View source for Eritreans

{{Short description|People from Eritrea and its diaspora}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Eritreans
| population       = [[File:Eritrean people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]] Eritrea: 3.6–6.7 million<ref name="UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population"/><ref name="COMESA_ERpop_2019"/><br />Eritrean diaspora: ≥600,000
| region1          = {{flag|Eritrea}}
| pop1             = 3.6–6.7 million<ref name="UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population"/><ref name="COMESA_ERpop_2019"/>
| region2          = {{flag|Ethiopia}}
| pop2             = 170,231<ref name=EthiopiaPop/>
| region3          = {{flag|Sudan}}
| pop3             = 159,748 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region4          = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop4             = 82,000 {{small|(Eritrean citizens)}}<ref name=GermanyPop/>
| region5          = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop5             = 49,213<ref name=SwedenPop/>
| region6          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop6             = 47,449<ref name=USPop/><ref name=USPop2/><ref name=USPop3/>
| region7          = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop7             = 36,359<ref name=SwissPop/>
| region8          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop8             = 36,290<ref name=CanadaPop/>
| region9          = {{flag|England}} and {{flag|Wales}}
| pop9             = 24,812<ref name=EnglandWalesPop/>
| region10         = {{flag|Israel}}
| pop10            = 20,500<ref name=IsraelPop/>
| region11         = {{flag|Norway}}
| pop11            = 19,957<ref name=NorwayPop/>
| region12         = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop12            = 17,916 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region13         = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop13            = 13,592 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region14         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop14            = 9,383<ref name=AustraliaPop2/>
| region15         = {{flag|Denmark}}
| pop15            = 8,060<ref name=DenmarkPop/>
| region16         = {{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop16            = 4,725 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region17         = {{flag|Uganda}}
| pop17            = 3,529 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region18         = {{flag|South Sudan}}
| pop18            = 3,318 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region19         = {{flag|Egypt}}
| pop19            = 2,368 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region20         = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop20            = 2,150 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region21         = {{flag|Kenya}}
| pop21            = 2,127 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region22         = {{flag|Libya}}
| pop22            = 1,983 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region23         = {{flag|Qatar}}
| pop23            = 1,854 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region24         = {{flag|Finland}}
| pop24            = 1,642 <ref name=FinlandPop/>
| region25         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop25            = 1,604 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region26         = {{flag|Bahrain}}
| pop26            = 1,550 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| region27         = {{flag|Greece}}
| pop27            = 1,055<ref>[https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/emigration/eritrea Eritrea - International emigrant stock]</ref>
| region28         = {{flag|Yemen}}
| pop28            = 1,009 {{small|(Eritrean-born)}}<ref name=UNPop/>
| langs            = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]], [[Tigre language|Tigre]], [[Kunama language|Kunama]], [[Bilen language|Bilen]], [[Nara language|Nara]], [[Saho language|Saho]], [[Afar language|Afar]], [[Beja language|Beja]], and other [[Languages of Eritrea]]
| religions        = [[Christianity|Christian]] ([[Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Eritrean Orthodox]], [[P'ent'ay]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]]), [[Islam|Muslim]], [[Animism]]<ref name=Religions/><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76chttps://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=76c |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
}}

'''Eritreans''' are the native inhabitants of [[Eritrea]], as well as the global [[Eritrean diaspora|diaspora]] of Eritrea. Eritreans constitute [[#Component ethnicities|several component ethnic groups]], some of which are related to ethnic groups that make up the [[Ethiopians|Ethiopian people]] in neighboring [[Ethiopia]] and people groups in other parts of the [[Horn of Africa]]. Nine of these component ethnic groups are officially recognized by the [[Government of Eritrea]].

