View source for Gadsby (novel)

{{short description|Novel by Ernest Vincent Wright that tried not to use the letter "e"}}
{{distinguish|The Great Gatsby}}
{{Infobox book
| name          = Gadsby
| title_orig    =
| image         = Gadsby (book cover).jpg
| caption       = Front dust jacket of the 1939 first edition
| author        = [[Ernest Vincent Wright]]
| illustrator   =
| cover_artist  =
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| genre         = [[Novel]], lipogram omitting the letter ''E'' 
| publisher     = Wetzel Publishing Co.
| pub_date      = 1939
| media_type    = Print ([[hardcover]])
| pages         = 260 pp
| oclc          = 57759048
}}
<!--Do not revise this article to remove the letter 'E'. See talk page for reasons. -->
'''''Gadsby''''' is a [[1939 in literature|1939]] novel by [[Ernest Vincent Wright]] which includes only two words that contain the letter [[E (letter)|E]], the most common letter in English. A work that deliberately avoids certain letters is known as a [[lipogram]]. The plot revolves around the dying fictional city of Branton Hills, which is revitalized as a result of the efforts of [[protagonist]] John Gadsby and a youth organizer.

Though [[vanity publishing|vanity published]] and little noticed in its time, the book has since become a favorite of fans of [[constrained writing]] and is a sought-after rarity among some book collectors. The first edition carries on title page and cover the [[Subtitle (titling)|subtitle]] ''A Story of Over 50,000 Words Without Using the Letter "E"'' (with the variant ''50,000 Word Novel Without the Letter "E"'' on the dust jacket), sometimes dropped from late reprints.

Despite Wright's claim, the work accidentally contains four uses of the letter "e": "the" three times and "officers" once.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Ernest Vincent |title=Gadsby: A Story of Over 50,000 Words Without Using the Letter "E" |title-link=s:Gadsby |date=1939 |publication-place=Los Angeles, California |publisher=Wetzel Publishing Co. |pages=51, 103, 124, 213 |edition=1st}}
# "Amongst '''the''' boys, cast a fond look upon..."
# "And with that big Municipal Band a-booming and blaring, and '''the''' crowd of our old Organization girls pushing forward..."
# "...who found Nina frantic from not knowing Virginia's condition, nor why '''the''' pair of youths shot madly away without calling anybody."
* "...with a lot of big shouting patrol '''officers''', asking..."</ref>

==Lipogrammatic quality==
In the introduction to the book (which, not being part of the story, does contain the letter 'e') Wright says his primary difficulty was avoiding the "-ed" suffix for [[past tense]] verbs. He made extensive use of verbs that do not take the -ed suffix and constructions with "do" and "did" (for instance "did walk" instead of "walked"). Scarcity of word options also drastically limited discussion involving quantity{{Snd}}Wright could not write about any number between six and thirty{{Snd}}pronouns, and many common words.<ref>[http://www.spinelessbooks.com/gadsby/index.html Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words] Introduction, online copy hosted at Spineless Books</ref>

An article in the linguistic periodical ''[[Word Ways (journal)|Word Ways]]'' said that 250 of the 500 most commonly used words in English were still available to Wright despite the omission of words with ''e''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk1iAAAAMAAJ&q=gadsby |title=Names and Games: Onomastics and Recreational Linguistics: An Anthology of 99 Articles Published in Word Ways, the Journal of Recreational Linguistics from February 1968 to August 1985 |editor-last=Eckler |editor-first=Albert Ross |year=1986 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-8191-5350-0}}</ref>

Wright uses [[abbreviations]] on occasion, but only if the full form is similarly lipogrammatic, e.g. "Dr." (Doctor) and "P.S." ([[postscript]]) would be allowed but not "Mr." (Mister).

Wright also turns famous sayings into lipograms. Instead of [[William Congreve]]'s original line, "Music has charms to soothe a savage breast", Wright writes that music "hath charms to calm a wild bosom." [[John Keats]]' "[[Endymion (poem)|a thing of beauty is a joy forever]]" becomes "a charming thing is a joy always".<ref name="villagevoice.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2002-08-06/art/egadsby/ |title=Egadsby! Ernest Vincent Wright's Machine Dreams |first=Ed |last=Park |publisher=The Village Voice |date=6 August 2002}}</ref> In other respects, Wright does not avoid topics which would otherwise require the letter "e"; for example, a detailed description of a horse-drawn fire engine is made without using the words "horse", "fire", or "engine".

