View source for LHB coach

{{Short description|Type of coach used by Indian Railways}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox train
| background = 
| name = Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) coach
| image = LHB Coaches.jpg
| caption = LHB coaches of Mahabodhi Express at Kanpur.
| service = 2000–present
| designer = [[Alstom Transport Deutschland|Linke-Hofmann-Busch]], [[Salzgitter]]
| successor = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|VBE trainsets]]
| manufacturer = [[Alstom Transport Deutschland|Linke-Hofmann-Busch]]
| factory = 1. [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] <br /> 2. [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory, Chennai]] <br /> 3. [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]
| replaced = [[ICF coach]]
| yearconstruction = 1998–present
| yearservice = 2000
| operator = [[Indian Railways]] <br /> [[Bangladesh Railway]] <br /> [[Mozambique Ports and Railways]]
| carbody = Spotwelded [[Stainless Steel]]
| carlength = {{convert|23.54|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} (body) <br />
{{convert|24|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} (coupler-coupler)
| width = {{convert|3.24|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} <br />
{{convert|3.05|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} ([[Bilevel rail car|Double decker]])
| height = {{convert|4.039|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} <br />
{{convert|4.25|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} (AC 3 Tier & [[Vistadome]]) <br />
{{convert|4.366|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} ([[Bilevel rail car|Double decker]])
| floorheight = {{convert|1320|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| platformheight = {{convert|840|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}}
| doors = Manual/ Automatic Pivot Hinge Doors <br />
Automatic Sliding Single Leaf Plug Doors ([[Tejas Express]])
| wheeldiameter = {{cvt|855 - 915|mm|in|2}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|14.9|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} bogie centers
| maxspeed = {{convert|130|km/h|mph|0}} (Non-AC coach)<br>{{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on|0}} (AC coach)<br>{{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on|0}} (potential max speed)
| weight = {{convert|39.5|t|LT ST|abbr=on}} (average)
| hvac = {{cvt|85,303|BTU}} x 2 RMPUs <br />
{{cvt|122,837|BTU}} x 2 RMPUs ([[Bilevel rail car|Double decker]])
| wheel arrangement = 2'2'
| bogies = FIAT [[Bogie]]s
| minimum curve = 175 m
| brakes = [[Railway air brake]] <br />
[[Electro-pneumatic brake]] (Only in {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} fit [[Tejas Express]] coach) <br> [[Wheelset (rail transport)|Axle mounted]]  [[Railway disc brake]]
| coupling = AAR Type-H [[Tightlock coupling]] <br />
Semi-Permanent Coupler (Only in [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat trainsets]])
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1,676mm|lk=on}} [[Broad gauge]]<br>{{Track gauge|1,067mm|lk=on}} [[3 ft 6 in gauge railways| Cape gauge]]
}}

'''Linke Hofmann Busch''' ('''LHB''') '''coach''' is a [[passenger coach]] of [[Indian Railways]] that is developed by [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] of Germany<ref name="toi1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-22/bangalore/31382279_1_ac-coaches-pantry-car-new-coaches|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-22/bangalore/31382279_1_ac-coaches-pantry-car-new-coaches|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=New-look train to Delhi rolls out|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2013|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> (renamed Alstom LHB GmbH in 1998 after the takeover by [[Alstom]] and now known as [[Alstom Transport Deutschland]])<ref name="alstom">{{cite web|url=http://www.alstom.com/germany/about-us/history/|title=History|publisher=[[Alstom]]|access-date=5 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218205239/http://www.alstom.com/Germany/about-us/history/|archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> and mostly produced by [[Rail Coach Factory]] in [[Kapurthala, India]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |date=31 March 2012 |title=Fastest train 'Duronto' is slow off the blocks |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article3265382.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912225005/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article3265382.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2012}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nandi |first=Tamal |date=1 April 2022 |title=Indian Railways new record: RCF manufactures nearly 1500 LHB coaches in last FY |work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/indian-railways-new-record-rcf-manufactures-nearly-1500-lhb-coaches-in-last-fy-11617284752066.html |access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> They have been used since 2000 on the {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<ref name="adams" /> network of Indian railways. Initially, 24 air conditioned coaches were imported from Germany for use in the [[Shatabdi Express]]es, following which, the Rail Coach Factory started manufacturing after technology transfer.<ref name="ie2000" />

