View source for Pahari-Pothwari

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in Pakistan}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Pahari-Pothwari
| altname          = 
| nativename       = {{nq|پوٹھواری}}, {{nq|پہاڑی}} <br/> Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
| states           = [[Pakistan]]
| region           = [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothohar]] region of [[Pakistani Punjab|Punjab]], [[Azad Kashmir]] and western parts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], other parts of India including [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] (by partition refugees and descendants)
| speakers         = several million
| date             = 
| ref              = {{efn|{{harvtxt|Baart|2003|p=10}} provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. {{Harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=9}} estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}} to be about 1 million as of 2000.}}
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5             = [[Punjabic languages|Punjabi]]
| fam6             = [[Lahnda|Lahnda (Western Punjabi)]]
| iso3             = phr
| iso3comment      = 
| glotto           = paha1251
| glottoname       = Pahari Potwari
| mapcaption       = 
| image            = File:Pahari-Pothwari.png
| script           = [[Shahmukhi]]
}}

'''Pahari-Pothwari''' is a language,{{efn|There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] generally.}} spoken on the [[Pothohar Plateau]] in the far north of Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in most of Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] and in western areas of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are '''Pahari''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|p|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|r|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Pahari}}</ref> [[Pahari language|an ambiguous name]] also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and '''Pothwari''' (or '''Pothohari''').

The language is transitional between [[Hindko language|Hindko]] dialect and [[Standard Punjabi]]{{sfn|Shackle|1979|pp=200–201}} and is mutually intelligible with both.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Qandeel |date=2020-12-31 |title=Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot |journal=Language documentation and description  |url=https://lddjournal.org/articles/10.25894/ldd71 |language=en-US |volume=19 |pages=144 |doi=10.25894/ldd71}}</ref> There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary dialect,{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=440}} although a local standard has not been established yet.{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}} The [[Shahmukhi]] script is used to write the language, such as in the works of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] poet [[Mian Muhammad Bakhsh]].

[[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] in his early 20th-century [[Linguistic Survey of India]] assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of [[Lahnda]] (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=201|ps=: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."}} In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "[[Punjabi dialects and languages|Greater Punjabi"]] macrolanguage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995-01-01 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |issn=0272-2690}}</ref>

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Pahari-Pothwari like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v4/3/the-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf</ref>

== Geographic distribution and dialects ==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|33.8|73.7}}
| zoom = 7
|width = 300
|height = 300
|label1 = Muzaffarabad |mark-title1 = Muzaffarabad |mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.358333 |73.472222}}| shape1 = circle
|label2 = Abbottabad |mark-title2 = Abbottabad |mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.155833 |73.219444}}| label-color2 = #3d3d3d| shape-color2 = #3d3d3d
|label3 = Bharakao |mark-title3 = Bharakao |mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.7403214 |73.1618365}}
|label4 = Gujarkhan |mark-title4 = Gujarkhan |mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.253 |73.304}}
|label5 = Mirpur |mark-title5 = Mirpur |mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.15 |73.733333}}
|label6 = Murree |mark-title6 = Murree |mark-coord6 = {{coord|33.904167 |73.390278}}
|label7 = Jhelum |mark-title7 = Jhelum |mark-coord7 = {{coord|32.9425 |73.725556}}
|label8 = Poonch |mark-title8 = Poonch |mark-coord8 = {{coord|33.767 |74.0957}}| label-pos8 = right
|label9 = Rajouri |mark-title9 = Rajouri |mark-coord9 = {{coord|33.3771 |74.3136}}| label-pos9 = right
|label10 = Bagh |mark-title10 = Bagh |mark-coord10 = {{coord|33.9838|73.7766}}| label-pos10 = right
|label11 = Srinagar |mark-title11 = Srinagar |mark-coord11 = {{coord|34.0749 |74.8204}}| label-pos11 = bottom| label-offset-x11 = 15| label-color11 = #3d3d3d| shape-color11 = #3d3d3d
|label12 = Baramulla |mark-title12 = Baramulla |mark-coord12 = {{coord|34.2087 |74.3435}}| label-pos12 = right| label-color12 = #3d3d3d| shape-color12 = #3d3d3d
|caption = Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in {{color|darkred|dark red}}.
}}
There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.{{efn|According to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}}. {{harvtxt|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} adds as a fourth dialect the ''Poonchi'' spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in {{harvtxt|Karnai|2007}}.}} The Pothwari spoken in [[Gujar Khan]] is regarded as the most prestigious dialect of Pothwari spoken in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qayyum |first=Salma |last2=Qayyum |first2=Samina |last3=Qayyum |first3=Najma |date=2020-06-30 |title=Urdu, Punjabi & Pothwari: Striking Similarities & Uniqueness of the Three Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://gssrjournal.com/article/urdu-punjabi-pothwari-striking-similarities-uniqueness-of-the-three-indoaryan-languages |journal=Global Social Sciences Review |language=en |volume=V |issue=II |pages=427–438 |doi=10.31703/gssr.2020(V-II).41|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The dialects are mutually intelligible,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}} but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] and [[Mirpur District|Mirpur]] respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=86|ps =. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."}}

