ret.) K.M., ''Bangladesh at War'' p159, {{ISBN|984-401-322-4}}</ref> On 7 April, he instructed Q. N. Jaman to oversee operations in Sylhet.<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p35, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The officers agreed that a [[government in exile]] should be formed, with the Bengali forces under its authority.

Osmani toured Mukti Bahini positions in Sylhet, and on 9 April he visited Aziz with 2 EBR Charlie Company near Sylhet.<ref>Islam, Sheikh Akthar Ul, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmani'' p195, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> That day another conference took place, attended by Director General Rustomji of the BSF and Bengali officers. At the meeting Osmani was elected commander of Bengali forces,<ref>Islam, Major (ret.) Rafikul PSc.(ret.), ''Muktijuddher Itihas'' p189, {{ISBN|984-437-086-8}}</ref> and an agreement was reached with Indian officers on logistical assistance. The need to form a Government in exile was agreed, to distinguish the struggle from a mere military revolt.<ref name="Noor-Ujjaman, Col p30"/> The conference abruptly adjourned when Osmani left after he heard that five [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] jets were inbound.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p39, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref><ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p31-32, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> The following day, three more sector commanders were appointed: Nazmul Huq (Rajshahi-Pabna) and captains for Rangpur-Dinajpur and Barisal.<ref>Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M., ''Bangladesh At War'', p90, p110, {{ISBN|984-401-322-4}}</ref> The Pakistan Army appointed A. A. K. Niazi [[General officer commanding|GOC]] for East Pakistan the same day. On 12 April, the Bengali government in exile at Agartola appointed Osmani commander of the [[Mukti Bahini]]. With the formation of the Bangladesh government on 17 April 1971, he was reinstated to active duty and appointed commander-in-chief.

==={{anchor|Initial Activities as the Commander-in-Chief}}Early activities as commander-in-chief===
[[File:March71b2.PNG|300px|right|thumb|Operation Searchlight: Pakistan army operation 10 April &nbsp;- 19 June. Not to scale; some troop movements and locations are indicative only.]]

Osmani took command of the Mukhti Bahini after 17 April 1971. Since the Bengali forces were geographically isolated and lacked command staffs and a communications network, real-time command was impossible. Osmani allowed the sector commanders to fight as they saw fit, while he toured the sectors and met with Indian officials in [[New Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]] concerning weapons and communications. Although India did not offer material aid, it helped design Mukhti Bahini structure and expressed the possibility of future Indian intervention.

The Bengalis put up an unexpectedly stiff resistance, derailing the initial Pakistani estimate of pacifying East Pakistan by 10 April. Their initial success was unsustainable. They began experiencing a lack of trained men, officers, coordination, a central command structure and supplies (despite some aid from the BSF) although most of the country was still free of Pakistani control. The Pakistani Army airlifted its 9th and 16th Infantry Divisions to Bangladesh by 10 April, and was poised to seize the initiative. [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], after a briefing by the departing East Pakistan GOC, implemented a strategy<ref>Niazi, Lt. Gen. A.A.K, ''The Betryal of East Pakistan'', p92-93</ref> to clear all large cities of insurgents and secure Chittagong; to control and open all river, road and rail networks; to drive the insurgents away from the country's interior, and to launch combing operations across Bangladesh to wipe out the insurgency.

Bengali field commanders adopted a strategy of "holding as much area for as long as possible".<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p147, p174</ref> The Bengali political leadership hoped to keep the Pakistanis confined to the cities, while the government in exile sought diplomatic recognition and the resistance prepared for guerrilla warfare<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p147</ref> and awaited expected Indian military intervention.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 1971'', p53, note 67, {{ISBN|984-05-0121-6}}</ref>

===Indian involvement===
After the crackdown, [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] met with Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on 3 April and requested additional aid.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 1971'', p11-14</ref> BSF was offering limited aid to the resistance.<ref name="Jacob p36-37">Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p36-37</ref>