IR declared that all ICF coaches will be replaced by LHB coaches to provide more safety and comfort. The last ICF Coach was flagged off on the 19th of January, 2018, making way for LHB Coaches to be used for all new coaches to be introduced by Indian Railways in the future.<ref>{{cite news |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |title=A 70-year-old vs a 30-year-old: LHB coaches perform better than ICF ones |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html |url-access=subscription |work=Business Standard |date=9 February 2018 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
During 1993–94, Indian Railways decided to look for a passenger coach design which would be lighter and capable of higher speeds compared to their existing [[Trainset|rakes]]. The main features of the Railways' specification were high speed light weight coaches to run on the present infrastructure of the Indian Railways, i.e. the railway, track and environmental conditions in India at an operating speed of {{convert|160|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="adams">{{cite web|url=http://www.mscsoftware.com/support/library/conf/adams/rail/pdf/IRY_IR20_Coach.pdf|title=Improvement in Secondary Suspension of "IRY-IR20" Coach using Adams/Rail|publisher=Rail Coach Factory|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="thbl1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/05/19/stories/2003051900100600.htm|title=New coaches for Mumbai Rajdhani|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=19 May 2003|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> It was decided by the Railways that the design would first be tried in the Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala (RCF), and upon successful completion of this trial, it would be tried in the [[Integral Coach Factory]] in [[Perambur]].<!--For manufacturing this new generation coach ALSTOM LHB of Germany received the contract from [[Indian Railways]]--><ref name="ie2000">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/20000317/fec17088.html|title=New AC coaches inducted into Railways|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 March 2000|access-date=8 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1995, after a global selection process, Alstom-LHB received the order from Indian Railways to design and develop a new passenger coach under a transfer of technology agreement.<ref name="thbl1" /> As part of the order, Alstom-LHB had to execute two contracts<!--The purpose of the contract was to have a design for manufacturing a new type of coach in the factories of Indian Railways, as well as improvement of the manufacturing techniques in thouse factories to make them suitable for the new coach design and manufacture, and was named IR 20.<ref name="irfca" /> Alstom-LHB was given two contracts-->, one for the supply of "Light Weight High Speed Coaches for Broad Gauge"<ref name="adams" /> which includes the development, design and manufacture of 19 AC 2nd Class Chair Cars, 2 AC Executive Class Chair Cars and 3 Generator-cum-Brake vans<ref name="irfca">{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/alstomcoaches.html|title=ALSTHOM coaches|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=6 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221103601/http://irfca.org/~mrinal/alstomcoaches.html|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the other contract for the "[[Technology Transfer]]" which includes the transfer of technology for design and manufacturing, the training of Indian Railways personnel in the premises of the manufacturer and the technical assistance at RCF during the start of production.<ref name="ie2000" />

Out of the 24 coaches imported from Germany, all of them mostly being Air Conditioned chair cars,<ref name="railwayspdf">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/YB-05-06/rolling-stock.pdf|title=Rolling Stock|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref> the first lot were used for [[Lucknow Shatabdi|New Delhi-Lucknow Shatabdi Express]] on a trial basis. It didn't turn out be successful as the coaches' wide windows were targets of mischief and [[Stone pelting in India#Trains|stone-pelting]]. Railways had to use sealing tapes to tape up the bruised windows.<ref name="thbl1" /> When these rakes were brought into service, couplers came unstuck and the data collected from the passenger feedback showed that the air conditioning was not "very effective". They were withdrawn from service and after attending to the problems, Railways reintroduced them on the New Delhi-Lucknow Shatabdi Express and proved successful.<ref name="thbl1" /><ref name="thehindu2001">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/12/stories/0212000k.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615215626/http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/12/stories/0212000k.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|title=Imported coaches ready to hit the tracks|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2001|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