The Eritrean national identity began to develop during the [[Scramble for Africa]], when [[Italy]] claimed Eritrea as one of its colonies. This marked the establishment of Eritrea's present-day borders.<ref name = Ully/> Following Italy's defeat in [[World War II]] and the subsequent [[United Kingdom|British]] administration of Eritrea, the former colony was [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|federated with Ethiopia]] in 1952.<ref name=UNReport/> Tensions increased through the 1950s between Eritreans wishing for independence and the Ethiopian government, culminating in the Eritrean War of Independence.<ref name=Struggle/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Eritrea}}

===Ancient history===
{{Main|Land of Punt|Dʿmt|Kingdom of Aksum}}
Eritrea is widely considered to have been part of the territory of the ancient [[Land of Punt]], which was first recorded by the [[ancient Egypt]]ians in the 25th century BC.<ref name=Punt/> Most of the area, along with northern Ethiopia, became part of [[Dʿmt]] from the 10th to 5th centuries BC. This area later became the centre of the [[Kingdom of Aksum]] in the 1st century BC.<ref name=Uhlig/> The 3rd century Iranian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] wrote that Aksum was one of four great powers of the world, along with [[Sasanian Empire|Persia]], [[Roman Empire|Rome]], and [[Three Kingdoms|China]].<ref name=Mani/> It is mentioned in the [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]];<ref name=Periplus/> the name ''Erythraean Sea'' refers to the [[Red Sea]], and is the origin of the name ''Eritrea''.<ref name=RedSea/> Aksum began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually collapsing by the end of the 10th century.<ref name=AksumDecline/>

===Medieval history===
{{Main|Medri Bahri|Adal Sultanate|Habesh Eyalet}}
Following the fall of Aksum, the land of present-day Eritrea was part of [[Medri Bahri]]. The kingdom lasted until Italian colonization in 1889,<ref name=MedriBahri/> however the coastal regions were ruled by other polities during this time. The [[Adal Sultanate]] conquered the coast under [[Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din]] in the 15th century,<ref name=Adal/> and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquered the area in 1517, incorporating into the empire as [[Habesh Eyalet]].<ref name=Ottoman/>

===Modern history===
{{Main|Italian Eritrea|Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean War of Independence}}
Eritrea, with its current borders, was established as a colony of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in 1889.<ref name=Ully/> The colonial period saw a large influx of [[Italians]] to the country, particularly during the [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|fascist period]]. However, despite the substantial [[Italian Eritreans|Italian Eritrean]] community, mixed-race Eritreans were uncommon, as Italians and Africans were prohibited from marrying or having sexual relations under the [[Italian racial laws]].<ref name=Fascist/>

Eritrea was under British administration from 1941 to 1952,<ref name=British/> at which point it was federated with Ethiopia.<ref name=UNReport/> The Eritrean War of Independence began on September 1, 1961, with the [[Battle of Adal]],<ref name=WarBegin/> and ended on May 24, 1991.<ref name=WarEnd/> Eritrea officially gained independence in 1993; since then it has been governed by [[Isaias Afwerki]], whose regime has been defined by an extremely poor [[Human rights in Eritrea|human rights record]].<ref name=HumanRights/> Diaspora displaced by the [[Eritrean War of Independence]]<ref name="Berhane" /> and seeking refuge from human rights violations by the Eritrean government.<ref name="Rights" />

== Component ethnicities ==

=== Tigrinya ===
{{main|Tigrinya people}}
The majority of the [[Tigrinya people|Tigrinya]] inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. Their language is called [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]. They are the largest ethnic group in the country, constituting about 45% of the population.<ref name="Ciaethn4">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#er|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#er|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2007|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> The predominantly Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital [[Asmara]], [[Mendefera]], [[Dekemhare]], [[Adi Keyh]], [[Adi Quala]]and [[Senafe]]. while there is a significant population of Tigrinya in other cities including [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], and [[Massawa]].

They are 96% Christians, (of which 90% are of the [[Eritrean Orthodox]] faith, 5% [[Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Catholic]] (whose mass is held in [[Ge'ez]] as opposed to Latin), and 5% belonging to various [[Protestant]] and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea).

=== Tigre ===
{{main|Tigre people}}
The Tigre reside in the western lowlands in Eritrea. Many also migrated to Sudan at the time of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and lived there since. They are a nomadic and pastoralist people, related to the [[Tigrinya]] and to the [[Beja people]]. They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30% of local residents.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> Some also inhabit areas in eastern Sudan. 95% of the Tigre people adhere to the Islamic religion [[Sunni Islam]], but there are a small number of Christians among them as well (often referred to as the Mensaï in Eritrea). Their language is called [[Tigre language|Tigre]].

