View source for British Rail Class 414

{{Short description|1956 British electric trains}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox train
| background       = #012545;color:white;
| name             = British Rail Class 414<br>2 HAP
| image            = BR 2-HAP 6159.jpg
| imagealt         = 
| imagesize        = 
| caption          = 6159 heading north from {{stnlink|Maidstone Barracks}} in 1980
| interiorimage    = 
| interiorimagealt = 
| interiorcaption  = 
| service          = 1956-1995
| manufacturer     = BR [[Eastleigh Works]]
| ordernumber      = {{ubl|BR: 30314 ({{abbr|DMBSO|Driving Motor Brake Second Open}}, 65393-65396)|30316 ({{abbr|DTCsoL|Driving Trailer Composite (semi-open) Lavatory}}, 77115-77118)|30319 (DMBSO, 65397-65403)|30320 (DTCsoL, 77119-77125)|30388 (DMBSO, 65404-65434)|30389 (DTCsoL, 77126-77156)|30452 (DMBSO, 61241-61303)|30453 (DTCsoL, 75361-75423)|30617 (DMBSO, 61648-61688)|30618 (DTCsoL, 75700-75740)|30711 (DMBSO, 61962-61988)|30712 (DTCsoL, 75995-76021)<ref name=Longworth>{{harvnb|Longworth|2015|pp=58–59, 127–128, 132, 137, 147–148, 177–178, 182, 187, 200–201}}</ref><ref name=TRC1 />}}
| factory          = 
| family           = 
| replaced         = [[British Rail Class 402|Class 402]]<ref name=Longworth />
| yearconstruction = 1956-1963<ref name=Longworth /><ref name=Fox87-8283>{{harvnb|Fox|1987|pp=82–83}}</ref>
| yearservice      = 1957
| refurbishment    = 
| yearscrapped     = 
| numberconstruction= 
| numberbuilt      = 209
| numberservice    = 
| numberpreserved  = 
| numberscrapped   = 
| formation        = Two cars per trainset:<br />DMBSO+DTCsoL
| diagram          = {{ubl|BR: EB269 or BR400 (DMBSO)|EB270 or BR400 (DMBSO)|EB279 (65405, refurbished)|EE361 or BR441 (DTCsoL)<ref name=Longworth /><ref name=BRB210>{{cite web|url=http://www.barrowmoremrg.co.uk/BRBDocuments/Diagram_Book_210_for_Issue.pdf|title=Vehicle Diagram Book No.210 for Electrical Multiple Units (including A.P.T.)|at=EB269, EB270, EE361|work=Barrowmore MRG|publisher=BRB Residuary Ltd.|access-date=25 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215604/http://www.barrowmoremrg.co.uk/BRBDocuments/Diagram_Book_210_for_Issue.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| code             = 2 {{abbr|HAP|Half lavatory, electro-pneumatic}}
| fleetnumbers     = {{ubl|SR design: 5601-5636 (414/1, sets)|BR design: 6001-6042, later 42xx (414/2, sets)|6043-6173, later 43xx (414/3, sets)|14521-14556, 61241-61303, 61648-61688, 61962-61988, 65393-65434 (DMBS)|16001-16036, 75361-75423, 75700-75740, 75995-76021, 77115-77156 (DTC)<ref name=TRC1>{{cite web |url=http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20Tech%20Data%20EMU/EMU_414.html|title=Class 414|work=The Railway Centre|access-date=25 February 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060052/http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20Tech%20Data%20EMU/EMU_414.html|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>}}
| capacity         = {{ubl|SR: 18F/122S (total)|84S (DMBS)|18F/38S (DTC)<ref name=TRC1 />}}
{{ubl|BR: 19F/134S (total)|84S (DMBS)|19F/50S (DTC)<ref name=TRC1 />}}
| operator         = [[British Rail]]
| depots           = {{ubl|[[Wimbledon Traincare depot|East Wimbledon]]|[[Ramsgate EMU Depot|Ramsgate]]<ref name=Fox87-8283 />}}
| lines            = [[Southern Region of British Rail|Southern Region]]
| carbody          = [[Steel]]<ref name=BRB210 />
| trainlength      = {{ubl|SR: {{convert|129|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}|BR: {{convert|132|ft|8+1/2|in|abbr=on}} <ref name=TRC1 />}}
| carlength        = {{ubl|SR: {{convert|62|ft|6|in|abbr=on}}|BR: {{convert|63|ft|11+1/2|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=BRB210 />}}
| width            = {{convert|2.819|m|ftin|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=BRB210 />
| height           = {{ubl|SR: {{convert|12|ft|9+1/2|in|abbr=on}}|BR: {{convert|12|ft|9+1/4|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=TRC1 />}}
| floorheight      = 
| platformheight   = 
| entrylevelorstep = BR: {{convert|3|ft|9|in|2|abbr=on}}<ref name=BRB210 />
| doors            = [[Slam door|Slam]]<ref name=TRC1 />
| wheeldiameter    = 
| wheelbase        = {{ubl|BR: {{convert|46|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} (bogie centres)|{{convert|8|ft|9|in|abbr=on}} (motor bogie)|{{convert|8|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} (others)<ref name=BRB210 />}}
| maxspeed         = BR: {{convert|90|mph|abbr=on}}<ref name=Fox87-8283 />
| weight           = {{ubl|SR: {{convert|40|t|abbr=on}} (DMBSO)|{{convert|32|t|abbr=on}}<ref name=TRC1 />|BR: {{convert|42|t|abbr=on}} (DMBSO)|{{convert|32.5|t|abbr=on}} (DTCsoL)<ref name=Fox87-8283 />}}
| axleload         =   
| traction         = 
| traction motors  = Two [[English Electric|EE]]507 <ref name=BRB210 /><ref name=TRC1 />
| poweroutput      = 2 x {{convert|250|hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|500|hp|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}<ref name=TRC1 />
| tractiveeffort   = 
| transmission     = 
| acceleration     = 
| deceleration     = 
| aux              = 
| powersupply      = 
| hvac             = Electric<ref name=BRB210 />
| electricsystem   = 750/850 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]<ref name=BRB210 />
| collectionmethod = [[Current collector#Contact shoe|Contact shoe]]
| uicclass         = Bo′2′+2′2′
| bogies           = {{ubl|SR: SR|BR: [[Bogie#Commonwealth bogie|Commonwealth]] (inner), mk3 (outer) (sets, 6112-6141)|Mk4 (others)<ref name=Fox87-8283 />}} 
| brakes           = [[Railway airbrake|Air]] ([[Electropneumatic brake|EP]]/Auto)<ref name=TRC1 />
| safety           = 
| coupling         = {{ubl|[[Janney coupler|Buckeye]] (outer)|3 link (inner)<ref name=BRB210 />}}
| multipleworking  = 1951, 1957, 1963, 1966 SR Emus<ref name=TRC1 />
| light            =
| gauge            = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| notes            =
}}