The RCF began to manufacture other variants of LHB design like the air conditioned first class, AC 2 tier sleeper, AC 3 tier sleeper, hot buffet (pantry) car etc., from 2001 to 2002, and rolled out its first rake in December 2002. The first such
rake was introduced for Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express in December 2003.<ref name="railwayspdf" /> Up to March 2011, 997 LHB coaches were produced by the RCF.<ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50463|title=RCF produces 597 LHB Coaches|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India|date=16 July 2009|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="toi3">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/patna/33136222_1_lhb-coaches-conventional-coaches-kapurthala-rail-coach-factory|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111150218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-10/patna/33136222_1_lhb-coaches-conventional-coaches-kapurthala-rail-coach-factory|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013|title=Induction of Linke Holfman Bush coaches at snail’s pace|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2012|access-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> <!--and up to March, 2010, 1076 LHB + 411 SS Hybrid design coaches have been manufactured--> All of these coaches are being used in premium trains like [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]], [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast trains]] and have been offering better passenger comfort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odishatv.in/NewsDetail.asp?newsId=NS40470|title=Railways to opt for LHB coaches in all trains|publisher=Orissa TV|date=22 April 2011|access-date=7 September 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Soon, all the Duronto trains will be equipped with LHB coaches.<ref>Press Trust of India . [http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/railways-to-increase-rolling-stock-output-113110701032_1.html "Railways to increase rolling stock output"], ''[[Business Standard]]'', New Delhi 
7 November 2013. Retrieved on 11 November 2013.</ref>

== Technical ==
The coaches are designed for an operating speed up to {{Cvt|160|km/h|4=0}} and could go up to {{Cvt|200|km/h|4=0}}.<ref name="toi2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-25/patna/28143401_1_conventional-coaches-ac-3-shatabdi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412030628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-25/patna/28143401_1_conventional-coaches-ac-3-shatabdi|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 April 2012|title=LHB coaches saved Rajdhani passengers|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 March 2010|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> However, they have been tested up to {{Cvt|180|km/h|4=0}}. Their length of 23.54&nbsp;m and a width of 3.24&nbsp;m means a higher passenger capacity, compared to conventional [[Trainset|rakes]].<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120514/jsp/jharkhand/story_15485712.jsp#.UEd3abLibnM|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203145417/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120514/jsp/jharkhand/story_15485712.jsp%23.UEd3abLibnM|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Bogie boost for Rajdhani & Shatabdi|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=14 May 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The tare weight of the AC chair car was weighed as 39.5 tonnes.<ref name="scribd">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/58984025/Introduction-to-LHB-Coach|title=OBJECTIVES OF THE NEWTECHNOLOGY|publisher=Scribd|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> They are considered to be [[Telescoping (rail cars)|anti-telescopic]], which means they do not get smashed through a second coach or flip in case of a collision (chiefly head-on). These coaches are made of stainless steel and the interiors are made of aluminium which make them lighter as compared to conventional rakes.<ref name="thbl1" /> Each coach also has an "advanced pneumatic disc brake system" for efficient braking at higher speeds, "modular interiors" that integrate lighting into ceiling and luggage racks with wider windows.<ref name="toi062009">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-29/chennai/28178942_1_lhb-coaches-k-j-s-naidu-attractive-upholstery|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103162805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-29/chennai/28178942_1_lhb-coaches-k-j-s-naidu-attractive-upholstery|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=New-look coaches likely in Shatabdi Exp|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2009|access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The improved suspension system of LHB coaches ensures more riding comfort for the passengers compared to conventional rakes. The air conditioning system of the LHB coaches is of higher capacity compared to the older rakes and is electronically controlled which is said to give passengers better comfort than the older coaches during summer and winter seasons. They are relatively quieter as each coach produces a maximum noise level of 60 decibels while conventional coaches can produce 100 decibels.