=== Jeberti ===
The [[Jeberti people]] in Eritrea trace descent from early Muslim adherents. The term ''Jeberti'' is also used to refer more generally to Muslim inhabitants of the [[Ethiopian Highlands|highlands]].<ref name="Lhrfda">{{cite journal|last=Kifleyesus|first=Abbebe|date=January 2009|title=Jeberti Women Traders' Innumeracy: Its Impact on Commercial Activity in Eritrea|url=https://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/pdf/21986| via=[[Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte|OpenEdition.org]] | journal=L'Homme: Revue française d'anthropologie|issue=189|page=59|access-date=27 February 2015 | quote=The word Jeberti is a generic term for Muslims scattered throughout the Christian Tigrigna-speaking south-central highlands of Eritrea and the Christian Amharic-speaking north-central highlands.}}</ref> The Jeberti in Eritrea speak [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]].<ref name="Eotpoaatme">{{cite book|last=Facts On File, Incorporated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1438126760|page=336}}</ref>

=== Afar ===
{{main|Afar people}}
According to the CIA, the Afar constitute under 5% of the nation's population.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They live in the [[Debubawi Keyih Bahri Region]] of Eritrea, as well as the [[Afar Region]] in Ethiopia, and [[Djibouti]]. They speak the [[Afar language]] as a mother tongue, and are predominantly Muslim. Afars in Eritrea number about 397,000 individuals, the smallest population out of the countries they reside in. In Djibouti, there are about 780,000 group members, and in Ethiopia, they number approximately 1,300,000.

=== Saho ===
{{main|Saho people}}
The Saho represent 4% of Eritrea's population.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They principally reside in the [[Southern Region (Eritrea)|Southern Region]] and the [[Northern Red Sea Region]] of Eritrea. Their language is called [[Saho language|Saho]]. They are predominantly Muslim, although a few Christians known as the [[Irob people|Irob]] live in the [[Debub Region]] of Eritrea and the [[Tigray region]] of Ethiopia.

=== Bilen ===
{{main|Bilen people}}
The Bilen in Eritrea represent around 2% of the country's population.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They are primarily concentrated in the north-central areas, in and around the city of [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], and south towards [[Asmara]], the nation's capital. Many of them entered Eritrea from Kush (central Sudan) in the 8th century and settled at Merara, after which they went to Lalibela and Lasta. The Bilen then returned to Axum in Ethiopia's [[Tigray Province]], and battled with the natives; in the resulting aftermath, the Bilen returned to their main base at Merara. The Bilen include adherents of both [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. They speak the [[Bilen language|Bilen]] as a mother tongue. Christian adherents are mainly urban and have intermingled with the Tigrinya who live in the area. Muslim adherents are mainly rural and have interbred with the adjacent Tigre.

=== Beja ===
{{main|Beja people}}
The Beja in Eritrea, or [[Hedareb]], constitute under 5% of local residents.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They mainly live along the north-western border with Sudan. Group members are predominantly Muslim and communicate in [[Hedareb language|Hedareb]] as a first or second language. The Beja also include the [[Beni-Amer people]], who have retained their native [[Beja language]] alongside Hedareb.

=== Kunama ===
{{main|Kunama people}}
According to the CIA, the Kunama constitute around 2% of Eritrea's population.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They mainly live in the country's [[Gash Barka Region]], as well as in adjacent parts of Ethiopia's [[Tigray Region]]. Many of them reside in the contested border village of [[Badme]]. Their language is called [[Kunama language|Kunama]]. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most are converts to either Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant) or Islam.

=== Nara ===
{{main|Nara people}}
The Nara represent under 5% of the nation's population.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> They principally reside along the south-western border with Sudan and Ethiopia. They are generally Muslim, with a few Christians and some practising their indigenous beliefs. Their language is called [[Nara language|Nara]].

=== Rashaida Arabs in Eritrean ===
{{main|Rashaida people}}
The Rashaida are one of Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups. They represent around 2% of the population of Eritrea.<ref name="Ciaethn4"/> The Rashaida reside in the northern coastal lowlands of Eritrea and the northern eastern coasts of Sudan. They are predominantly Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as their mother tongue, specifically the [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi dialect]]. The Rashaida first came to Eritrea in the 19th century from the Arabian Coast.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alders|first=Anne|title=the Rashaida|url=http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html|access-date=2006-06-07|archive-date=2006-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709094430/http://www.eritreanbeauty.com/r.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Italians in Eritrea ===
{{main|Italian Eritreans}}
A few monolingual [[Italian Eritreans]] remain. As of 2008, they were estimated at 900 people, down from around 38,000 residents at the end of World War II.

