View source for Justin I

{{Short description|Roman emperor from 518 to 527}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Solidus of Justin I (obverse).jpg
| alt          = Golden coin depicting Justin I
| caption      = ''[[Solidus (coin)|Solidus]]'' of Justin I marked:<br/>{{Smallcaps|{{Abbreviation|d·n·|DOMINUS NOSTER}} iustinus {{Abbreviation|p·p·|PERPETUUS}} {{Abbreviation|aug·|AUGUSTUS}}}}
| succession   = [[Byzantine emperor]]
| reign        = 9 July 518 – 1 August 527
| coronation   = 10 July 518{{efn|The ''[[PLRE]]'' gives 10 July as the date of Justin's accession,{{sfn|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1980|}} following [[Zacharias of Mytilene]].<ref>[[Zacharias of Mytilene]] [[iarchive:cu31924027994726/page/n198/mode/1up|VIII, 1.]]</ref> All other contemporary authors give 9 July.<ref>[[John Malalas]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=MwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 XVII,1]; [[Evagrius Scholasticus]] [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/evagrius_4_book4.htm IV,1]; ''[[Chronicon Paschale]]'' [[iarchive:chronicon-p/page/103/mode/1up|518.]]</ref> [[Constantine&nbsp;VII]]'s {{lang|la|[[De Ceremoniis]]}} states that he was crowned on the morning after Anastasius' death.<ref>[[Constantine VII]] ({{circa}} 956), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9VQ6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA426 ''De Ceremoniis''], I 93.</ref>}}
| predecessor  = [[Anastasius I Dicorus|Anastasius I]]
| successor    = [[Justinian I]]
| regent       = Justinian I (from 1 April 527)
| reg-type     = Co-emperor
| birth_name   = 
| birth_date   = {{circa|450}}
| birth_place  = [[Bederiana]], Eastern Roman Empire 
| death_date   = 1 August 527 (aged 77)
| death_place  = [[Constantinople]], Eastern Roman Empire 
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = [[Euphemia (empress)|Euphemia]]
| issue        = Justinian I (adoptive)
| full name  = Iustinus{{efn|His name is sometimes given as ''Anicius Iustinus'' in older scholarship,<ref>{{cite book |last = Walsh| first = Robert |date = 1839 |title = Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor |publisher = Fisher, Son & Co. |page = xxix |location = [[British Library]] |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g0dVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR29}}</ref> but this is not corroborated by contemporary sources. The name probably derives from the fact that [[Germanus (cousin of Justinian I)]] was supposedly related to the ''[[Anicii]]'' according to the ''[[Getica]]'', although the veracity of this statement is unknown.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnell|title=History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2|author-link=J. B. Bury|location=Mineola, New York|publisher=Dover Publications Incorporated|year=1958|isbn=0-486-20399-9|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280247/page/n265/mode/2up}}</ref>}}
| regnal name  = Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinus Augustus
| dynasty      = [[Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty|Justinian]]
| religion     = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
}}
{{Justinian dynasty}}
'''Justin I''' ({{lang-la|Iustinus}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἰουστῖνος|Ioustînos}}; {{circa}} 450 – 1 August 527), also called '''Justin the Thracian''' ({{lang-la|Iustinus Thrax}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Ἰουστῖνος ὁ Θρᾷξ|Ioustînos ho Thrâix}}),<ref>[[Joannes Zonaras]] ({{circa}} 1140), ''[https://archive.org/details/ioanniszonaraea00pindgoog/page/n174 Epitome]'', XIV 5.</ref> was [[List of Roman emperors#Later eastern emperors (457–1453)|Eastern Roman emperor]] from 518 to 527. Born to a peasant family, he rose through the ranks of the army to become commander of the imperial guard and when Emperor [[Anastasius I Dicorus]] died, he out-maneouvered his rivals and was elected as his successor, in spite of being around 68 years old. His reign is significant for the founding of the [[Justinian dynasty]] that included his eminent nephew, [[Justinian I]], and three succeeding emperors. His consort was [[Empress Euphemia]].

He was noted for his strongly orthodox Christian views. This facilitated the ending of the [[Acacian schism]] between the churches of Rome and Constantinople, resulting in good relations between Justin and the papacy. Throughout his reign, he stressed the religious nature of his office and passed edicts against various Christian groups seen at the time as non-Orthodox. In foreign affairs, he used religion as an instrument of state. He endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.