===Pothohar Plateau===
Pothwari ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھواری}}}}), also spelt ''Potwari'', ''Potohari'' and ''Pothohari'' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھوہاری}}}}),<ref>The alternative English spellings are from {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}.</ref> is spoken in the [[Pothohar Plateau]] of northern [[Punjab]],{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} an area administratively within [[Rawalpindi Division|Rawalpindi division]].{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it ''[[Rawalpindi District|Pindiwal]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'' to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Asher |date=2009 |title=Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers |url=http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193541 |journal=CardinalScholar 1.0}}</ref>
[[File:Tilla Jogian.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pothwar scenery with hill backdrop]]

Pothwari extends southwards up to the [[Salt Range]], with the city of [[Jhelum]] marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with [[Bhara Kahu|Bharakao]], near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 19, 112}} Pothwari has been represented by their own people and their own community as they re-presented with their own ethnic group.{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}}{{efn| For example, according to [[#{{harvid|1981 Census report Rawalpindi}}|the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District]]}}, 85.1% of households had Pothwari as mother tongue.

Among the dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari dialect cluster, the variety spoken on the Pothohar is the native dialect in the Rawalpindi division and it is inguistic group. This Pothwari is also regarded as the most prestigious dialect spoken in the region.

===Mirpur===
East of the Pothwari areas, across the [[Jhelum River]] into [[Mirpur District]] in [[Azad Kashmir]], the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|pp=12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity.}}
Locally it is known by a variety of names:{{efn|One language activist from the diaspora in Britain "[has] said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} ''Pahari'', ''Mirpur Pahari'', ''Mirpuri'',{{efn|Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} and ''Pothwari'',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 5, 19, 100}} while some of its speakers call it ''Punjabi''.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=44}}
Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the [[Pothohar Plateau|Pothwari]] [[Punjabis]].{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}}
The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the [[Mangla Dam]] in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=1}}
The [[British Mirpuri]] diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.{{sfn|Hussain|2015|pp=483–84}}

===Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat===
Pahari ({{lang|phr|{{nq|پہاڑی}} }}) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around [[Murree]].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=23}} This area is in the [[Galyat]]: the hill country of [[Murree Tehsil]] in the northeast of [[Rawalpindi District]] (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern [[Abbottabad District]].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5}} One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is '''''Dhundi-Kairali''''' (''Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī''), a term first used by [[G.A. Grierson|Grierson]]{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the [[Kairal tribe|Kairal]] and the [[Dhund Abbasi|Dhund]].{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} Its speakers call it ''Pahari'' in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either ''Hindko'' or ''Ḍhūṇḍī''.<ref>''Hindko'' according to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=5, 39}} and ''Dhundi'' according to {{harvtxt|Grierson|1919|p=495}}. ''Pahari'' is reported in both sources.</ref>
Nevertheless, [[Northern Hindko|Hindko]] – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  – is generally regarded as a different language.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=40, 126–27| ps =.  The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.}} It forms a [[dialect continuum]] with Pahari, {{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between [[Ayubia]] and [[Nathiagali]].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 40}}

A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are ''Pahari'' (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), '''''Chibhālī''''',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5, 8}} named after the [[Chibhal]] region{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=505}} or the Chibh ethnic group,{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} and '''''Poonchi''''' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پونچھی}}}}, also spelt ''Punchhi''). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the [[History of Poonch District|district of Poonch]],{{sfn|Grierson|1919|loc =p. 505 and corresponding map}} or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbasi|2010|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Abbasi|Asif|2010|pp=201–202}}</ref> 
This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|loc = sec. 3.1|ps =. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.}} The dialect of the [[Bagh District|district of Bagh]], for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}}. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of [[Neela Butt]].</ref>

In [[Muzaffarabad District|Muzaffarabad]] the dialect shows lexical similarity{{efn|The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=15–16}} }} of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=24–25}} The speakers however tend to call their language ''Hindko''{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=26, 80}} and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=108, 110}} despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of [[Abbottabad]] and [[Mansehra]].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}} Further north into the [[Neelam Valley]] the dialect, now known locally as ''Parmi'', becomes closer to Hindko.<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Akhtar|Rehman|2007|p=68|ps = . The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the [[Kaghan Valley]] on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.}}</ref>