Although some Bengali leaders and Indian officers expected prompt Indian military intervention,<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p53">Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 1971'', p53 note-67</ref> Sam Manekshaw explained to the Indian cabinet that the army's [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] would not be ready until 15 November at the earliest.<ref name="Jacob p36-37"/><ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p181-183</ref> The Indian government chose involvement over intervention; Eastern Command took over East Pakistan operations on 29 April, and on 15 May it launched [[Operation Jackpot]] to arm, train, equip, supply and advise the Mukti Bahini. An Indian diplomat told Osmani that an expectation of Indian armed intervention in April was unrealistic.<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p53"/>

==={{anchor|Rebuilding the Bangladesh Force (BDF)}}Rebuilding the Mukti Bahini===
[[File:MAG Osmani Jeep.jpg|300px|right|thumb|[[Kaiser Jeep]] wagon used by Osmani to visit the front during the war]]

From April to June Osmani toured to boost morale and gather information, meeting with his Indian counterparts and setting up the Bangladeshi command structure. The Indian Army launched Operation Jackpot; by mid-June Bengali soldiers were driven into India, developing the infrastructure for a sustained, coordinated guerrilla campaign. Although the Bengali high command had begun to rebuild and redeploy Mukti Bahini units in mid-May,<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p. 211</ref> in June and July, Mukti Bahini activity slacked off and the insurgency faltered.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p100">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p100</ref> Running the war was difficult because of the shortage of trained officers. From 17,000 active-duty Bengali soldiers (Army and EPR) who faced Pakistan on 25 March 1971, about 4,000 were taken prisoner.<ref>Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report, Part I, Chapter VI, para II</ref>

A sector coordinators' conference, chaired by Prime Minister [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], was held by the government in exile from 10 to 15 July. Osmani was absent on the first day of the conference, since he had resigned as commander-in-chief the previous day.<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p50">Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p50</ref> A group of Bengali officers had discussed the creation of a war council, headed by Ziaur Rahman with the sector commanders as members, and Osmani was expected to become defence minister. The plan, presented by Q. N. Zaman<ref name="Shafiullah, Maj p161-162">Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M, ''Bangladesh at War'', p161-162</ref> and supported by Ziaur Rahman, was for a separate operational wing to run the war and lessen the burden on Osmani. Osmani, possibly misinterpreting its intent, resigned,<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p50"/> but returned to his post the following day. The conference defined the operational area, strength, command structure and role of the Mukti Bahini. Osmani remained commander-in-chief with M. A. Rab as chief of staff and A. K. Khandker as deputy chief of staff. Bangladesh was divided into 11 combat sectors, with commanders selected (or reconfirmed) for each. Of the eleven proposed sectors eight were organized and active by July, with sectors five and eleven following in August. Sector 10 (east of [[Teknaf Upazila|Teknaf]] and [[Khagrachari District|Khagrachari]]) was never activated,<ref>Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M, ''Bangladesh at War'', p162-163</ref> and it was incorporated into sector one.

The Mukti Bahini was divided into regular forces and freedom fighters. The regular forces consisted of defecting Bengali soldiers and retired Pakistan Army and EPR personnel. They were organised into three battalions, later known as Z, K and S Force. The shortage of trained regular troops meant that most of the forces were former EPR troops or new recruits. Trained army, EPR and police personnel were formed into sector troops: lightly armed conventional units commanded by army officers.<ref name="Islam, Maj p231-232">Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p231-232</ref> The freedom fighters were primarily deployed within Bangladesh.

=={{anchor|Strategy for the Campaign}}Strategy==
Although Osmani made strategy decisions and liaised with Indian officers from July to December 1971, he did not organize an operation like the [[Tet Offensive]] or lead a battle similar to [[Dien Bien Phu]] as commander-in-chief. His strategy (a product of his military career and the demands of the situation on the ground) influenced his leadership style, and he relied on his background in the Southeast Asian sector during World War II.