== Early career ==
Justin was a peasant and possibly a [[swineherd]] by occupation,{{sfn|Cameron|2000|p=63}} from the region of Dardania, part of the [[Prefecture of Illyricum]].{{sfn|Binns|1996|p=}}  He was born in the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] Bederiana near [[Naissus]] (modern [[Niš]], [[Serbia]]).{{sfn|Cameron|2000|p=63}} He was of [[Thraco-Roman]]{{sfn|Browning|2003|p=23}}{{sfn|Mócsy|2014|p=350}} or [[Illyro-Roman]] descent,{{sfn|Russu|1976|p=73}}{{sfn|Procopius|1927|p=73}}{{sfn|Croke|2001|p=75}} spoke Latin and only rudimentary Greek, and bore, like his companions and members of his family (Zimarchus, Dityvistus, Boraides, Bigleniza, Sabbatius, etc.), a Thracian name.{{sfn|Russu|1976|p=73}}{{sfn|Evans|1996|p=96}}{{Failed verification|reason= Evans never mentions the word Thrace let alone claiming that Justin is a supposedly "Thracian" name on p. 96. |date=August 2023}} His sister Vigilantia (born {{circa|455}}) married Sabbatius and had two children: the future emperor [[Justinian I|Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus]] (born 483) and [[Vigilantia]] (born {{circa}} 490). The younger Vigilantia married Dulcissimus (or Dulcidio) and had at least three children: the future emperor [[Justin II]] (born {{circa}} 520); the future general [[Marcellus (brother of Justin II)|Marcellus]]; and [[Praejecta]] (born {{circa}} 520), who married the senator Areobindus.{{sfn|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1980|pp=645–49, 1165}}

As a young man, he and two companions left Dardania in order to escape the poverty of the region.<ref>Procopius, Secret History, Chapter 6, trans. Kaldellis, pp. 28-30</ref> Taking refuge in [[Constantinople]], the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, they possessed nothing more than the ragged clothes on their backs and a sack of bread among them.{{sfn|Chapman|1971|p=210}} Illiterate at the time of his arrival there,{{sfn|Chapman|1971|p=210}} Justin joined the newly formed palace guard, the ''[[excubitors]]''. He served in various positions, campaigning against the Isaurians and the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanian Persians]] and was noticed for his bravery. Because of his ability he was successively appointed a [[tribune]], a ''[[comes]]'', a [[Byzantine Senate|senator]] and, under the Emperor [[Anastasius I Dicorus]], the influential position of ''[[comes excubitorum]]'', commander of the palace guard.{{sfn|Smith|Anthon|1895|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dicBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA677 677]}}{{sfn|Jones|1986|p=658}} During this period he married [[Lupicina]]; no surviving children are recorded from this marriage. According to contemporary historian [[Procopius]], Lupicina was a [[barbarian]] [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slave]] who had been Justin's [[concubinage|concubine]] before their marriage.<ref name=Greatrex>{{cite web|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/euphem.htm#N_1_|title=Roman Emperors – DIR Euphemia|website=www.roman-emperors.org|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031654/http://www.roman-emperors.org/euphem.htm#N_1_|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Succession ==
During the night of 8–9 July 518, Anastasius died and his ''[[silentiarius|silentarii]]'', a senior servant, summoned Justin and [[Celer (magister officiorum)|Celer]] to his deathbed. Celer was the ''[[magister officiorum]]'' (master of offices) and commander of the palace regiments of the ''[[Scholae Palatinae]]'', a force of parade-ground display troops.  By morning the event had been announced throughout the capital, Constantinople. The high officials, including [[John of Cappadocia]], the recently appointed [[patriarch of Constantinople]], were summoned to the [[Great Palace of Constantinople|Great Palace]] for the election of a new emperor. Meanwhile, the people gathered in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]] and awaited the proclamation of the name of the new emperor.<ref name=Evans>{{cite web|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm|title=Roman Emperors – DIR Justinian|website=www.roman-emperors.org|access-date=21 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232101/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm|archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Idealized head of Euphemia.png|alt=Bronze head of Euphemi|thumb|Bronze head of [[Euphemia (empress)|Euphemia]] in the [[National Museum of Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weitzmann |first=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efLuB7QPDm8C&pg=PA32 |title=Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century |date=1979 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-179-0 |pages=32 |language=}}</ref>]]
Anastasius had died childless but had a host of known relatives.{{sfn|Bowersock|Grabar|1999|pp=300–01}} This extensive family included several viable candidates for the throne.<ref name=Evans /> His brother [[Paulus (consul 496)|Paulus]] had served as [[Roman consul|consul]] in 496.{{sfn|Croke|2001|p=89}} According to [[John Malalas]], the ''[[praepositus sacri cubiculi]]'' (grand chamberlain), [[Amantius (praepositus)|Amantius]], had intended to have [[Theocritus (comes domesticorum)|Theocritus]], commander of an elite guard unit, elected to the throne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.well.com/~aquarius/guilland-eunuques.htm|title=Rodolphe Guilland, "Les Eunuques dans l'Empire Byzantin" (English)|website=www.well.com|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016142617/http://www.well.com/~aquarius/guilland-eunuques.htm|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Theocritus and Amantius were relying on their control of a large military force and on buying the support of the other officials. Amantius was said to have given a substantial sum of money to Justin in order to buy his support. However, Justin controlled a smaller, but higher-quality group of soldiers, and used the money to buy support for himself. He was elected as the new emperor by the council and was proclaimed emperor in the Hippodrome.<ref name=Evans />