Pahari is also spoken further east across the [[Line of Control]] into the [[Pir Panjal]] mountains in Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The population, estimated at 1 million,<ref>A 2000 estimate reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}</ref> is found in the region between the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Chenab]] rivers: most significantly in the districts of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]], to a lesser extent in neighbouring [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] and [[Kupwara District|Kupwara]],<ref>{{harvnb|Singh|2014|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 38, 40}}</ref> and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the [[Partition of India|Partition]] of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>Lists of regions and settlements are found in {{harvtxt|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44}} and {{harvtxt|Kour|2014}}.</ref> Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the [[Western Pahari]] languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include [[Bhadarwahi]] and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.{{sfn|Kaul|2006|pp=42, 256–8}}

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels of Pahari
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|ĩː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|uː}}
|{{IPAlink|ũː}}
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɪ}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʊ}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}
|{{IPAlink|ẽː}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ə}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|æ}} {{IPAlink|æː}}
|{{IPAlink|aː}}
|{{IPAlink|ãː}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels of Pothwari
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
!<small>oral</small>
!<small>nasal</small>
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|ĩ}} {{IPAlink|ĩː}}
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|{{IPAlink|ũ}} {{IPAlink|ũː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ẽ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɐ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɐ̃}}
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|{{IPAlink|õ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɑ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɑ̃}}
|}
A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as {{IPA|[äː]}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kogan |first=Anton I. |title=Potxoxari Jazyk |publisher=Moskva: Academia. |year=2011 |location=Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki |pages=516–527}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants of Pahari<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Abdul Qadir |title=A Preliminary Study of Pahari Language and its Sound System |year=2013 |pages=1–20}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Tap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants of Pothwari<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]/<br>[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|({{IPAlink|f}})
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|({{IPAlink|χ}})
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|
|({{IPAlink|ʒ}})
|({{IPAlink|ʁ}})
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɳ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|{{IPAlink|ɭ}}
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Tap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}

* Sounds {{IPA|[f, ʒ, χ, ʁ, q]}} are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords.
* {{IPA|/h/}} is realized as voiced {{IPA|[ɦ]}} in word-initial position.
* {{IPA|/n/}} before a velar consonant can be heard as {{IPA|[ŋ]}}.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable Features ==
=== Future Tense ===
The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahnda Structure |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Lahnda/lah_struct.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref>

This tense is also used in other [[Punjabi varieties|Western Punjabi dialects]] such as the Jatki dialects, [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Jhangochi]] and [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]], as well as in and [[Hindko]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |website=archive.org |page=50 |quote="The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings"}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Pothwari'''
! colspan="3" |'''Eastern Punjabi'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I will do
|Mãi karsā̃
|{{resize|{{Nq|مَیں کرساں}}}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|Mãi karāngā
| {{resize |{{Nq|مَیں کرانگا}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
|-
|We will do
|Asā̃ karsā̃
| {{resize |{{Nq|اَساں کرساں}}
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|Asī̃ karānge
| {{resize |{{Nq|اَسِیں کرانگے}}
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਾਂਗੇ
|-
|You will do (s)
|Tū̃ karsãi
| {{resize |{{Nq|تُوں کرسَیں}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ
|Tū̃ karãigā
|{{Nq|تُوں کریں گا}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਗਾ
|-
|You will do (p)
|Tusā̃ karso
|{{resize|{{Nq|تُساں کرسو}}}}
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਸੋ
|Tusī̃ karoge
|{{resize|{{Nq|تُسِیں کروگے}}}}
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੋਗੇ
|-
|He/She will do
|Ó karsi
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کَرسی}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ
|Ó karega
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرے گا}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰੇਗਾ
|-
|They will do
|Ó karsan
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوہ کرسن}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ
|Ó karaṇge
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرݨ گے}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਣਗੇ
|}
This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet [[Bulleh Shah]] sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen – Bulleh Shah |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Folk Punjab |language=en}}</ref>

''Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کَرسین, سو کُجھ پاسیں''

''Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãi, so kujh paasãi''

''Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain''

- From one of Bulleh Shah's poems<ref>{{Cite web |title=اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں – بلھے شاہ |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/?shahmukhi |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Folk Punjab |language=pa-PK}}</ref>

=== Continuous Tense ===
Similar to [[Shahpuri dialect|Jatki]], [[Hindko]], and other [[Punjabi varieties|Western Punjabi dialects]], Pothwari also uses ''pyā'' to signify the continuous tense.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |year=1898 |page=54 |language=English |quote=me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.}}</ref>

Some [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] sub-dialects also utilize this tense.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Pothwari'''
|-
!'''Transliteration'''
![[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''Shahmukhi''']]
!'''[[Gurmukhi]]'''
|-
|I am doing
|Mãi karna pya aan
|میں کرنا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|-
|We are doing
|Asā̃ karnay paye aan
|اساں کرنے پئے آں
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਆਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, m.)
|Tū̃ karna pya ain
|تُوں کرنا پیا ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (sing, f.)
|Tū̃ karni pyi ain
|تُوں کرنی پئی ایں
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
|-
|You are doing (plural)
|Tusā̃ karnay paye o
|تُساں کرنے پئے او
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਓ
|-
|He is doing
|Ó karna pya ae
|اوہ کرنا پیا اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|She is doing
|Ó karni pyi ae
|اوہ کرنی پئے اے
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਐ
|-
|They are doing (m.)
|Ó karnay paye in
|اوہ کرنے پئے اِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਇਨ
|-
|They are doing (f.)
|Ó karniyan pyian in
|اوہ کرنیاں پئِیاں اِن
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਇਨ
|}
The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.