On 15 May the [[Indian Army]] began to help build the liberation force, and an Indian officer was appointed liaison between the Bangladesh government in exile and the Indian Army. Khaled Musharraf and Osmani met at Teliapara in [[Sylhet District]] and prepared a paper on war strategy.<ref>Muniruzzaman, Talukder, ''The Bangladesh Revolution And Its Aftermath'', p. 107 ,{{ISBN|984-05-10975}}</ref> Camps were set up to train a Bangladesh force of 30,000 regular soldiers and 70,000 guerrillas.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation'', p42</ref>

==={{anchor|The initial Strategy (July - September 1971)|Two ways to skin a cat}}July–September 1971===
Osmani was a conventional soldier with orthodox views, and his initial strategy reflected his background. Uncertainty over the timing, scope and scale of Indian military intervention was another influence. His priority was to raise a conventional force of regular battalions and use them to free an area around Sylhet, organizing countrywide guerrilla activity as a secondary effort.<ref name="Jacob p43-44">Jacob, Lt. Gen JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation'', p43-44</ref><ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p53-55</ref> The Bangladesh government in exile asked Osmani to use the one abundant resource available (manpower), and he did not object to the plan of sending thousands of guerrillas into Bangladesh with minimal training. It was hoped that some of the guerrillas would attain expertise through experience.<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p234-233</ref>

Although Indian planners assisted in raising three additional battalions and three artillery batteries, they insisted that the guerrillas be given due attention and Osmani did not object. He disagreed with the Indians on the location of the free area; they suggested Mymensingh, but Osmani opted for Sylhet and got his way. While the EBR battalions prepared, in July the Mukti Bahini began deploying 2,000-5,000 guerrillas in Bangladesh each month. At the sector commanders' meeting, the Mukti Bahini agreed to increase raids and ambushes and destroy power stations, railway lines, storage depots, communications systems, bridges and culverts, fuel depots, trains and watercraft to thin out Pakistani forces and increase their vulnerability.<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p227</ref>

==={{anchor|Action and Reaction: June - September 1971}}Action and reaction (June–September)===
[[File:Ban71may.PNG|thumb|275px|right|alt=Military map of East Pakistan in May 1971|Pakistani deployment in May 1971, after reorganization of Eastern Command forces following Operation Searchlight (some unit locations not shown)]]

The Pakistan army, after expelling the Mukti Bahini from Bangladesh by May 1971, experienced relative peace in June and July. Mukti Bahini activity had lessened during the months of preparation. The Indian army began shelling border outposts (about half of the 370 outposts were destroyed by the end of July)<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p45">Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 1971'', p45</ref> to facilitate infiltration into occupied territories. Bengali regular forces were not ready for operation until mid-July. With the conflict largely centred around the India-East Pakistan border region, the Pakistani Eastern Command began reorganizing their forces to consolidate control of the province.<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness To Surrender'', p92</ref> An East Pakistan Civil Armed Force,<ref>Niazi, Lt. Gen AAK, ''The Betryal of East Pakistan'', p105-106</ref> with 17 operational wings,<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca,: Birth of a Nation'', pp189-190</ref> was raised from West Pakistani and Bihari volunteers, [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]] (50,000), [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] and Al Shams (5,000 from each unit).<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p105</ref> Five thousand police were flown in from West Pakistan.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p96">Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p96</ref>

Pakistani authorities continued their campaign,<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness to Surrender'', p94</ref> rejecting calls for political compromise and a general amnesty.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p96"/> The army deployed in the towns, and the paramilitary units were deployed in the countryside. EPCAF took over the border-control and internal-security duties of the defunct EPR. Pakistani forces occupied 90 crucial border outposts.<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p45"/> ''Ad hoc'' units were often created by adding EPCAF troops and Razakars to a skeleton army formation for deployment in forward areas.<ref>Quereshi, Hakeem A., ''The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War: A Soldiers Narrative'' p95, 111</ref>