Justin's wife became empress under the name Euphemia. The name was probably chosen for reasons of respectability.<ref name=Greatrex/> The original [[Euphemia]] was a [[Christian martyrs|Christian martyr]] during the [[Diocletianic Persecution]]. She was a local saint of [[Chalcedon]] and the [[Council of Chalcedon]] (451) had taken place in a cathedral [[consecrated]] in her name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102002|title=Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised|website=ocafs.oca.org|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213075617/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102002|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The selection of this name was an early indication that Justin and Lupicina were fervent [[Chalcedonian Christian]]s.<ref name="Greatrex" /> The population of the capital was supportive because of his strong [[Chalcedonian Definition|Chalcedonian]] position on the fierce [[Christological]] debate of the time, in opposition to his predecessor's [[Monophysite]] leanings.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

== Emperor ==
Justin cemented his position by assassinating potential opponents, especially anti-Chalcedonian supporters of Anastasius. Both Amantius and Theocritus were executed nine days after the election.<ref name="Evans" /> Early in his reign, he also dismissed a number of officials that served emperor Anastasius, including [[Marinus (praetorian prefect)|Marinus]], the praetorian prefect.<ref>John Lydus, ''De Magistratibus'', 51</ref> 

In his time, Justin was viewed as an illiterate career soldier with little knowledge of statecraft.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 6.11</ref><ref>John Malalas, ''Chronicle'', 17.1</ref><ref>John Lydus, ''De Magistratibus'', 51</ref> He surrounded himself with trusted advisors, the most prominent being his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, whom he adopted as his son and invested with the name Iustinianus (Justinian).{{sfn|Mitchell|2007|pp=124–25}} Another was the [[Quaestor sacri palatii|''quaestor'']] Proclus.<ref>Procopius, ''Historia Arcana'', 6.13</ref>

=== Foreign affairs ===
[[File:Justinien 527-565.svg|thumb|The extent of the Byzantine Empire under Justin I is shown in brown. (The light orange shows the conquests of his successor, Justinian.)]]
Justin endeavoured to cultivate client states on the borders of the Empire, and avoided any significant warfare until late in his reign.<ref name=Dumb>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals/rulers-of-byzantium/anonymous-justin-i-519-or-522-201327|title=Justin I (518–527) – Dumbarton Oaks|last=noahm|website=www.doaks.org|language=en|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160532/https://www.doaks.org/resources/online-exhibits/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals/rulers-of-byzantium/anonymous-justin-i-519-or-522-201327|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 497 Anastasius had agreed with [[Theoderic the Great|Theoderic]], the [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogothic]] king of Italy, that he would rule Italy as Anastasius' deputy. This preserved Italy as nominally a part of the Empire, and neutralised a potentially dangerous neighbour. The arrangement suited Theodoric, as the Ostrogoths were a small aristocratic minority in Italy and the blessing of Constantinople helped reconcile the majority of the population to their rule. The feelings of the majority of Italians towards the Empire were mixed, as Anastasius was a Monophysite, while they were Chalcedonian. The Ostrogoths were Arians, and there was a tendency to consider both them and Monophysites as different breeds of heretics. With a strongly Chalcedonian emperor on the throne and the Italian-based papacy formally healing the rift the situation became less stable. Initially relations were friendly. Theodoric's son-in-law [[Eutharic]] was appointed consul in Constantinople in 519 and confirmed as Theodoric's heir. Eutharic died in 522, by which time Justin's policies, possibly influenced by Justinian, had become more anti-Arian. In 526 Theodoric died, leaving Eutharic's ten-year-old son [[Athalaric]] as heir to the throne.{{sfn|Vasiliev|1950|pp=321–28}}<ref name=Rom />