''"Tusā̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karnay o"'', meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

''"Mãi vi tān ehe gall karnā sān pyā"'', meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

''"Mãi vi tān ehe gall pyā karna aan"'', meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

=== Past Tense ===
The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
![[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
|-
|I was doing
|میں کرنا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ 
|میں کردا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ 
|-
|We were doing
|اساں کرنے پئے سیاں
اساں کرنے پئے ساں

ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ 
|اسِیں کردے پئے ساں
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ 
|-
|You were doing (sing.)
|تُوں کرنا پیا سَیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ 
|تُوں کردا پیا سیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ 
|-
|You were doing (pl.)
|تُساں کرنے پئے سیو
تُساں کرنے پِئے سو

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ 
|تُسِیں کردے پئے سو
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ 
|-
|He was doing
|اوہ کرنا پیا سا
اوہ کرنا پیا سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ 
|اوہ کردا پیا سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ 
|-
|She was doing
|اوہ کرنی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ 
|اوہ کردی پئی سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ 
|-
|They were doing (m.)
|اوہ کرنے پئے سے
اوہ کرنے پئے سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ 
|اوہ کردے پئے سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ 
|-
|They were doing (f.)
|اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں
اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ 
|اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ 
|}

=== Tribal groupings ===
Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe ''Birādrī/Barādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|برادری}}}}) becomes ''Bilādrī/Balādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|بل ادری}}}}) in Pahari-Pothwari.

=== Numbering system ===
Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi. A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of '''''Trai''''' ({{resize|{{nq|ترَے}}}}) instead of ''Tinn'' ({{resize|{{nq|تِنّ}}}}) for the number 3. [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] and [[Doabi]] also tend to use ''trai'' over ''tinn''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Thomas Grahame |title=Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013}}</ref>

Similarly, Pothwari and other Western Punjabi dialects use '''''"Yārā̃"'' (یاراں)''' for ''"Gyarā̃"'' (گیاراں), '''''"Trei''" (ترئی)''' for ''"Tei"'' (تئی) '''"''Panji"'' (پنجِی)''' for ''"Pachchi"'' (پچّی) and ''"'''Trih"''''' '''(ترِیہہ)''' for ''"Tih"'' (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |English
! colspan="3" |Pothwari and Punjabi
|-
!Numbers
!Numerals
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
!Numerals
|-
|One 
|1
|''ikk''
|{{resize|{{nq|اِکّ}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۱}}}}
|-
|Two 
|2
|''do''
|{{resize|{{nq|دو}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۲}}}}
|-
|Three 
|3
|''trai''
|{{resize|{{nq|ترَے}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۳}}}}
|-
|Four 
|4
|''chār''
|{{resize|{{nq|چار}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۴}}}}
|-
|Five 
|5
|''panj''
|{{resize|{{nq|پَنج}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۵}}}}
|-
|Six 
|6
|''che''
|{{resize|{{nq|چھے}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۶}}}}
|-
|Seven 
|7
|''satt''
|{{resize|{{nq|سَتّ}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۷}}}}
|-
|Eight 
|8
|''aṭṭh''
|{{resize|{{nq|اَٹّھ}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۸}}}}
|-
|Nine 
|9
|''nau''
|{{resize|{{nq|نَو}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۹}}}}
|-
|Ten
|10
|''das''
|{{resize|{{nq|دَس}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|۱۰}}}}
|}
'''Ordinals'''

The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for ''Second'' and ''Third''. Second is ''Doowa'' (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is ''Dooja'' (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is ''Treeya'' (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is ''Teeja'' (تیجا) in Punjabi. [[Lahnda|Western Punjabi]] in general tends to follow this trend.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
! colspan="2" |Jatki
|-
!Ordinals
!Shahmukhi
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
!Transliteration
|-
|First
|پہلا
|Pehla
|پہلا
|Pehla
|پہلا
|Pehla
|-
|Second
|دووا
|Dūwā
|دوجا
|Dūjjā
|دووا / دُوجا
|Dūwā / Dūjjā
|-
|Third
|تریا
|Triyā
|تیجا
|Tījjā
|ترِجیا
|Trījjā
|-
|Fourth
|چوتھا
|Chottha
|چوتھا
|Chottha
|چوتھا
|Chottha
|}