The '''British Rail''' '''Class 414''' (or [[SR Multiple Unit Numbering and Classification#DC third rail EMUs|2 HAP]]) were two-car [[electric multiple unit]]s that were built between 1956 and 1963. They were withdrawn in 1995.

==History==
The class formed part of the Southern Region's express fleet, and were fitted with the standard {{convert|90|mph|abbr=on}} express gear ratio, for such units. This was primarily because a number of their duties involved working in multiple with the [[British Rail Class 411|4 CEP]] Express fleet, also of 90&nbsp;mph maximum speed. Three batches (209 units) were built.

The class was built in two different styles ,the first style was to the newer standard [[British Railways Mark 1|Mark 1 coach]] profile, in two batches from June 1957 onwards,{{sfn|Moody|1979|p=246}} and were numbered 6001–6042 and 6043–6173 respectively. Both of these batches were formed DMBSO + DTCsoL, as opposed to the DTCK in the second style. The DMBSO vehicles were to Diagram 400, the same as in the BR-designed Southern Region [[British Rail Class 416|2 EPB]] units, and orders in the second batch consisted of vehicles for both unit types.{{cn|date=May 2022|reason=[[WP:UGC]]/[[WP:SPS]] unreliable reference removed}} From 1974, 51 units had their first class accommodation downgraded to second class. They were also reclassified as 2-SAP and renumbered 5901–5951. They were converted back to their original configuration in 1980 (with the exception of one disbanded in 1978 due to accident damage) when many of these two later batches of units were reformed to [[British Rail Class 413|class 413/2 and 413/3 4-CAP units]]. 5951 was again converted back to a 2-SAP in 1982.