[[File:37-manasses-chronicle.jpg|thumb|left|Justin I (left) persecuting Monophysites, miniature from the 12th century [[Manasses Chronicle]]]]

A number of initiatives in respect of neighbouring states were founded on religious motives, and were usually developed by Justinian as he assumed more power towards the end of Justin's reign. [[Kaleb of Axum|Kaleb I]] of [[Kingdom of Aksum|Aksum]] was probably encouraged to aggressively enlarge his empire by Justin. Contemporary chronicler John Malalas reported that Byzantine merchants were robbed and killed by the Jewish king of the south Arabian kingdom of [[Himyar]], causing Kaleb to claim, "You have acted badly because you have killed merchants of the Christian Romans, which is a loss both to myself and my kingdom."<ref name="Haas" /> Himyar was a client state of the Sassanian Persians, perennial enemies of the Byzantines. After Kaleb invaded Himyar around 523, Justin saw what is now Yemen pass from Sassanian control to the rule of an allied Christian state.<ref name="Haas">{{Cite web|url=http://users.clas.ufl.edu/sterk/junsem/haas.pdf|title=Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum and Iberi|last=Haas|first=Christopher|date=Spring 2008|pages=121–22|website=Project Muse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329065343/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/sterk/junsem/haas.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

A number of small states on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and of Sassanian Persia were constant areas of contention between the two powers. The Georgian [[Sasanian Iberia|Principality of Iberia]] was in the Sassanian sphere of influence, but was Christian. Iberian bishops were sent to [[Antioch]] in the Byzantine Empire to be [[consecrate]]d. [[Vakhtang I of Iberia]] was encouraged into war with the Sassanians. A "fervent Christian", his religious policies were "part and parcel of his larger strategic aims".<ref name="Haas" /> After a lengthy struggle he was defeated and Iberia subjugated as a Sassanian province in 522.<ref name="Haas" />

[[Lazica]] was another border state; it was Christian, but in the Sassanid sphere. Its king, [[Tzath I of Lazica|Tzath]], wished to weaken Sassanid influence. In 521 or 522, he went to Constantinople to receive the insignia and royal robes of kingship from Justin's hand and to make his submission. He was also [[baptized]] as a [[Christians|Christian]] and married a Byzantine noblewoman, Valeriana. After having been confirmed in his kingdom by the Byzantine emperor, he returned to Lazica. Shortly after Justin's death, the Sassanids attempted to forcibly regain control, but were beaten off with assistance from Justin's successor.{{sfn|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1980|p=1207}}{{sfn|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|pp=79–80}}

In 524, the Sassanid emperor [[Kavadh I]] approached Justin asking that he formally adopt his youngest son, [[Khosrow I|Khosrow]], in order to secure his succession over his elder, but less favoured, brothers. Justin was agreeable, but, aware that, being childless himself, an adopted Persian son would have a claim on the Byzantine throne, offered adoption according to barbarian custom. The Persians were insulted and broke off all negotiations.{{sfn|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|pp=181–82}} In 526, the Byzantines raided Persian Armenia at Justinian's initiative. Justinian was increasingly taking control of policy from his aging uncle. The raiding parties were led by two of Justinian's up-and-coming military protégees, [[Sittas]] and [[Belisarius]]. The raids achieved little, other than to make a statement of intent.<ref name=Rom />

=== Religion ===

Justin's reign is noteworthy for the resolution of the [[Acacian schism]] between the eastern and western branches of the Christian church. On ascending the throne Justin invited [[Pope Hormisdas]] to Constantinople for negotiations. Justinian sent a similar, but separate, invitation; said to have been closer to a summons. Hormisdas promptly despatched a delegation to Constantinople with instructions to state the orthodox position rather than to negotiate. Carrying out a policy developed by his nephew Justinian, the future emperor, Justin endorsed Rome's view on the question of the dual nature of Christ. On 28 March 519, in the cathedral of Constantinople in the presence of a great throng of people, a reluctant [[John of Cappadocia|Patriarch John II]] accepted the formula of Pope Hormisdas and the end of the schism was concluded in a solemn ceremony.<ref name=Rom>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm|title=Roman Emperors – DIR Justinian|website=www.roman-emperors.org|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515232101/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justin.htm|archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the first three years of his reign Justin persecuted the Monophysites, even serving soldiers. Thereafter he adopted a more pragmatic approach. In 523 Justin issued a strict edict against [[Arianism]]. Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy, was an Arian himself, as were most Ostrogoths. He despatched [[Pope John I]], Pope Hormisdas' successor, to Constantinople with firm instructions to obtain a policy reversal. John received an exceptionally warm welcome; the population of Constantinople applauded him, Justin laid on celebrations, prostrated himself at the Pope's feet and insisted on being re-crowned by the Pope's hands. John did not succeed in having the edict overturned, it seems that he did not press the matter. On his return to Italy an enraged Theodoric had him flung into prison, where he shortly died.<ref name=Rom /><ref name="ce">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. John I}}</ref>{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=222}}