Each LHB coach costs between [[Indian rupee|₹]]&nbsp;1.5 Crore to ₹2.0 crore,&nbsp;whereas the power car which houses a generator costs about 3 crore&nbsp;.<ref name="toi2" /><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article3348367.ece|title=Old Rake Allotted to Duronto Express|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 April 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref>

==Production==
Annual production of LHB coaches is around 400 per year for year 2013–14.<ref name="pib.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104072 |title=Production of LHB Coaches on Indian Railways |publisher=Pib.nic.in |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

* During 2010–11, [[Rail Coach Factory|Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] produced 300 coaches.<ref name="ie2012">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kapurthala-gets-order-to-make-693-better-coaches/947364/|title=Kapurthala gets order to make 693 'better' coaches|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 May 2012|access-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> During 2012–13, the total number of coaches that were produced was 1680, while in 2013–14, RCF was able to increase the production to 1701 coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/4597981_RCF-achieves-highest-ever-coach-production-in-2013-14.html |title=RCF achieves highest ever coach production in 2013-14 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=11 April 2014|access-date=20 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420043811/http://www.ptinews.com/news/4597981_RCF-achieves-highest-ever-coach-production-in-2013-14.html|archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref><!--The plan is to increase the production to 1500 LHB coaches by year 2016-17.<ref name="railjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/indian-government-approves-kolar-coach-factory.html?channel=529 |title=Indian government approves Kolar coach factory |website=Railjournal.com |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>-->

* The planned capacity of [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]] has produced 711 coaches during 2017-18 and planned to 1400 coaches in 2018-19
<!--To provide the comfort and safety of these modern coaches in low cost travel, now non-AC variants such as second class sleeper, general second class and non-AC char car for Duronto Express trains have been developed by IRCF. While Duronto rake with Non-AC chair cars with seating capacity of 106 seats has already been turned out of RCF and dispatched to Northern Railway, other non-AC variants like LHB End On Generator car (LHB EOG) General second classes and Sleeper coaches will be turned out in the year 2011-12. In 2011-2012 RCF will produce 310 AC(LHB) and 116 Non-AC(LHB) coaches. In order to run longer trains and enhance safety of travelling passengers and operational staff, Indian Railways has adopted AAR tight lock center buffer couplers in LHB coaches. A mention of such couplers has already been made in the "Technical Details" section of this article. In spite of good riding behavior and aesthetics of these coaches, jerks during run negate all the good features. Since then efforts are being made by Railways to address this problem. RCF in consultation with [http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/ Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO)] has now developed a balanced type draft gear, supplied by M/s Dellner, Sweden. RCF has turned out 15 coaches fitted with these types of couplers to SCR, on 3 February 2011. The initial observations made by RDSO indicates that longitudinal behavior of these coaches at starting, braking, transition and normal run is almost jerk free, thus can be endorsed as satisfactory. On 16 March 2012 Friday RDSO conducted a crash test of the crashworthy LHB prototype general class coach RDSO complex to test the efficiency of the crashworthy design of upgraded LHB coaches. After the crash test, it was noticed that there was no deformation in the passenger area and damage to the coach was limited to its end only.-->

==Yearwise LHB coaches and ICF coaches production numbers==

* Since 2001 onwards until March 2016, 4,020 LHB coaches were made by Indian railway various coache factories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=Indian Railways creates record: More LHB coaches made in last 2 years than in 17 years since introduction! |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-creates-record-more-lhb-coaches-made-in-last-2-years-than-in-17-years-since-introduction-1477942/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

* During the 2008-09 Railway Financial Budget session, it was announced that after 2010 only stainless steel coaches will be manufactured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Budget 2008-09 |url=https://specials.indiatoday.com/budget/2008/rail2008-09highlight_new.shtml |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=specials.indiatoday.com}}</ref>