=== Possessive pronouns ===
The possessive pronouns in Pothwari differ from that of Standard Punjabi and other [[Lahnda]] dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |English
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pothwari
! colspan="4" |Jatki
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Hindko]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]]/[[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|Mine
|مہاڑا
|ਮਹਾੜਾ 
|میرا
|ਮੇਰਾ 
|مَینڈھا
|ਮੈਂਢਾ 
|مڑھا
|ਮੜ੍ਹਾ
|-
|Yours (sing.)
|تَہاڑا
|ਤਹਾੜਾ
|تیرا
|ਤੇਰਾ
|تَینڈھا
|ਤੈਂਢਾ 
|تُڑھا
|ਤੁੜ੍ਹਾ
|-
|Yours (plural.)
|تُساں نا
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾ
|تُہاڈا 
|ਤੁਹਾਡਾ
|تُساڈا / تُساں دا
|ਤੁਸਾਡਾ / ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|تُساں دا
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|-
|Ours
|اساں نا / ساہڑا
|ਅਸਾਂ ਨਾ / ਸਾਹੜਾ
|ساڈا
|ਸਾਡਾ
|اساڈا / اساں دا
|ਅਸਾਡਾ / ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|اساں دا
|ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|}

=== Object marker ===
The object marker in Pothwari is ''kī'' (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to ''nū̃'' (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.

For example:

The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''nū̃''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨੂੰ''' / لوکاں '''نوں'''), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become ''lokkā̃ '''kī''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਕੀ''' / لوکاں '''کی''') in Pothwari.

Hence, the personal pronouns would be as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothohari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|To me
|میکی
|ਮਿਕੀ
|مَینُوں
|ਮੈਨੂੰ 
|-
|To you (sing.)
|تُکی
|ਤੁਕੀ 
|تَینُوں
|ਤੈਨੂੰ 
|-
|To you (plural.)
|تُساں کی
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ
|تُہانُوں
|ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ 
|-
|To us
|اساں کی
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕੀ 
|سانُوں
|ਸਾਨੂੰ 
|-
|To him/her
|اُس کی
|ਉਸ ਕੀ 
|اوہنُوں
|ਓਹਨੂੰ 
|}

=== Genitive marker ===
The genitive marker in Pothwari is represented through the use of ''nā'' (ਨਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|نا}}}}) as opposed to ''dā'' (ਦਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|دا}}}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=1 |pages= |language=English |postscript="the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District"}}</ref>

For example:

The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''dā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਦਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|دا}}}}}}), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pothwari, would become ''lokkā̃ '''nā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|نا}}}}}}).

This also affects some of the possessive pronouns as described above.

It should also be noted that in Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard ''dā'' sound either, and is replaced with ''nā.''

For example:

''Miki eh nahi si '''chāhinā''''' (میکی ایہہ نہیں سی چاہی نا), meaning "This is not what I wanted"

''Oh kay pyā '''ākhnā''' ae?'' (اوہ کے پیا آخنا اے؟), meaning "What is he saying?"

This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense:

''Isrā̃ nahi '''ākhee nā''''' (اِسراں نہیں آکھی نا), instead of "'''''ākhee dā'''''", meaning "This is now how it should be said"

=== Oblique case of nouns ===
Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in [[Hindko]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=9 |language=English |quote=In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|Housework
|گھرے نا کمّ
|ਘਰੇ ਨਾ ਕੰਮ 
|کھر دا کمّ
|ਘਰ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ 
|-
|Dinner
|راتی نی روٹی
|ਰਾਤੀ ਨੀ ਰੋਟੀ 
|رات دی روٹی
|ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ 
|-
|In a young age
|نِکّی عُمرے وِچّ
|ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ 
|نِکّی عُمر وِچّ
|ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ 
|-
|On my heart
|مہاڑے دِلّے اپّر
|ਮਹਾੜੇ ਦਿਲੇ ਅੱਪਰ 
|میرے دِل تے
|ਮੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਤੇ 
|-
|With care
|دھیانے نال
|ਧਿਆਨੇ ਨਾਲ
|دھیان نال
|ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ
|-
|Patiently
|ارماے نال
|ਅਰਾਮੇ ਨਾਲ
|ارام نال
|ਅਰਾਮ ਨਾਲ
|-
|To my sister
|بھینُو کی
|ਭੈਣੂ ਕੀ 
|بھین نُوں
|ਭੈਣ ਨੂੰ 
|-
|For my brother
|بھراووُ آسطے
|ਭਰਾਊ ਆਸਤੇ 
|بھرا آسطے
|ਭਰਾ ਆਸਤੇ 
|-
|Important detail
|کمّے نی گلّ
|ਕੰਮੇ ਨੀ ਗੱਲ
|کمّ دی گلّ
|ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ 
|-
|There's no accounting for taste
|شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہونا
|ਸ਼ੌਂਕੇ ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਣਾ
|شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا
|ਸ਼ੌਂਕ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ 
|-
|Understand the point
|گلّے کی سمجھ
|ਗੱਲੇ ਕੀ ਸਮਝ
|گلّ نُوں سمجھ
|ਗੱਲ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ
|}