==={{anchor|The Monsoon Offensive|Silver Linings among dark clouds|The one two punch|Effectiveness}}Monsoon Offensive===
[[File:Bansec71.PNG|325px|right|thumb|alt=Military map of Bangladesh in November 1971|Partial representation of Pakistani and Mukti Bahini forces in November 1971; some location are approximate.]]
Mukti Bahini numbers and activity began increasing in June, the Pakistan Army deployed Razakars and the EPCAF. Unable to match the Indians shell for shell, they relied on barrages in selected areas and developed an intelligence network.<ref>Quereshi, Maj. Gen. Hakeem A, ''Indo Pak War of 1971'', p108 – p110</ref><ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'' p284</ref> Denied permission  to launch preemptive cross-border strikes, artillery ambushes were laid for Mukti Bahini infiltrators and [[demining]] operations conducted.<ref name="Salik, Siddiq p100"/> By July–August, Pakistani authorities concluded that they had contained the Mukti Bahini's Monsoon Offensive.<ref>{{harvnb|Khan|1992|p=96}}</ref>

The sector commanders reviewed Mukti Bahini activities from June to August, and Osmani made an overall assessment in September. The findings were disappointing;{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} their network had not taken root, with many guerrillas withdrawing under Pakistani pressure.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'' p94</ref> Amid Mukti Bahini supply problems,<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'' p292</ref> Bangladesh was losing ground in the international arena.<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p274, p292</ref> Although regular Bengali regular troops attacked the BoPs with spirit, more training, better communication and coordination with the Indian Army were needed for a successful conventional campaign.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p114</ref><ref>Islam, Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p236</ref> The attack on Kamalpur by the 1st EBR was repulsed, but the 3rd EBR attack on Bahadurabad was successful; attacks by the 2nd, 11th and 4th EBR had mixed results.<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'' p297</ref>

The failure of the Monsoon Offensive required the Bangladeshi high command to rethink their strategy. Osmani initially considered dismantling the Z, K and S Forces, sending platoons from the forces to aid the Mukti Bahini. Although his associates prevailed against this, he deployed the Z Force battalions to aid the Mukti Bahini around Sylhet.

=={{anchor|Osmani as C-in-C: Leadership style}}Leadership style==
Osmani did not [[Micromanagement|micro-manage]], delegating responsibility to the shorthanded sector commanders;<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p50"/><ref name="Islam, Maj p231-232"/> the distance between Kolkata and the sector HQs and the absence of direct links (communications were channeled through the Indian Army) gave him little choice. The absence of an integrated command structure made it impossible to quickly implement strategy.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', pp. 51–52, 56.</ref> Osmani lived a Spartan life, wore simple clothes, ate soldiers' food and used camp furniture in Kolkata during the war, acting as an example for his men.<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p43</ref><ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'' p222</ref>

He insisted on protocol when dealing with his Indian counterparts. As commander-in-chief, Osmani's position equaled that of [[Sam Manekshaw]]; to the Indians, his stubbornness in dealing with the lieutenant generals made him difficult to work with.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p54</ref> He was pragmatic enough not to allow protocol to impede the war effort, and did not see Indians working through Khandker<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, ''Surrender at Dacca'', p44</ref> as circumventing his authority.

With a brusque manner and volatile temper, Osmani sometimes criticised subordinates in public. He discussed the framework of the future Bangladesh army and other issues unrelated to the war while touring the front, to the bemusement and irritation of fellow officers. Osmani opposed politicising the Bangladesh forces (supported by Prime Minister [[Tajuddin Ahmed]]),<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p26</ref> appointing officers on merit. Although only Awami League members were initially recruited for the Mukti Bahini for security reasons, in September Osmani opened recruitment to all willing to fight for Bangladesh (again with the prime minister's support). Although sector commanders had previously recruited Awami League nonmembers, Osmani turned a blind eye.<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p223</ref>

He used his image and place in the Bangladesh forces to his advantage. Osmani's problem-solving ability was limited to the agenda of India and the Bangladesh government in exile. He would often break a deadlock by threatening to resign. Osmani's bluff was called only once; when Bangladesh forces were placed under the joint command headed by J. S. Aurora, Ahmed agreed to accept a written resignation and Osmani dropped the issue.<ref name="Hasan, Moyeedul p155">Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p155</ref>

=={{anchor|Controversial Issues}}Controversies==

=== {{anchor|Issues regarding ''Mujib Bahini''}}Mujib Bahini ===
Although Osmani was commander-in-chief of all Bangladesh forces, a number of units were beyond his control. Bengali fighters raised bands to fight the Pakistanis in several areas of Bangladesh (e.g.the [[Kader Bahini|Kaderia Bahini]], led by [[Abdul Kader Siddique|Tiger Siddiqi]] of Tangail is the best-known),{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and they operated independently. Although Osmani was unconcerned, the [[Mujib Bahini]] worried the Bangladesh government in exile. The Mujib Bahini leadership, initially allowed by Osmani to recruit students and other youths, had an organized, well-armed, trained force with a primary allegiance to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and their commanders rather than the Bangladesh government.

