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A '''video game console''' is an [[game development|interactive entertainment computer or electronic device]] that produces a [[video signal|video display signal]] which can be used with a display device (a [[television]], [[Video monitor|monitor]], etc.) to display a [[video game]]. The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a [[machine]] designed for [[consumers]] to buy and use solely for playing video games from a [[personal computer]], which has many other functions, or [[arcade machine]]s, which are designed for businesses that buy and then charge others to play. 

==Use of the term==
The "video" in "video game console is a thing that can play games" traditionally refers to a [[Raster graphics|raster]] display device.<ref>[http://www.pong-story.com/intro.htm PONG-Story: Main page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  However, with the popular use of the term "[[video game]]" the term now implies all display types and formats. The term "console" is used in the user manuals of several early video game systems. Its use, however, is not synonymous with "video game system" or the same as its modern usage. It refers to a specific part of the video game system. The [[Atari 2600]], [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]], and other consoles from those decades were called "video game systems" at the time.<ref>[http://www.atariage.com/system_catalogs.html?SystemID=2600 "Atari 2600 Game Catalog Scans]</ref><ref>[http://www.atariage.com/system_items.html?SystemID=2600&ItemTypeID=MANUAL Atari 2600 Manuals Scans]</ref> 

The first company to use the term "console" to officially refer to its video game system was Fairchild with the [[Fairchild Channel F|Video Entertainment System (VES)]] in 1976.<ref>[http://videogames.org/html/ChannelFStuff/Docs/Channel_F_Manual Channel F manual]</ref>  Since then, definition has widened to include entire systems, as well as to describe alternate platforms such as [[handheld game consoles]], [[TV games]], and multimedia devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cri.histart.umontreal.ca/Ludicine/publications/Arsenault%20-%20Nintendo%20Profile.pdf |title=Company Profile: Nintendo |author=Dominic Arsenault |format=PDF |work=Universit&eacute; de Montr&eacute;al |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> In common usage a "console" is a specialized electronic device that connects to a standard television set or composite video monitor. A "handheld" gaming device is a self-contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands.

==Common elements==
*[[Video game controller|Controllers:]] Devices that allow the user to input information and interact with onscreen objects. They are like the [[keyboard]]s and [[joystick]]s of personal computers.

*[[Computer power supply|Power supply]]: a power supply converts 100-240 volt AC utility power into direct current (DC) at the voltages needed by the electronics. 

*Console/Core Unit: The core unit in a video game console is the hub where the television, video game controllers, and game program connect. It usually contains a [[CPU]], [[RAM]], and an audiovisual [[coprocessor]]. Core units are similar to towers of [[personal computers]].

*[[Video game console#Media|Game Media]]: Most video game consoles have their programs stored on external media. They are the [[Read-only Memory|ROM]] of consoles.

*[[Memory Card]]: Some video game consoles, like the [[PlayStation]] and the [[Nintendo GameCube]] have memory cards to save, load, and delete files. Though recent consoles such as the [[Xbox]], [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Wii]] all have – or can have installed – hard drives/internal memory which save the data on the console itself. Memory cards are like [[flash drive]]s for consoles.

==History==
{{see|History of video games}}

===First generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (first generation)}}

Although the first [[computer games]] appeared in the 50s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/higinbotham.asp |title=The First Video Game |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> they used [[Vector graphics|vector displays]], not video. It was not until 1972 that [[Magnavox]] released the first home video game console, the [[Magnavox Odyssey]], invented by [[Ralph H. Baer]]. The Odyssey was initially only moderately successful, and it was not until Atari's arcade game [[Pong]] popularized video games, that the public began to take more notice of the emerging industry. By the autumn of 1975 Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of [[Pong]], cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled down console that only played [[Pong]] and hockey, the [[Odyssey 100]]. A second "higher end" console, the [[Odyssey 200]], was released with the 100 and added onscreen scoring, up to 4 players, and a third game – ''Smash''. Almost simultaneously released with Atari's own home Pong console through [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]], these consoles jump-started the consumer market. As with the arcade market, the home market was soon flooded by [[dedicated consoles]] that played simple pong and pong-derived games.

===Second generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (second generation)}}
[[Image:Atari2600a.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Atari 2600]]
Fairchild released the [[Fairchild Channel F|Fairchild Video Entertainment System]] (VES) in 1976. While there had been previous game consoles that used cartridges, either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches (the Odyssey) or the console itself was empty and the cartridge contained all of the game components. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions.

<!-- [Verification?]This allowed Fairchild to sell the VES for far cheaper than the dedicated consoles popular at the time.-->RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles.

====Video game crash of 1977====
In 1977, manufacturers of older, obsolete consoles sold their systems at a loss to clear stock, creating a glut in the market and causing Fairchild and RCA to abandon their game consoles. Only Atari and Magnavox stayed in the home console market.

====Rebirth of the home console market====
The VES continued to be sold at a profit after the 1977 crash, and both Bally (with their [[Bally Astrocade|Home Library Computer]] in 1977) and Magnavox (with the [[Odyssey 2]] in 1978) brought their own programmable cartridge-based consoles to the market. However, it wasn't until Atari released a conversion of the arcade hit [[Space Invaders]] in 1980 that the home console industry was completely revived. Many consumers bought an Atari just for Space Invaders. Space Invaders' unprecedented success started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles, and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home.