==Plot and structure==
John Gadsby, 50, is alarmed by the decline of his hometown, Branton Hills, and rallies the city's youth to form an "Organization of Youth" to build civic spirit and improve living standards. Gadsby and his youthful army, despite some opposition, transform Branton Hills from a stagnant municipality into a bustling, thriving city. Toward the book's conclusion, the members of Gadsby's organization receive diplomas in honor of their work. Gadsby becomes mayor and helps increase Branton Hills' population from 2,000 to 60,000.

The story starts around 1906 and continues through [[World War I]], [[Prohibition#United_States|Prohibition]], and President [[Warren G. Harding]]'s administration. ''Gadsby'' is divided into two parts: the first, about a quarter of the book's total length, is strictly a history of the city of Branton Hills and John Gadsby's place in it, while the second part of the book fleshes out its main characters.

The novel is written from the point of view of an anonymous narrator, who continually complains about his poor writing skills and often uses [[circumlocution]]. "Now, naturally, in writing such a story as this, with its conditions as laid down in its Introduction, it is not surprising that an occasional 'rough spot' in composition is found", the narrator says. "So I trust that a critical public will hold constantly in mind that I am voluntarily avoiding words containing that symbol which is, by far, of most common inclusion in writing our Anglo-Saxon as it is, today".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinelessbooks.com/gadsby/index.html |title=Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817121857/http://www.spinelessbooks.com/gadsby/index.html|archive-date=August 17, 2003|access-date=2003-08-23|via=Spineless Books}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

===Example prose===
The book's opening two paragraphs are:<ref>[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47342 ''Gadsby''] at [[Project Gutenberg]]</ref>

{{poemquote|If Youth, throughout all history, had had a champion to stand up for it; to show a doubting world that a child can think; and, possibly, do it practically; you wouldn't constantly run across folks today who claim that "a child don't know anything." A child's brain starts functioning at birth; and has, amongst its many infant convolutions, thousands of dormant atoms, into which God has put a mystic possibility for noticing an adult's act, and figuring out its purport.

Up to about its primary school days a child thinks, naturally, only of play. But many a form of play contains disciplinary factors. "You can't do this," or "that puts you out," shows a child that it must think, practically, or fail. Now, if, throughout childhood, a brain has no opposition, it is plain that it will attain a position of "status quo," as with our ordinary animals. Man knows not why a cow, dog or lion was not born with a brain on a par with ours; why such animals cannot add, subtract, or obtain from books and schooling, that paramount position which Man holds today.}}

==Publication and composition==
Wright appears to have worked on the manuscript for a number of years. Though its official publication date is 1939, references in newspaper humor columns are made to his manuscript of a book without an "e" years earlier. Prior to publication he occasionally referred to his manuscript as ''Champion of Youth''. In October 1930, while Wright was living near [[Tampa, Florida]], he wrote a letter to ''The Evening Independent'' newspaper, boasted that he had written a fine lipogrammatic work, and suggested the paper hold a lipogram competition, with $250 for the winner. The paper turned him down.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ivgLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NFUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4308,839245 |publisher=The Evening Independent |date=3 April 1937 |title=The Rambler (humor column)}}</ref>

Wright struggled to find a publisher for the book, and eventually used Wetzel Publishing Co., a [[self-publishing press]]. A 2007 post on the ''Bookride'' blog about rare books says a warehouse holding copies of ''Gadsby'' burned shortly after the book was printed, destroying "most copies of the ill fated novel". The blog post says the book was never reviewed "and only kept alive by the efforts of a few avant garde French intellos and assorted connoisseurs of the odd, weird and zany". The book's scarcity and oddness has seen original copies priced at $4,000<ref name="Bookride blog">{{cite web |url=http://www.bookride.com/2007/02/gadsby-story-of-over-50000-words_24.html |title=Gadsby. A Story of Over 50.000 Words Without Using the Letter E. 1939 |publisher=Bookride blog |date=24 February 2007}}</ref> to $7,500<ref name="Rulon-Miller Books">{{cite web |url=http://www.rulon.com/Catpages/online/september_2013/online_september_2013.html |title=Online List, September 2013: Recent Acquisitions |publisher=Rulon-Miller Books |date=2013 |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202171128/http://www.rulon.com/Catpages/online/september_2013/online_september_2013.html |archive-date=2014-02-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by book dealers. Wright died the same year of publication, 1939.