No one doubted the skill of the Mujib Bahini or their commitment to Bangladesh. Trained by Sujan Singh Uban, an Indian Army insurgency expert, they operated under the direction of the [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] and outside the Bangladesh [[command hierarchy|chain of command]]. Mujib Bahini members were better trained<ref name="Shafiullah, Maj p161-162"/> and armed than their Mukti Bahini counterparts.<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p278</ref> The Bangladeshi government and military leadership were concerned because most Mujib Bahini recruits were former Mukti Bahini members.<ref>Islam, Maj. Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', p276</ref><ref>Shafiullah, Maj. Gen. K.M, ''Bangladesh at War'', p161-163</ref> Mujib Bahini activities often hindered Mukti Bahini operations, creating misunderstanding and distrust. Clashes occurred between the groups, and the Indian Army and other organizations supporting the Bengali resistance were dissatisfied with Mujib Bahini activity.<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'' p279</ref>

The government in exile unsuccessfully attempted to bring the Mujib Bahini under Osmani by diplomatic means, approaching R&AW director Ramnath Kao.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p71</ref> By August it was clear that their independence was detrimental to the war effort. Osmani threatened to resign unless they were brought within the chain of command.<ref>Hasan, Moyeedul, ''Muldhara 71'', p72-74</ref> A meeting with [[Durga Prasad Dhar]] on 29 August produced an agreement that Mujib Bahini would inform sector commanders before beginning operations. After another meeting with Ramnath Kao on 18 September, R&AW did not relinquish their control of the Mujib Bahini.

On 21 October Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed met with Indira Gandhi, who ordered Dhar to resolve the issue. He told B. N. Sarkar to meet with Mujib Bahini leaders and take the necessary steps. Although the leaders did not attend the meeting, the Mujib Bahini halted their disruptive activities. They and the Special Frontier Force under Uban liberated Rangamati in December and helped the Indians dismantle the insurgent Mizo network.

=== {{anchor|Absence in the December 16 Surrender Ceremony}}Absence from surrender ceremony ===
Osmani was not in Dhaka for the surrender ceremony on 16 December 1971. His helicopter, flying from Sylhet, was hit in midair by gunfire and crash-landed in a field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/history-of-bangladesh?id=162|title=Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) part 46 - controversial absence of Colonel MAG Osmani, Muktijuddhas speed up victory - History of Bangladesh |work=Londoni|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032922/http://www.londoni.co/index.php/history-of-bangladesh?id=162|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the crash, the injured Osmani and his crew were rescued by an Indian surveillance jeep. Out of touch with Indian and Bangladeshi HQ, he could not reach Dhaka in time for the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50552:whereabouts-of-the-c-in-c-on-16-dec-1971 |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |access-date=16 August 2015 |title=Archived copy |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052246/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50552:whereabouts-of-the-c-in-c-on-16-dec-1971 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Liberation War Medals}}Medals ===
The Bangladeshi government issued four medals of valor to the freedom fighters: the [[Bir Sreshtho]], [[Bir Uttom]], [[Bir Bikrom]] and [[Bir Protik]]. The list of recipients was made by Osmani and several sector commanders at the beginning of 1972.<ref name="autogenerated50">Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p50, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> When it was published, it was criticised and initially cancelled; Osmani was accused of bias for supporting the list.<ref name="autogenerated50"/><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p74, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=236}}</ref>