=== Eritrean diaspora ===

* [[Eritrean Americans]]
* [[Eritrean Australians]]
* [[Eritrean Canadians]]
* [[Eritreans in Italy]]
* [[Eritreans in the United Kingdom]]
* [[:Category:Dutch people of Eritrean descent|Eritreans in the Netherlands]]
* [[Eritreans in Denmark]]
* [[African immigration to Israel|Eritreans in Israel]]
* [[Eritreans in Norway]]
* [[Eritreans in Sweden]]
*[[Ethiopians]]
** [[:Category:Eritrean people of Ethiopian descent|Eritrean people of Ethiopian descent]]
** [[:Category:Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent|Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent]]

==Languages==
{{Main|Languages of Eritrea}}
Most languages spoken in Eritrea are from the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] and [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] language family.

===Afroasiatic languages===
====Semitic languages====
*[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]
*[[Tigre language|Tigre]]
*[[Dahalik language|Dahalik]]
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]]

====Cushitic languages====
*[[Beja language|Beja]]
*[[Saho language|Saho]]
*[[Afar language|Afar]]
*[[Bilen language|Bilen]]

===Nilo-Saharan languages===
*[[Kunama language|Kunama]]
*[[Nara language|Nara]]

===Other languages===
*[[Arabic]]
*[[Italian language|Italian]]
*[[English language|English]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Eritrea}}
*[[Demographics of Eritrea]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="UNDESA_WPP_2019_total_population">{{cite web | title= World Population Prospects 2019 | website= [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UN DESA]] |year = 2019 | url = https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210227235642/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx |archive-date= 2021-02-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="COMESA_ERpop_2019">{{cite web | title= Eritrea – Indicators – Population (million people), 2018 | website= [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] |year = 2019 | url = https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 | access-date = 2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://comstat.comesa.int/lqpaqnf/comesa-in-figures-2019?tsId=1000510 |archive-date= 2021-02-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=UNPop>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx|title=Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015)|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs|year=2015|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=EthiopiaPop>{{cite web|title=Country – Ethiopia – UNHCR data portal|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/eth|publisher=UNHCR|accessdate= 16 June 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=GermanyPop>{{cite web|title=(translation) foreigners in Germany from 2020-2022|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|accessdate= 12 October 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=USPop>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Place+of+birth&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B05006|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2023-05-30}}</ref>

<ref name=USPop2>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls |title     = Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000 |access-date=2013-04-19 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>

<ref name=USPop3>{{cite web |url= https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/03/24/eritreans-us-worry-loved-ones-ethiopia-refugee-camps/6981923002/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |publisher = U.S. Census Bureau|title='I can't sleep': Eritreans in the US worry for loved ones living in Ethiopian refugee camps }}</ref>

<ref name=SwedenPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/population/population-composition/population-statistics/| access-date=30 May 2023| publisher= Statistics Sweden| title=Population statistics }}</ref>

<ref name=SwissPop>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/migration-integration/auslaendische-bevoelkerung.assetdetail.5866926.html|title=Ständige ausländische Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, 1980-2017 - 1980-2017 &#124; Tabelle|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=DenmarkPop>{{cite web|title=FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin|url=http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?MainTable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=1|publisher=[[Statistics Denmark]]|accessdate=2 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name=IsraelPop>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-19 |title=Refugees in Israel - א.ס.ף {{!}} ASSAF |url=https://assaf.org.il/en/refugees-in-israel/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=א.ס.ף {{!}} ASSAF - }}</ref>

<ref name=NorwayPop>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef/|work=Statistics Norway|title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2021|language=no}}</ref>

<ref name=CanadaPop>{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=EnglandWalesPop>{{cite web |title=Phase two - Combinations of Census 2021 data |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS022/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d551ef40-ba34-4ec3-8578-be667738e2a4#get-data|website=www.ons.gov.uk |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>

<ref name=AustraliaPop2>{{Cite web |url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry |title=Ancestry – Australia – Community profile |publisher=.id. ABS |date=2016 |access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref>

<ref name=FinlandPop>{{Cite web |url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990–2022|publisher=[[Statistics Finland]]}}</ref>