In 1937, Wright said writing the book was a challenge and the author of an article on his efforts in ''The Oshkosh Daily'' recommended composing lipograms for insomnia sufferers.<ref name="Fifty Thousand Words Minus 1937">{{cite news |title=Fifty Thousand Words Minus |publisher=The Oskhosh Daily |first=Walter B. |last=Clausen |date=March 25, 1937}}</ref> Wright said in his introduction to ''Gadsby'' that "this story was written, not through any attempt to attain literary merit, but due to a somewhat balky nature, caused by hearing it so constantly claimed that 'it can't be done'". He said he tied down the "e" key on his typewriter while completing the final manuscript. "This was done so that none of that vowel might slip in, accidentally; and many did try to do so!"<ref>[http://www.spinelessbooks.com/gadsby/index.html Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words] Online copy hosted at Spineless Books, Introduction</ref> And in fact, the 1939 printing by the Wetzel Publishing Co. contains four such slips, the word "the" on pages 51, 103 and 124, and the word "officers" on page 213.<ref>[[s:Page:Gadsby.djvu/59|Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words]] page 51 of 1939 printing by Wetzel Publishing Co.</ref><ref>[[s:Page:Gadsby.djvu/111|Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words]] page 103 of 1939 printing by Wetzel Publishing Co.</ref><ref>[[s:Page:Gadsby.djvu/132|Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words]] page 124 of 1939 printing by Wetzel Publishing Co.</ref><ref>[[s:Page:Gadsby.djvu/221|Gadsby: A Story of 50,000 Words]] page 213 of 1939 printing by Wetzel Publishing Co.</ref>

==Reception and influence==
''La Disparition'' (''[[A Void]]'') is a 1969 lipogrammatic French novel partly inspired by ''Gadsby''<ref>{{harvnb|Abish|1995|p= X11}}</ref> that likewise omits the letter "e" and is 50,000 words long.<ref name="Bookride blog"/>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}} Its author, [[Georges Perec]], was introduced to Wright's book by a friend of his in [[Oulipo]], a multinational constrained-writing group.<ref>{{harvnb|Bellos|1993|p= 395}}</ref> Perec was aware from Wright's lack of success that publication of such a work "was taking a risk" of finishing up "with nothing [but] a ''Gadsby''".<ref>{{harvnb|Bellos|1993|p= 399}}</ref> As a nod to Wright, ''La Disparition'' contains a character named "Lord Gadsby V. Wright",<ref>{{harvnb|Sturrock|1999}}</ref> a tutor to protagonist Anton Voyl; in addition, a composition attributed to Voyl in ''La Disparition'' is actually a quotation from ''Gadsby''.<ref name="villagevoice.com"/>

[[Douglas Hofstadter]]'s 1997 book ''[[Le Ton beau de Marot]]'' quotes parts of ''Gadsby'' for illustration.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btIDAAAACAAJ |title=Le Ton beu de Marot: In Praise of the Music of Language |first=Douglas |last=Hofstadter |year=1998 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |isbn=978-0-465-08645-0}}</ref>

An article in the ''Oshkosh Daily'' in 1937 wrote (lipogrammatically) that the manuscript was "amazingly smooth. No halting parts. A continuity of plot and almost classic clarity obtains".<ref name="Fifty Thousand Words Minus 1937"/> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' wrote a humor column about ''Gadsby''. Author [[Ed Park]] jokingly aped Wright's style ("Lipogram aficionados—folks who lash words and (alas!) brains so as to omit particular symbols—did in fact gasp, saying, 'Hold that ringing communication tool for a bit! What about J. Gadsby?'").<ref name="villagevoice.com"/> [[David Crystal]], host of [[BBC Radio 4]]'s linguistics program ''English Now'', called it "probably the most ambitious work ever attempted in this genre".<ref name="crystal200163">{{harvnb|Crystal|2001|p= 63}}</ref> Trevor Kitson, writing in New Zealand's ''Manawatu Standard'' in 2006, said he was prompted to write a short lipogram after seeing Wright's book. The attempt gave him an appreciation for how difficult Wright's task was, but he was less impressed with the result. "It seems extraordinarily [[Wikt:twee#English|twee]] (not that it uses that word, of course) and mostly about [[American culture|all-American]] kids going to church and getting married" he wrote.<ref>''It Isn't Easy'', Manawatu Standard, Trevor Kitson, 24 May 2006</ref>