* In 2009-10, 169 LHB coaches produced by Rail Coach Factory (RCF), Kapurthala, Indian Railway. In 2010-11, 316 LHB coaches produced by Rail Coach Factory (RCF), Kapurthala, Indian railways.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway replacing all conventional coaches with LHB to ensure zero casualties in derailment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/27/railwayreplacing-all-conventional-coaches-with-lhb-to-ensure-zero-casulty-in-derailment-2492010.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Annualreport10-11/Rolling_stock.pdf</ref> In 2011-12, 260 LHB coaches manufactured by RCF<ref>https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/ANNUAL_REPORT_ACCOUNTS_ENG_2011_12/12.pdf</ref> In 2012-13, 470 LHB coaches produced by Rail Coach Factory (RCF), Kapurthala.<ref>https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/IRSB_2012-13/PDF/Annual_Report_Accounts_Eng/12.pdf</ref>

* In 2011, the Ministry of Indian Railways had approved the construction of a 300 LHB coaches per annum facility at ICF at a cost of Rs 252 crore. The foundation stone was laid in April 2012. It was inaugurated in July 2015 by Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu through video conferencing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sneak peek: LHB Railway coach manufacturing unit in Chennai |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/sneak-peek-lhb-railway-coach-manufacturing-unit-in-chennai/slideshow/47983227.cms |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

During 2013–14, [[Integral Coach Factory]] produced 25 LHB coaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ICF-produces-record-1622-coaches/articleshow/33089541.cms |title=ICF produces record 1,622 coaches - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 April 2014 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> It plans to increase its manufacturing capacity of LHB coaches. It has set a target to manufacture 300 LHB coaches in 2014-15 and reach a capacity of 1000 LHB coaches by 2016–17.<ref name="railjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/indian-government-approves-kolar-coach-factory.html?channel=529 |title=Indian government approves Kolar coach factory |publisher=Railjournal.com |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>

'''The overall production figure of coaches covering  all factories is as follows:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-plans-4-000-german-coaches-on-track-111080600081_1.html</ref><ref name="Rlwy">{{cite news|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2020/2%20of%202020-union-Rly-E-05f808bbbdb35b5.88432958.pdf|title=Yearwise Coaches production by Indian Rlys |newspaper=[[Govt data]]|date=2020|access-date=17 Nov 2023}}</ref><ref name="LHB">{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887033|title=Yearwise Coaches production by Indian Rlys |newspaper=[[Govt data]]|date=2022|access-date=17 Nov 2023}}</ref>
! LHB
! ICF
|-
| 2013-14
| 544
| 3303
|-
|2014-15
|555
|3324
|-
|2015-16
|1041
|3893
|-
|2016-17
|1547
|4342
|-
|2017-18
|2160
|4465
|-
|2018-19
|4429
|"-"
|-
|2019-20
|6277
|"-"
|-
|2019-20
|4323
|"-"
|-
|2020-21
|6291
|"-"
|-
|2021-22 (till 31.1.23)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Indian Railways’ remarkable achievement! Over 31,000 LHB coaches built in the span of nine years |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-remarkable-achievement-over-31000-lhb-coaches-built-in-the-span-of-nine-years-3300621/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|4175
|"-"
|-
|}