=={{anchor|General of Bangladesh Army}}Bangladesh Army general==
After the war ended with the surrender of the Pakistan armed forces to the joint command of India and Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, Osmani arrived in Dhaka on 22 December and set up his HQ (probably in the Log Area HQ Building in the Dhaka cantonment).<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudho: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p128, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref> On 9 January 1972, he arranged an [[honor guard]] to greet Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on his return to Tezgaon Airport.<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p23, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> The Bangladeshi government decided to promote him to a [[Two-star rank|four-star ranked officer]] (the first in Bangladeshi history) through a [[battlefield promotion]] to maintain the chain of command in the army. He was promoted on 7 April 1972, effective retroactively on 16 December 1971.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128" />

==={{anchor|Sector Commander Conference, 2–11 January 1972}}Sector commander conference (2–11 January 1972)===
Osmani and the Mukti Bahini senior sector commanders met in Dhaka from 2 to 11 January 1972 to discuss the future of the Bangladesh armed forces and other issues. Wounded sector-eleven commander Abu Taher and the commander of the closed sector nine were not present. A committee was set up to form a national militia from the Mukti Bahini and members of the former [[Border Guards Bangladesh|East Pakistan Rifles]]. Sector-three commander A. N. M. Nuruzzaman was chosen to command the militia.

The armed forces were reorganized, with Army, Navy, Air Force and Police personnel ordered to join their respective organizations<ref name="Zaman, Maj p185">Zaman, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Imamuz, ''Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p185, {{ISBN|978-984-713-036-1}}</ref> and former EPR members joining the new National Militia.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Shamsul Huda Chowdhury|title=Ekaturer Ranangan|page=266|publisher=Ahmed Publishing House|oclc=59050995|date=1982}}</ref>

===Disturbance at Pilkhana===
On 16 February 1972, tension between Mukti Bahini members and former EPR members who had not fought in the war erupted into a shootout in Pilkhana. Although Osmani was informed of the incident, he was unable to enter Pilkhana due to the ongoing gunfire. The firing stopped at the arrival of President Mujibur Rahman, and Osmani. Rahman defused the situation. It was decided to keep the EPR intact as the [[Bangladesh Rifles]] and create another force, [[Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini]], from the Mukti Bahini members.<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p35, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> In April 1972 the Bangladeshi government abolished the post of commander-in-chief, replacing it with a Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Air Staff and Chief of Naval Staff to separate the services' command structures.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |page=158}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Civilian Cabinet Minister|Resignation from Cabinet}}Cabinet minister==
Although Osmani may have hoped to become defense minister,<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p40, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> when the government abolished the post of commander-in-chief he retired from the Army on 7 April and was appointed Minister for Air and Inland Water Transport five days later (armed-forces personnel may not hold political office).

Osmani resigned from the cabinet in May 1975, after the introduction of a one-party government in accordance with the fourth amendment to the [[Constitution of Bangladesh|constitution]]. He and [[Mainul Hosein]] resigned from the [[Awami League]] in protest of the abolition of democracy in Bangladesh by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Osmani briefly was an advisor to the president on 29 August 1975, after Rahman's assassination.