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation|last= Abish |first= Walter |author-link= Walter Abish |title=Vanishing Act.  Review of ''A Void'' |newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] |date= March 12, 1995 |page= X11 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-824926.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020122308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-824926.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |quote= The history of the lipogram dates back to the ancient Greeks. Its many more recent practitioners include Mallarme, Rimbaud, Thomas Hood and an American, Ernest Vincent Wright, who omitted the letter "e" from his novel Gadsby, published in 1939. Indeed, Wright may have served as a model for Perec, for he is referred to a number of times in ''A Void'' as "The Boss" to highlight his significance. }}.
* {{Citation|last= Bellos |first= David |title=Georges Perec: A Life in Words in Words: A Biography |year= 1993 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hxKxoGAuEgcC&pg=RA1-PA399#PRA1-PA399,M1 |isbn= 978-0-87923-980-0}}.
* {{Citation|last= Bookride |url= http://www.bookride.com/2007/02/gadsby-story-of-over-50000-words_24.html |chapter= Gadsby. A Story of Over 50.000 Words Without Using the Letter E. 1939 |title= Bookride |year= 2007 |access-date= 2008-11-04 }}.
* {{Citation|last= Crystal |first= David |author-link= David Crystal |place= Chicago |publisher= University of Chicago Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yTgi2Kn5VBIC&pg=PA63 |title= Language Play |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-226-12205-2 }}.
* {{Citation|editor-first= Albert Ross |editor-last= Eckler |title= Names and Games: Onomastics and Recreational Linguistics: An Anthology of 99 Articles Published in Word Ways, the Journal of Recreational Linguistics from February 1968 to August 1985 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk1iAAAAMAAJ&q=gadsby |place= Lanham, MD |publisher= University Press of America |year= 1986 |isbn= 978-0-8191-5350-0 }}.
* {{Citation|last= Grambs |first= David |title= Literary Companion Dictionary: Words about Words |publisher= Routledge |year= 1985 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PUYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86#PPA86,M1 |isbn= 978-0-7102-0052-5 }}.
* {{Citation|last= Hofstadter |first= Douglas R. |author-link= Douglas Hofstadter |title= Lipogrammatic Autobiography ... or ... Autobiographical Lipogram |publisher= Stanford |url= http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/hofstadter/autolipography.html |year= 2006 |access-date= 2008-11-04 }}.
* {{Citation | last = Lederer | first = Richard | title = The Word Circus: a Letter-Perfect Book | publisher = Merriam-Webster | place = Springfield | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-87779-354-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/wordcircusletter00lede }}
* {{Citation |last= Rulon-Miller Books |url= http://www.rulon.com/Catpages/online/september_2013/online_september_2013.html |chapter= Online List, September 2013: Recent Acquisitions |title= Rulon-Miller Books |year= 2013 |access-date= 2013-11-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202171128/http://www.rulon.com/Catpages/online/september_2013/online_september_2013.html |archive-date= 2014-02-02 |url-status= dead }}.
* {{Citation|last= Salomon |first= David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlWjiShUst0C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1 |title=Data Compression: The Complete Reference |publisher= Springer |year=2004 |edition=3rd |isbn= 978-0-387-40697-8 }}.
* {{Citation|last= Sturrock |first= John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEp1NAmrpVcC&pg=PA195#PPA195,M1|title= The Word from Paris: Essays on Modern French Thinkers and Writers |publisher = Verso |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-1-85984-163-1 }}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Gadsby|''Gadsby''}}
* [https://archive.org/details/Gadsby ''Gadsby''] at [[Internet Archive]] (scanned book)
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47342 ''Gadsby''] at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* {{FadedPage|id=20220749|name=Gadsby}}
* {{librivox book | title=Gadsby | author=Wright}}
* {{Citation|url= http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,757557,00.html |title= Miscellany |journal= Time |date= April 5, 1937 }}. Notification of Wright's finishing

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadsby: Champion Of Youth}}
[[Category:1939 American novels]]
[[Category:Lipograms]]
[[Category:Self-published books]]