<ref name=Religions>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name="Berhane">{{cite journal |last1= Berhane|first1= Aaron|last2= Tyyskä|first2= Vappu|date= 3 November 2017|title= Coercive Transnational Governance and Its Impact on the Settlement Process of Eritrean Refugees in Canada|url= https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/40404/36456|journal= Refuge|volume= 3|issue= 2|pages= 78–87|doi= 10.7202/1043065ar|access-date= 15 March 2021|doi-access= free}}</ref>

<ref name="Rights">{{cite web |title=Report of the detailed findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIEritrea/A_HRC_29_CRP-1.pdf |publisher=Human Rights Council |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name=Ully>[[Edward Ullendorff|Ullendorff, Edward]]. ''The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People'' 2nd&nbsp;ed., p.&nbsp;90. [[Oxford University Press]] (London), 1965. {{ISBN|0-19-285061-X}}.</ref>

<ref name=UNReport>{{cite conference |url= https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/624014?ln=en|title= Final report of the United Nations Commissioner in Eritrea |last1= Matienzo|first1= Eduardo Anze|date= 1952|publisher= United Nations|conference= General Assembly seventh regular session}}</ref>

<ref name=Struggle>{{Cite journal|last=Biziouras|first=Nikolaos|date=2013-01-01|title=The Genesis of the Modern Eritrean Struggle (1942–1961)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.771419|journal=The Journal of the Middle East and Africa|volume=4|issue=1|pages=41|doi=10.1080/21520844.2013.771419|s2cid=210662586|issn=2152-0844}}</ref>

<ref name=Punt>{{cite news|title= Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt |access-date= 26 April 2010 |work= The Independent|date= 26 April 2010 |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/baboon-mummy-analysis-reveals-eritrea-and-ethiopia-as-location-of-land-of-punt-1954547.html|author=Jarus, Owen}}</ref>

<ref name=Uhlig>Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.), ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005. p. 185.</ref>

<ref name=Mani>{{cite book |last= Henze|first= Paul B.|date= 2000|title= Layers of Time|chapter= The Aksumite Empire|pages= 22–43|chapter-url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-11786-1_2|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|doi= 10.1007/978-1-137-11786-1_2|isbn= 9781137117861}}</ref>

<ref name=Periplus>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html ''Periplus of the Erythreaean Sea''], chs. 4, 5</ref>

<ref name=RedSea>{{cite book|author1=Dan Connell|author2=Tom Killion|title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&pg=PA7|date=14 October 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7505-0|pages=7–}}</ref>

<ref name=AksumDecline>David W. Phillipson (2012): ''Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1000 BC – AD 1300''. James Currey. p. 209</ref>

<ref name=MedriBahri>{{cite book|author=Richard Alan Caulk|title="Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876–1896)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C|year=2002|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04558-2|pages=143–149}}</ref>

<ref name=Adal>{{cite book |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall |title=The History of Islam in Africa |date=31 March 2000 |publisher=Ohio University Press |page=229 |isbn=9780821444610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&q=Sawakin+adal&pg=PA229}}</ref>

<ref name=Ottoman>{{cite book|author=Okbazghi Yohannes|title=A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea|url=https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31|year=1991|publisher=University of Florida Press|isbn=978-0-8130-1044-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31 31–32]}}</ref>

<ref name=Fascist>{{cite book|author=Philip Morgan|title=Italian Fascism, 1915-1945|date=10 November 2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-80267-4|page=202}}</ref>

<ref name=British>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |title=Regions of Eritrea |url=http://www.statoids.com/uer.html |website=Administrative Divisions of Countries ('Statoids') |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=WarBegin>{{cite web|url=http://www.nharnet.com/Editorials/TodayinEriHistory/NharnetTeam_Jan13.htm|title=From the Experiences of the Eritrean Liberation Army (ELA)|date=13 January 2005|website=NHarnet.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926162749/http://www.nharnet.com/Editorials/TodayinEriHistory/NharnetTeam_Jan13.htm|archive-date=2009-09-26|url-status=live|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=WarEnd>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia-Eritrea: A Troubled Relationship |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/eritrea/overview.htm?noredirect=on |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

<ref name=HumanRights>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060211174118/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/eritre12307.htm Eritrea Human Rights Overview]. Human Rights Watch (2006)</ref>

}}

{{Ethnic groups in Eritrea}}
{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Eritrea topics}}
{{Eritrean diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eritrean people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Eritrea]]