== Types ==
[[File:LHB Coach of 12017 New Delhi Dehradun Shatabdi Express.JPG|thumb|LHB CC coach of New Delhi-Dehradun Shatabdi]]
[[File:LHB AC 3 tier coach of Golden Temple Mail.jpg|thumb|LHB 3A coach of Golden Temple Mail]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Coach Type
! Class
! Sleeping
Capacity
! Sitting
Capacity
|-
| LWFAC<ref name="thbl">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1661761.ece|title=Rlys may raise stainless steel coach production|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|date=22 June 2007|access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref>
| 1A
| 24
| 24
|-
| LWACCW<ref name="thbl" />
| 2A
| 52
| 52
|-
| LWFCWAC<ref name="thbl2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/pdf/SD_RS_2013/2013-CEDO-SD-RS-02.pdf|title=Condonation of infringement to maximum dimensions of Composite (AC Ist + AC-2 Tier) EOG LHB Variant Coach (LWFCWAC) to IRSOD (BG) Revised, 2004.|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|date=25 February 2013|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>
| 1A/2A
| 10+28
| 10+28
|-
| LWACCN<ref name="thbl" />
| 3A
| 72
| 72
|-
| LWACCNE
| 3E
| 83
| 83
|-
| LWSCN/LSCN
| SL
| 80
| 80
|-
| LWFCZAC<ref name="thbl" />
| EC
| -
| 56
|-
| LWSCZAC<ref name="thbl" />
| CC
|  -
| 78
|-
| LWSCZDAC<ref name="thbl" />
| Double decker CC
|  -
| 120
|-
| LWSCZ
| 2S
|  -
| 102
|-
| LWS/LS
| UR/GEN
|  -
| 100
|-
| LWCBAC
| PC
| 15
| 15
|-
| LSLRD
| UR/GEN
|   -
| 37-46
|-
| LDSLR
| UR/GEN
|   -
| 36
|-
| LWLRRM 
| EOG
|   -
|   -
|}

=== Anubhuti ===
[[File:Anubhuti Coach.jpg|thumb|LHB Anubhuti coach at Mumbai Central station]]
Anubhuti coach (EA) is a luxury LHB coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Luxe-Anubhuti-coaches-to-roll-out-from-Kapurthala/articleshow/18786408.cms|title=Luxe Anubhuti coaches to roll out from Kapurthala - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>  These coaches will progressively be introduced on the [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] and [[Rajdhani Express]] trains.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Chandigarh Shatabdi to have first Anubhuti coach|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/chandigarh/37409751_1_modern-facilities-and-services-rajdhani-train-anubhuti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830205829/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/chandigarh/37409751_1_modern-facilities-and-services-rajdhani-train-anubhuti|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

The [[New Delhi–Chandigarh Shatabdi Express]] will have the first Anubhuti coach, followed by Jaipur Shatabdi.<ref name="toi" /> All Shatabdi trains will have these and later [[Rajdhani Express]] will also have them. The [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] received its first Anubhuti Rail Coach on 12 December 2017 for its [[Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-ahmedabad-shatabdi-express-to-soon-get-anubhuti-luxury-coach/18818187|title=Mid-Day Mumbai|date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
The [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] augmented the [[Pune–Secunderabad Shatabdi Express]] with an Anubhuti coach from 25 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/anubhuti-ac-chair-for-shatabdi/article22277934.ece |title=Anubhuti AC Chair for Shatabdi |date=26 December 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] is operating Anubhuti coach in [[Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/shatabdi-express-to-be-augmented-with-anubhuti-coach-from-jan-26/article22484106.ece|title=Shatabdi Express to be augmented with 'Anubhuti' coach from Jan. 26|author=Staff Reporter|date=21 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

It is a [[state of the art]] LHB coaches with 56 seating capacity,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seat Map of Executive Anubhuti : etrain.info|url=https://etrain.info/page/seatmap/EA|access-date=29 August 2021|website=etrain.info }}</ref> featuring [[ergonomical]]ly designed cushioned seats, LCD screens, modular toilets and stylish interiors, announced in the [[Railway Budget]] of 2014, are to be produced at the Rae Bareli coach factory. They are fitted with automatic doors, the interiors and lighting arrangements will be aesthetically designed to enhance the ambience.