Again encouraged by Justinian, Justin increasingly expressed his position as emperor as a religious one. He claimed that "we have been elected to the empire by favour of the indivisible [[Trinity]].{{sfn|Ostrogorsky|1957|p=64}}{{sfn|Mitchell|2007|pp=124–25, 293–94}} Edicts were endorsed with "We continuously commit ourselves to all plans and actions in the name of Jesus Christ".{{sfn|Mitchell|2007|p=294}} In either 519 or 522 Justin abandoned the tradition of depicting pagan symbols on the reverse of his coins and seals. "During the reign, the characteristic identifying the reverse female figure as Victory, a high girdle below the breasts, was substituted by a tunic, therefore identifying the figure as an angel."<ref name=Dumb /> This was a very public and widespread restatement of the Empire as a Christian state.<ref name=Dumb />

=== Later years ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg
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| image2 = Empress Theodora mosaic detail (cropped).png
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| footer = Mosaics of Justinian I and his wife Theodora, [[Basilica of San Vitale]], 547
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The later years of the reign of Justin were marked by increased tension with the Empire's neighbours, especially the Ostrogoths, and the Sassanids. In 526 Antioch was destroyed by [[526 Antioch earthquake|an earthquake]] with an estimated 250,000 deaths. Justin arranged for sufficient money to be sent to the city for both immediate relief and to start reconstruction. The rebuilding of the Great Church and many other buildings was overseen by [[Ephraim of Antioch|Ephraim]], the ''[[comes Orientis]]'', whose efforts saw him replace Euphrasius as the [[Chalcedonian]] patriarch of Antioch. Many of the buildings erected after the earthquake were destroyed by another major earthquake in November 528, although there were far fewer casualties.<ref name="Meier">{{cite journal|last=Meier|first=M.|year=2007|title=Natural Disasters in the Chronographia of John Malalas : Reflections on their Function --An Initial Sketch|journal=The Medieval History Journal|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=237–266|doi=10.1177/097194580701000209|citeseerx=10.1.1.1025.7374|s2cid=162788360}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1980|p=395}}<ref name=Sbeinati>{{Cite journal|title=The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D|last=Sbeinati|first=M.R.|author2=Darawcheh, R.|author3=Mouty, M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2005|journal=Annals of Geophysics|volume=48|issue=3|pages=347–435|access-date=22 September 2011|url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726011234/http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/908/1/01Sbeinati.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Procopius of Caesarea]]'s Byzantine historia indicate that Justin I's mental faculties had begun to [[dementia|decline]] in his old age, going as far as to write "the Emperor, as an idiot and advanced in age, caused the laugh of the environment, and was also accused of delays in decisions and inability for his duties."<ref>Haury J, Wirth G. ''Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia.'' Lipsiae et Berolini: Teubner, 1962.</ref>

== Justinian ==
[[File:Justin I & Justinian I sb118.jpg|thumb|Solidus depicting Justin and Justinian.]]
During his uncle's reign Justinian successively occupied the positions of ''[[Domesticus (Roman Empire)|comes domesticorum]]'', commander of the imperial guard, patrician, and, in 521, consul. In 525, Justin repealed a law that effectively prohibited a member of the senatorial class from marrying women from a lower class of society, including the theatre, which was considered scandalous at the time. This edict paved the way for Justinian to marry [[Theodora (6th century)|Theodora]], a former [[mime artist|mime]] actress, and eventually resulted in a major change to the old class distinctions at the Imperial court. She came to participate in Justinian's rule with very significant and powerful influence. Justin's health began to decline and he formally named Justinian as co-emperor and, on 1 April 527, as his successor. On 1 August Justin died and was succeeded by [[Justinian]].<ref>[[John Malalas]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=MwEtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 Book 17–18]; ''[[Chronicon Paschale]]'' [[iarchive:chronicon-p/page/108/mode/1up|527]]; [[Theophanes the Confessor]] [[iarchive:chronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor/page/264/mode/1up|AM 6019]].</ref>