=== Adding "i" to root form of verb ===
A peculiar feature of Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=شیراز طاہر |url=http://archive.org/details/shiraz-ul-lughaat |title=شیراز اُللغات |date=2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|It happened
|ہوئی گیا
|ਹੋਈ ਗਿਆ 
|ہو گیا
|ਹੋ ਗਿਆ 
|-
|It may be possible
|ہوئی سکنا اے
|ਹੋਈ ਸਕਣਾ ਐ 
|ہو سکدا اے
|ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਐ 
|-
|Together
|رلی مِلی تے
|ਰਲੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਤੇ
|رل مِل کے
|ਰਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ 
|-
|Finish it
|مُکائی چھوڑ
|ਮੁਕਾਈ ਛੋੜ
|مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ
|ਮੁਕਾ ਛੋੜ/ਛੱਡ 
|-
|Look
|تکّی گھِنو
|ਤੱਕੀ ਘਿਨੋ 
|تکّ لوو
|ਤੱਕ ਲਵੋ 
|-
|Come back after having lunch
|روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں
|ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਈ ਤੇ ਮੁੜੀ ਅਛੀਂ 
|روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں
|ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਮੁੜ ਆਵੀਂ 
|-
|Eat it
|کھائی گھِن
|ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ 
|کھا لَے
|ਖਾ ਲੈ 
|-
|Sit quietly for once
|کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جایا کر
|ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕੀ ਤੇ ਬਹੀ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ 
|کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر
|ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਬਹਿ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ
|}

== Vocabulary ==

=== Words for "Coming" and "Going" ===
The Pothwari word for "coming" is '''''acchṇā''''', whereas for "going" '''''gacchṇā''', '''julṇā''''' and '''''jāṇā''''' are used.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari
! colspan="2" |[[Jatki language|Jatki]]
! colspan="2" |[[Standard Punjabi]]
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|-
|I am coming
|میں اچھنا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਅਛਣਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ 
|میں آندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ 
|میں آؤندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ 
|-
|I am going
|میں گچھنا پیا آں 
میں جانا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਗਛਣਾ/ਜਾਣਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ  
|میں ویندا/جاندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਵੇਂਦਾ/ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ 
|میں جاندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ 
|-
|I am not understanding
|میکی سمجھ نہیں اچھنی پئی
|ਮਿਕੀ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਅਛਣੀ ਪਈ 
|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آندی پئی
|ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਂਦੀ ਪਈ 
|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آندی پئی
|ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਂਦੀ ਪਈ 
|-
|I will leave tomorrow
|میں کلّ گیساں
میں کلّ جاساں
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਗੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ 
|میں کلّ ویساں
میں کلّ جاساں
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ ਜਾਸਾਂ
|میں کلّ جاواں گا
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ 
|-
|We are going for work
|اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے آں
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕੰਮੇ ਅੱਪਰ ਜੁਲੇ ਆਂ 
|اسِیں کمّ تے چلے آں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕੱਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਆਂ 
|اسِیں کمّ تے چلّے آں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕੱਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਆਂ 
|-
|It happens
|ہوئی گچھنا اے
ہوئی جُلنا اے

ہوئی جانا اے
|ਹੋਈ ਗਛਣਾ ਐ
ਹੋਈ ਜੁਲਣਾ ਐ

ਹੋਈ ਜਾਣਾ ਐ 
|ہو ویندا اے
ہو جاندا اے
|ਹੋ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਐ
ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਐ
|ہو جاندا اے
|ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਐ 
|-
|Sit down
|بہی جُل
بہی گچھ

بہی جا
|ਬਹੀ ਜੁਲ
ਬਹੀ ਗਛ

ਬਹੀ ਜਾ

|بہہ ونج
بہہ جا 
|ਬਹਿ ਵੰਜ
ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
|بہہ جا
|ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
|-
|I will take him along
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جاساں
اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں
|ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜਾਸਾਂ
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ
|اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں
اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں
|ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸਾਂ
|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا
|ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ 
|}
The imperative for '''''gacchṇā''''' is both ''gacch'' and ''gau''.