==={{anchor|First Army Chief of Staff in Independent Bangladesh}}Army chief of staff===
M. A. Rab, the first Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Army (12 April 1971&nbsp;- 7 April&nbsp;1972), was promoted to major general and retired on 7 April 1972. Osmani, reportedly consulted about his successor, recommended K. M. Shafiullah.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p22">{{cite book |last=Ibrahim |first=Sayed Muhammad |year=1999 |title=Senābāhinīra abhyantare āṭāśa bachara |publisher=Mowla Brothers |location=Dhaka |language=bn |page=22 |oclc=42761824}}</ref> The four serving senior army officers who joined Mukti Bahini in March 1971 from the Pakistan Army were Salahuddin Mohammad Reza, C. R. Dutta, Ziaur Rahman and Shafiullah.<ref name="Arefin, Maj p182">Arefin, Maj. (ret.) A.S.M Shamsul, ''History, Standing of important persons involved in the Bangladesh War of Liberation'' p.182, {{ISBN|984-05-0146-1}}</ref>
Ziaur Rahman joined the war on 25 March 1971, and Shafiullah joined three days later.<ref name="Arefin, Maj p182"/> Although they were commissioned in the Pakistan Army on the same day (completing the 12th PMA Long Course on 18 September 1955), Rahman was above Shafiullah in the final rankings.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p22"/> Osmani disliked Rahman, and wanted to discharge him after the battle of Kamalpur. However, Osmani may not have made a recommendation and Shafiullah's appointment may have been a political decision.<ref name="Ibrahim, Maj Gen p128"/><ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p41, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Cadet College Crisis}}Cadet college crisis===
In 1972, the Bangladeshi government issued a presidential decree in 1972 changing the cadet colleges to government colleges. A delegation of former cadets visited Ziaur Rahman, who helped them obtain an appointment with Osmani. Osmani discussed the issue with President Mujib Rahman, and the decree was withdrawn.<ref>{{cite book |title= Misrakathana |last=Ibarāhima |first= Saiẏada Muhāmmada Ibarāhima |publisher=Ananyā |location= Dhaka |oclc=755214448 |pages=37–43}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Lt. General Wasiuddin}}Khwaja Wasiuddin===
[[Khwaja Wasiuddin]] was the most senior ranked East Pakistani officer in the Pakistan Army<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p57, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> after the forced retirement of Maj. Gen. [[Ishfakul Majid]] in 1951.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Tinti Sena Avutthan O Kitho Na Bola Kotha'' p135</ref> Wasiuddin was ranked Lieutenant General commanded the Pakistan Army's [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in 1971 (based in [[Multan]], Punjab). He planned to defect but was unable to do so when he was posted to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Rawalpindi Army HQ]] as the [[Master General of Ordnance (Pakistan)|master general of ordnance]].<ref>Rahman, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Khalilur, ''Purbapar 1971'' p27, {{ISBN|984-465-404-1}}</ref> After Pakistan's defeat, he opted for Bangladesh and was interned in his home. Wasiuddin went to London in October 1972 before coming to Bangladesh. Osmani and Wasiuddin served together in 1959 at Rawalpindi GHQ, and they had a cordial relationship.<ref>Noor-Ujjaman, Col (ret.) Qazi, ''71er Muktijudha: Akjan Sector Commanderer Smritikatha'' p33, {{ISBN|984-415-286-0}}</ref>

Osmani met Wasiuddin at the airport, and introduced him to Awami League leaders. At age 54, Wasiuddin's experience would have benefited the Bangladesh Army. It was rumoured that Osmani would recommend him to the government as Army Chief of Staff, but some Mukti Bahini members of the army staff threatened to resign. Although Osmani was reportedly hurt by the turn of events,<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Felay Asha Sainik Jiban'' p137-p138, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref> Wasiuddin received an ambassadorship. When Shafiullah (who replaced Rab as Chief of Staff in April) asked Rahman about the rumours, the president reportedly said that only a tested patriot would be a chief of staff.<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p57-58, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref>