The second style of thirty-six units was built from 1958 onwards on the reclaimed [[underframe]]s of older [[SR Class 2NOL|2 NOL]] units, to the old SR-style Bulleid design and numbered in the range 5601–5636. These units had the formation Driving Motor Brake Open Second (DMBSO) + Driving Trailer Composite with lavatory (DTCK).{{sfn|Moody|1979|p=246}} In 1969, the first class seating in 12 units was downgraded in the DTCKL, becoming DTSK. The units were then reclassified as [[British Rail Class 418|2-SAP]]. First class was restored in 1970 and they regained their former identities. All were withdrawn by 1982, with the DMBSO getting refurbished and integrated into the class 415 refurbishment programme. The DTSKs were scrapped.

With the introduction of yellow warning panels from late 1963 the motor coaches of all Southern Region 2 and 3-car units were equipped with an inverted black triangle in order to provide an early visual indication to station staff that there was no brake van at the other end of the unit. As units such the 4 CAP stock had a brake van at each end of the unit they were not so equipped.

In compliance with the TOPS numbering system, surviving units from the range 6001–6042 were renumbered into the 42xx series (class 414/2); the surviving units of 6043–6173 became 43xx (class 414/3).

Withdrawals of the class began in 1982 and modernisation of the units began in 1983, when 10 DMBSO from withdrawn units were converted for use on the Gatwick Express service in conjunction with converted loco-hauled Open First (FO) and Open Second (SO) vehicles and class 73 locomotives. These vehicles were classified as {{brc|489}} with "units" numbered 9101–9110 and individual carriage numbers 68500–68509.

==Accidents and incidents==
*On 16 November 1970, a unit of the class was derailed at {{rws|London Bridge}}.{{sfn|Moody|1979|p=212}}
*On 26 February 1971, a train formed by five units of the class overran the [[buffer stop|buffers]] at {{rws|Sheerness-on-Sea}}, [[Kent]]. One person was killed and ten were injured.{{sfn|Moody|1979|p=212}}

==Preservation==
Two complete units have been preserved; (with a further four driving motor coaches, see {{brc|489}}):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table of preserved units
!colspan=3|Unit number <br><small>(current in bold)</small>
!DMBSO
!DTCso
!Built
!Livery
!Location
|-
|align=center|'''4308'''
|align=center|-
|align=center|-
|align=center|61275
|align=center|75395
|1958 Eastleigh
|Network South East on one side, BR Blue on the other.
|[[National Railway Museum]]
|-
|align=center|'''4311'''
|align=center|-
|align=center|-
|align=center|61287
|align=center|75407
|1958 Eastleigh
|Network South East
|Darley Dale, [[Peak Rail]], Derbyshire
|}

==References==
{{commons category|British Rail Class 414}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.southernelectric.org.uk/features/historical-features/brfleet_hap.html|title=2-car units for semi-fast and stopping services (2Hap, 2Sap and 4Cap)|publisher=Southern Electric Group|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104034/http://www.southernelectric.org.uk/features/historical-features/brfleet_hap.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|title=Multiple Unit Pocket Book|series=British Railways Pocket Book No.2|edition=Summer/Autumn 1987|year=1987|first=Peter|last=Fox|publisher=Platform 5 Publishing Ltd.|isbn=0906579740|oclc=613347580}}
*{{cite book|title=British Railways Electric Multiple Units to 1975|first=Hugh|last=Longworth|publisher=Oxford Publishing Co.|year=2015|isbn=9780860936688|oclc=923205678}}
*{{Marsden-SouthernEMU2 }}
*{{cite book |title=Southern Electric 1909-1979 |first=G. T. |last=Moody |orig-year=1957 |year=1979 |edition=Fifth |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd |location=Shepperton |isbn=0-7110-0924-4 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=EMUs|first=Colin J.|last=Marsden|series=Motive Power Recognition|volume=2|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1982|pages=74–77|isbn=9780711011656|oclc=16537600}}

{{British Rail EMU}}

[[Category:British Rail electric multiple units|414]]
[[Category:Train-related introductions in 1956]]
[[Category:750 V DC multiple units]]