=== Causative verbs ===
Pothwari causative verbs end with -'''''ālnā'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=کھوالن مصدر کھواون.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothwari
!Standard Punjabi
!Jatki
|-
|To cause to eat
|کھوالنا
|کھواؤنا / کھوانا
|کھواونا
|-
|To cause to drink
|پیالنا
|پیانا / پیاؤنا
|پِواوَنا
|-
|To cause to bathe
|نہوالنا
|نہوانا / نہواؤنا
|نہواوَنا
|-
|To cause to wash
|دھووانا
|دھووانا / دھوواؤنا
|دھوواوَنا
|-
|To cause to cry
|رووالنا
|رووانا / روواؤنا
|روواوَنا
|-
|To cause to sleep
|سوالنا
|سواؤنا / سوانا
|سواوَنا
|-
|To cause to sit
|بہالنا
|بہاؤنا / بہانا
|بہاوَنا
|-
|To cause to stand
|اُٹھالنا
|اُٹھاوَنا / اُٹھانا
|اُٹھاوَنا
|}

=== Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing" ===
Commonly observed in the [[Lahnda dialects]] is the use of ''Ghinṇā'' (گھِننا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ghinna&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6910 |title=Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings and verses |date=1899 |publisher=Punjab Government Press, Lahore |page=1 |quote=Ghinn for Le (Take).}}</ref> and ''Aaṇnā'' (آننا)<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Jukes |url=http://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language |date=1900 |page=22 |quote=آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' (لَینا) and ''Lyāṇā'' (لیانا).

Notice how ''Ghin āo'' becomes '''''Ghini achho''''', and ''Ghin ghidā'' becomes '''''Ghini ghidā''''' in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |[[Jatki language|Jatki]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pothohari]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Hindko]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]
|-
![[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]]/[[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangochi]]
![[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]]
|-
|From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today.
|کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|-
|Bring him along as well.
|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ
|اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ
|اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ
ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ
|اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|-
|They took it from me as well
|اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ
|اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں مہاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|-
|He is bringing
|اوہ لیاندا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨنا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے
ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|-
|We will also have to bring them back
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|-
|Eat it
|کھا لَے
ਖਾ ਲੈ 
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ 
|کھائی گھِن
ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ 
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ 
|کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ 
|-
|Bring it
Brought it
|چا لیاؤ
چا لیاندا

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ  
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ 
|چائی آݨو
چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ 
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ 
|چا آݨو
چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ 
|-
|Take it
Took it
|چا لوو
چا لیا

ਚਾ ਲਵੋ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چائی گھِنو
چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|-
|He will take him along
|اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی
اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸੀ/ਜਾਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਸੀ
|اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی
ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੈਸੀ
|اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی
اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی جُلسی

اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੇਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜਾਸੀ
|اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی
ਉਹ ਇਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਜੁਲਸੀ 
|اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی
ਉਹ ਈਕੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸੀ
|}

=== Irregular past tense of verbs ===
Pothwari generally follows the common Punjabi irregular verbs (e.g. ''khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā'').

Some additional forms are observed in '''''bantā''''' (بنتا) for ''banyā'' and '''''khaltā''''' (کھلتا) for ''khalā.''

For example:

''Miki sarkay apar '''khaltyon''' addhā ghantā hoi gya sā''

''Menu sark tey khalyā̃/khlotyā̃ addhā ghantā ho gya si''

(It had been an hour since I was waiting on the road)

''Chā kadon ni '''banti''' hoi ae''

''Chā kadon di bani hoi ae''

(The tea has been ready for quite some time)

=== Interrogative words ===
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothwari
!Jatki
!Standard
|-
|Why
|کِیاں
ਕੀਆਂ
|کیوں
ਕਿਓਂ
|کیوں
ਕਿਓਂ
|-
|Where
|کُتھّے / کُدھّر
ਕੁੱਥੇ / ਕੁੱਧਰ
|کِتھّے / کِدّے
ਕਿੱਥੇ / ਕਿੱਦੇ
|کِتھّے
ਕਿੱਥੇ
|-
|Who
|کُن
ਕੁਣ
|کَون
ਕੌਣ
|کَون
ਕੌਣ
|-
|What
|کے
ਕੇ
|کے / کی
ਕੇ / ਕੀ
|کی
ਕੀ
|}

=== Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects ===
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothwari
!Jatki
!Hindko
!Saraiki
|-
|Very / Much
|بہُوں
|بہُوں
|بہُوں
|بہُوں
|-
|Go to sleep
| سئی گو
|سَیں ونج
|سَیں جُل
|سم ونج
|-
|Alright / Okay
|ہلا
|ہلا
|ہلا
|ہلا
|-
|Boy
|جاتک
|جاتک / چھوہر
|جندک
|چھُوہر
|-
|What is his name?
|کے ناں اُس؟
|کی/کے ناں اُس؟
|کے ناں اُس؟
|کیا ناں اُس؟
|-
|Take
|گھِنو
|لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)
گھِنو (دھنی)
|گھِنو
|گھِنو
|-
|Bring
|آنو
|لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)
آنو (دھنی)
|آنو
|آنو
|-
|He speaks like us
|اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے
|اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے
|اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے
|اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے
|-
|Let's go
|آ جُلِیئے
|آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے
|آ جُلاں
|آ جُلُوں
|-
|Lift/Raise
|چاؤ
|چاوو
|چاؤ
|چاوو
|-
|Life
|حیاتی
|حیاتی
|حیاتی
|حیاتی
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book| title = 1981 District Census Report of Rawalpindi| location = Islamabad| publisher = Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan| series = District census Report | volume = 44| date = 1984| page = 95| ref = {{harvid|1981 Census report Rawalpindi}} }}
*{{Cite journal| last = Abbasi| first = Muhammad Gulfraz| date = 2010| title = Is It a Language Worth Researching?| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 7| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/july2010/gulfrazpahari.html}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Abbasi| first1 = Muhammad Gulfraz| last2 = Asif| first2 = Saiqa Imtiaz| date = 2010| title = Dilemma of Usage and Transmission-A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Dhundi-Pahari in Pakistan| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 197–214| issn = 1930-2940| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/may2010/pakistanpaharifinal1.html}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Akhtar| first1 = Raja Nasim| last2 = Rehman| first2 = Khawaja A.| date = 2007| title = The Languages of the Neelam Valley| journal = Kashmir Journal of Language Research| volume = 10| issue = 1| issn = 1028-6640| pages = 65–84}}
*{{Cite conference| last = Baart| first = Joan L. G.| date = 2003| title = Sustainable Development and the Maintenance of Pakistan's Indigenous Languages| location = Islamabad| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/38917}}
*{{Cite thesis| last = Bhat| first = Javeed Ahmad| date = 2014| title = Politics of Reservations: A Comparative Study of Gujjars and Paharis of Jammu and Kashmir| hdl = 10603/167183| type = PhD| institution = Aligarh Muslim University}}
*{{Cite LSI|8|1}}<!--Grierson 1919-->
*{{Cite journal| last = Hussain| first = Serena| date = 2015| title = Missing From the 'Minority Mainstream': Pahari-speaking Diaspora in Britain| journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development| volume = 36| issue = 5| pages = 483–497| issn = 0143-4632| doi = 10.1080/01434632.2014.953539| s2cid = 55100616}}
*{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume =  1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017}}
*{{Cite book| last = Kour| first = Updesh| chapter = Punchi| date = 2014| editor-last1 = Devy| editor-first1 = G. N.| editor-last2 = Koul| editor-first2 = Omkar N.| title = The Languages of Jammu & Kashmir| series = People's linguistic survey of India| volume = 12| publisher = Orient Blackswan| location = New Delhi| isbn = 978-81-250-5516-7| pages = 261–78}}
*{{Cite report| last1 = Lothers| first1 = Michael| last2 = Lothers| first2 = Laura| date = 2010| title = Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey| series = SIL Electronic Survey Reports| volume =  2010-012| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130}}
*{{Cite book| last1 = Lothers| first1 = Laura| last2 = Lothers| first2 = Michael| date = 2012| title = Mirpuri Immigrants in England: A Sociolinguistic Survey| series = SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012| publisher = SIL International}}
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of Classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s| chapter = Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan| location = Hamburg| series = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts| volume = 23| date = 1983| publisher = Deutsches Orient-Institut| pages = 175–87|editor1= Wolfgang-Peter Zingel |editor2=Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Language and National Identity in Asia| chapter = Pakistan| editor-last= Simpson| editor-first=Andrew| series = Oxford linguistics Y| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-922648-1| date = 2007}}
*{{Cite web| website = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2017| title = Pahari-Potwari| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/phr| editor-last1 = Simons| editor-first1 = Gary F.| editor-last2 = Fennig| editor-first2 = Charles D.| edition = 20| ref = {{harvid|Ethnologue|2017}} }} (access limited).<!--Simons-->
*{{Cite thesis| last = Singh| first = Kuljit| date = 2014| title = Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir| type = PhD| institution = University of Jammu|hdl=10603/78359| url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78359}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|last = Karnai| first = Mian Karim Ullah| year = 2007| title =  Pahari aor Urdu: ik taqabali jaiza| place = Islamabad| publisher = National Language Authority| language = Urdu}}
*{{cite thesis|last = Nazir| first = Farah| year = 2014| title = Light Verb Constructions in Potwari| type = PhD| institution = University of Manchester| url = https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/light-verb-constructions-in-potwari(be19815d-5db5-4fe8-8191-e4babe7f6ead).html}}

==External links==
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/636740501171310142pahariclass2nd.pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class2]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637334795275858206pahari%203rd.pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class3]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/636741129046368628pahariclass4th.pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class4]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336589343244017Pahari%205th.pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class5]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637336645884654046Pahari-6th.pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class6]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637338209700592883Pahari%208th%20PART%20A%20(From%20pages%2001%20to%2086).pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part A)]
* [https://www.jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/637338248442252769Pahari%208th%20PART%20B%20(From%20pages%2087%20to%20124).pdf Pahari Language Textbook for Class8 (Part B)]

{{Incubator|phr}}
{{Punjabi varieties}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Punjabi dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]