=={{anchor|The Jatiya Janata Party|Personal life|Presidential Defense Adviser}}Presidential defense advisor==
Osmani did not support the [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|15 August 1975 assassinations]], and did not tolerate undue criticism of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Felay Asha Sainik Jiban'' p137, {{ISBN|984-412-099-3}}</ref><ref>Islam, Sheikh Akthar Ul, ''Sadhinota Juddher Sipahasalar Bongobir General Osmani'' p59, {{ISBN|978-984-8901-08-3}}</ref> He accepted a post as defense advisor (the equivalent of a cabinet minister) to [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]], who took over as president after the 15 August coup and may have been involved. Osmani, who ignored advice to avoid the Mushtaq government,<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p73, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref> was appointed to the post after Ziaur Rahman was appointed Army Chief of Staff on 24 August 1975 and Khalilur Rahman became Chief of Staff in the Defense Ministry.<ref name="autogenerated79">Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p79, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref><ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p69, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> Although it was a cabinet post, Osmani did not draw a salary.<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''General Osmani'' p105</ref> He visited several Army formations, stressing the need for discipline and morale, and may have hoped to prevent further bloodshed with his influence on the armed forces.<ref>Pir, M. Ataur Rahman, ''General Osmani'' p91</ref><ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p72, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> As defense advisor, he did not oppose the promotion of the 15 August coup leaders or the reinstatement of retired army officers<ref name="autogenerated79"/> involved in the coup. The coup leaders had installed themselves in Bangabhaban, disregarding the army chain of command,<ref>Hossain, Brig. Gen. (ret.) Sakhawat, ''Bangladesh: Roktakto Addhay'' p57, {{ISBN|984-445-085-3}}</ref> and Osmani accepted the situation. He tried to implement the decision to disband the Jatya Rakshi Bahini, placing its members in police and ''anser'' organizations, before Ziaur Rahman received approval to integrate Rakshi Bahini formations into the army in October 1975. The coup leaders maintained control of the 1st Bengal Lancer and 2nd Field Artillery units<ref>Chowdhury, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Moinul Hossain, ''Ek General-Er Nirab Shakhay'' p. 81, {{ISBN|984-410-175-1}}</ref><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' pp. 107, 129, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref> (involved in the 15 August coup) and deployed outside the army chain of command. Their actions, demonstrating the weakness of the chain of command, created a ''de facto'' parallel command structure.<ref>Hamid, Lt. Col (ret.) M.A. Psc, ''Tinti Sena Avutthan O Kitho Na Bola Kotha'' p71-75</ref><ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' p. 129, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>

When Khaled Musharraf learned of the killing of four political leaders in [[Dhaka Central Jail]], he and some staff went to [[Bangabhaban]] to negotiate a [[peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. Khandker Mushtaq and Osmani spent the day negotiating, and Shaffat Jamil came to Bangabhaban to meet Musharraf. As he and his soldiers entered the meeting room, he heard Mushtaq browbeating Musharraf: "I have seen many brigadiers and general of [the] Pakistan Army! Don't try to teach me." This angered the CO of the 1st Bengal Company, who drew his gun and said: "And now you will see majors of [the] Bangladesh Army." Mushtaq dropped to the floor, Osmani stood between him and the officer and asked Shaffat Jamil to restore order. After Mushtaq resigned and a new government was formed, Osmani resigned.<ref>Jamil, Col.(ret.) Shaffat, ''Ekaturer Muktijuddho, Roktakto Moddho August O Shorojontromoy November'' pp. 137-138, {{ISBN|984-465-144-1}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Epitaph of M.A.G Osmani.JPG|thumb|alt=Monument to Osmani|Epitaph of Osmani at the [[Shah Jalal Dargah]]]]
In 1983, at age 65, Osmani was diagnosed with cancer at the [[Combined Military Hospital]] (CMH) in Dhaka and was flown to London for treatment at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]] at government expense. Most of his time in the UK was spent at the home of his nephew and niece, Mashahid Ali and Sabequa Chowdhury.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} He died on 16 February 1984.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Osmany, General Mohammad Ataul Ghani |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Osmany,_General_Mohammad_Ataul_Ghani |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Osmani's body was flown to Bangladesh, and he was buried with full military honours adjacent to his mother's grave in Darga, Sylhet.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Osmani International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Front of Osmani International Airport terminal|The airport in Osmani's hometown, Sylhet, has been named in his honour.]]

Osmani, nicknamed ''bongobir'' (Hero of Bengal), had a major role in organising the Bangladesh armed forces. The international airport in his hometown, Sylhet, was named ''Osmani Antorjatik Biman Bondor'' ([[Osmani International Airport]]) for him. [[Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College|MAG Osmani Medical College]] and the city's state-run hospital also commemorate him. ''Osmani Memorial Auditorium'' in [[Dhaka]], Osmani Primary School is in the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osmani.towerhamlets.sch.uk/|title=Osmani Primary School|access-date=19 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Osmani Museum]] is in Sylhet.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Liberation War Museum]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osmani, M. A. G.}}
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[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
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[[Category:Civil Aviation and Tourism ministers of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
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[[Category:People from Osmani Nagar Upazila]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Day Award]]
[[Category:Shipping ministers of Bangladesh]]
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