It is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|2.8|c|lk=on}} to manufacture an Anubhuti coach at the [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]].<ref name="toi" />

===Hybrid LHB Coaches===
{{refimprove section|date=December 2023}}
Hybrid LHB coaches are a type of passenger coach used by Indian Railways. They have a Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) shell fitted over Integral Coach Factory (ICF) bogies and have a maximum speed of 120 km/h. They are technologically superior and provide better travelling experience and safety than conventional ICF type coaches<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upgradation of Coaches |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1707246 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>.

== Exports ==

=== Bangladesh ===
{{main|Rail transport in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Rajshahi Railway Station 7.jpg|LHB Coach of Bangladesh Railway|thumb]]

[[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] received an export order from Bangladesh for the manufacture of 120 LHB coaches. This export order consists of supply and commissioning of 120 [[broad gauge]] LHB coaches that includes following variants:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Coach Type !! Quantity
|-
| 1 || AC First Class Sleeper || 17
|-
| 2 || AC Chair Car || 17
|-
| 3 || Non-AC Chair Car (With Pantry) || 34
|-
| 4 || Non-Ac Chair Car (With Prayer Room) || 33
|-
| 5 || Power Car (Generator) || 19
|}

This was the first and biggest ever consignment of LHB coaches exported by [[Indian Railways]]. The contract agreement between [[RITES]] & [[Bangladesh Railway]] was executed on 21 January 2015, and subsequently between [[RITES]] and [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] on 30 September 2015 for supply of these coaches. These coaches were customized as per the Bangladesh Railway's requirement.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Railways to export 120 LHB coaches to Bangladesh, first consignment of 40 to be dispatched in March |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-to-export-120-lhb-coaches-to-bangladesh-first-consignment-of-40-to-be-dispatched-in-march/articleshow/50927771.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

=== Mozambique ===
{{main|Rail transport in Mozambique}}
[[File:MCF Raebareli Export.jpg|thumb|LHB Coaches for Mozambique ready to be rolled out]]

Parameters of Cape Gauge LHB Coach:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Maximum length of coach || 20300 mm
|-
| Maximum width of coach || 2950 mm
|-
| Height of coach from Rail level || 3955 mm
|-
| Height of Compartment Floor from Rail Level || 1155 mm
|-
| Coach height from sole bar bottom || 3022 mm
|}

In June 2019, [[Mozambique Ports and Railways]] Authority signed an [[MoU]] with Indian railway's [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service|RITES]] to procure 90 [[Cape gauge]] coaches, including 60 loco-hauled designed on LHB coaches platform and 30 [[DEMU]] coaches designed and developed by [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory, Chennai]] and [[RDSO|RDSO, Lucknow]]. The 60 locomotive hauled coaches consists of following variants:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Coach Type !! Quantity
|-
| 1 || 1st Class AC 2 Tier || 6
|-
| 2 || 2nd Class AC 3 Tier || 12
|-
| 3 || Non-AC 3rd Class (GS) || 20
|-
| 4 || 2nd Class AC Chair || 10+10
|-
| 5 || AC Restaurant Car || 4
|-
| 6 || Generator Car || 4
|-
| 7 || Luggage Van || 4
|}

This was [[Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli]]'s first export consignment after its commissioning almost 8 years ago. These coaches were designed by [[Research Design and Standards Organisation|RDSO, Lucknow]] and developed by Modern Coach Factory, Raebareli.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/lucknow/coaches-from-rae-bareli-factory-set-to-roll-into-mozambique/articleshow/86439778.cms |title=Coaches from Rae Bareli factory set to roll into Mozambique &#124; Lucknow News |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

On 16 December 2022, [[Ministry of Railways (India)|MoR]] informed through Facebook post that it had received a repeat order for 10 more 2nd Class AC Chair locomotive hauled coaches from CFM Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Making for World! Modern Coach Factory receives order for AC coaches from Mozambique-PHOTOS |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/2918163/india-making-for-world-modern-coach-factory-receives-order-for-ac-coaches-from-mozambique-photos/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=FinancialExpress.com }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Railway coaches of India]]