== Legacy ==
The [[Cilicia]]n city of [[Anazarbus|Caesarea]] was renamed Justinopolis in 525, in honour of Justin I. The name persisted until the 12th century when [[Thoros I, Prince of Armenia|Thoros I]], king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]], made it his capital and renamed it [[Anazarbus]].{{sfn|Hogarth|1911|p=944}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Byzantine Empire}}
* [[List of Byzantine emperors]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |first=John |last=Binns |title=Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ: The Monasteries of Palestine, 314–631 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pChoU6Ux2gYC&pg=PA11 |publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford |year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-826934-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bowersock |first1=G. W. |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |location=Cambridge, Mass. ; London |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe }}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Browning |title=Justinian and Theodora |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|location=Piscataway, NJ|year=2003 |isbn=978-1-59333-053-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |first=Averil |last=Cameron|date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA63 |chapter=Chapter III: Justin I and Justinian |isbn=978-0-521-32591-2}}
* {{cite book |title=Studies on the Early Papacy |first=H. John |last=Chapman |publisher=Kennikat Press, [[University of Michigan]] |location=Ann Arbor|year=1971 |isbn=978-0-8046-1139-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cooley |first=Alison E. |author-link=Alison E. Cooley |year=2012 |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} }}
* {{cite book|last=Croke|first=Brian|title=Count Marcellinus and his chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep6U-meRt00C&q=Paulus|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0-19-815001-5}}
* {{cite book |first=James Allan Stewart |last=Evans |title=The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power |publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York|year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-23726-0 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Greatrex|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Lieu|first2=Samuel N. C.|title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-14687-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC&q=The+Roman+Eastern+Frontier+and+the+Persian+Wars+%28Part+II}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Anazarbus|volume=1|page=944|first=David George|last=Hogarth|author-link=David George Hogarth}}
* {{cite book |title=The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey |last=Jones |first=A.H.M. |year=1986 |publisher=JHU Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-3353-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiLtO4ZvTdEC&q=%22Comes+Excubitorum%22&pg=PA658}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Martindale|editor1-first=John Robert|editor2-last=Jones|editor2-first=Arnold Hugh Martin|editor3-last=Morris|chapter=Iustinus 4|editor3-first=J.|title=[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]]|volume=III|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1980|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/plre-ii/page/648/mode/1up|pages=648–651|isbn=978-0-521-20159-9}}
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* ''[[:fr:Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle (Christian Settipani)|Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VIe au IXe siècle]]'', 2006
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Iustinus I}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Justin I.}}
* [[De Imperatoribus Romanis]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220325143527/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm Evans, James Allan, "Justin I (518–527 A.D.)"]
* [[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon, Edward]], ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20000123052607/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-4/chap4.html vol. 4, chapter xl].
* [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044211/Justin-I Justin I]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Justinian Dynasty]]||c. 450|1 August|527}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef | before=[[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]]}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine emperor]] | years=518–527 |regent1=[[Justinian I]] |years1=527}}
{{S-aft | after=[[Justinian I]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef | before=[[Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus|Anastasius Paulus Probus<br/>Moschianus Probus Magnus]]<br/><small>(alone)</small>}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]]|years=519 |regent1=[[Eutharic]] }}
{{S-aft | after=Rusticius,|after2=[[Vitalian (consul)|Vitalianus]] }}
{{S-bef | before=[[Anicius Maximus]]<br/><small>(alone)</small>}}
{{S-ttl | title=[[Roman consul]] II|years=524 |regent1=[[Venantius Opilio]]}}
{{S-aft | after=[[Probus (consul 525)|Probus]],<br /> Theodorus Philoxenus<br/>Soterichus Philoxenus}}
{{s-end}}

{{Roman emperors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Justin 01}}
[[Category:Justinian dynasty]]
[[Category:450 births]]
[[Category:527 deaths]]
[[Category:Illyrian people]]
[[Category:6th-century Byzantine emperors]]
[[Category:6th-century eastern Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Comites excubitorum]]
[[Category:Iberian War]]
[[Category:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars]]
[[Category:Anastasian War]]
[[Category:Illyrian emperors]]
[[Category:Ancient farmers]]