Throughout the early 1980s, other companies released video game consoles of their own. Many of the video game systems were technically superior to the Atari 2600, and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600. However, Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s.

====Video game crash of 1983====
{{main|Video game crash of 1983}}

<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:ET2600-TheBestPart.png|left|thumb|260px|''E.T. The Extra Terrestrial'' for the Atari 2600 is often blamed for the video game crash of 1983.]] -->
In 1983, the video game business suffered a much more severe crash. A flood of consoles, of low quality video games by smaller companies (especially for the 2600), industry leader Atari hyping games such as [[E.T. (Atari 2600)|E.T.]] that were poorly received, and a growing number of [[home computer]] users caused consumers and retailers to lose faith and interest in video game consoles. Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy, or moved into other industries, abandoning their game consoles.  [[Mattel Electronics]] sold the rights for its [[Intellivision]] system to the INTV Corporation, who continued to produce Intellivision consoles and develop new games for the Intellivision until 1991. All other North American game consoles were discontinued by 1984.

===Third generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (third generation)}}
[[Image:Robotic Operating Buddy.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The '''R'''obotic '''O'''perating '''B'''uddy that came packaged with the NES.]]

In 1983, Nintendo released the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Famicom]] in Japan. Like the [[ColecoVision]], the Famicom supported high-resolution sprites and tiled backgrounds, but with more colors. This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have more detailed graphics. Nintendo brought their Famicom over to the US in the form of the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) in 1985. In the US, video games were seen as a fad that had already passed. To distinguish its product from older video game consoles, Nintendo used a front-loading cartridge port similar to a VCR on the NES, packaged the NES with a Super Mario Brothers game and a [[light gun]] (the Zapper), and originally advertised it as a toy. The plastic "[[R.O.B.|robot]]" (R.O.B.) was also sold as an individual purchase item and in some cases packaged with the NES system.

Like ''[[Space Invaders]]'' for the 2600, Nintendo found its breakout hit game in ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' Nintendo's success revived the video game industry and new consoles were soon introduced in the following years to compete with the NES.

Sega's [[Sega Master System|Master System]] was intended to compete with the NES, but never gained any significant market share in the US and was barely profitable. It fared notably better in PAL territories, especially Brazil.

===Fourth generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (fourth generation)}}
Sega regained market share by releasing its next-generation console, the [[Sega Mega Drive]], which was released in Japan on October 29, 1988, in the U.S. in August 1989 (renamed as the Sega Genesis) and in Europe in 1990, two years before Nintendo could release the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES).

Sega extended the Mega Drive with the [[Sega Mega CD|Mega CD/Sega CD]], to provide increased storage space for multimedia-based games that were then in vogue among the development community. Later, Sega released the [[Sega 32X|32X]], which added some of the polygon-processing functionality common in fifth-generation machines. However, the peripheral was a commercial failure due to lack of software support, with developers more keen to concentrate on more powerful machines, with a wider user base, such as the Saturn that followed shortly after.

Other consoles included in the fourth generation are [[NEC]]'s [[TurboGrafx-16]] and [[SNK Playmore]]'s [[Neo Geo (console)|Neo Geo]].

===Fifth generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (fifth generation)}}
[[Image:Screenshots16to32.PNG|thumb|210px|Going from left to right, top to bottom: [[Iron Soldier]] (Atari Jaguar), [[Gex (video game series)|Gex]] (3DO), [[Star Fox (SNES)|Star Fox]] (SNES), [[Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!|Donkey Kong Country 3]] (SNES), [[Virtua Racing]] (Super 32X), [[Vectorman]] (Mega Drive).]]

The first fifth generation consoles were the [[Atari Jaguar]] and the [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO]]. Both of these systems were much more powerful than the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) or Mega Drive (known as Genesis in North America); they were better at rendering polygons, could display more onscreen colors, and the 3DO used [[Compact Disc|CD]]s that contained far more information than cartridges and were cheaper to produce. Neither of these consoles were serious threats to [[Sega]] or [[Nintendo]], though. The 3DO cost more than the SNES and Genesis combined, and the Jaguar was extremely difficult to program for, leading to a lack of games that used its extra power. Both consoles would be discontinued in 1996.

Nintendo released games like [[Donkey Kong Country]] that could display a wide range of tones (something common in fifth generation games) by limiting the number of hues onscreen, and games like [[Star Fox (SNES)|Star Fox]] that used an extra chip inside of the cartridge to display polygon graphics. Sega followed suit, releasing [[Vectorman]] and [[Virtua Racing]] (the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor).

It was not until Sega's [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]], [[Sony]]'s [[PlayStation]], and the [[Nintendo 64]] were released that fifth generation consoles started to become popular. The Saturn and PlayStation used CDs to store games, while the N64 used cartridges. All three cost far less than the 3DO, and were easier to program than the Jaguar. The Saturn also had 2D [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]] handling power on par with the [[Neo-Geo]].

*Atari's [[Atari Jaguar|Jaguar]] was released to combat the dominance that Nintendo and Sega were fighting for. Atari's hope was that by designing a more powerful console, it would be able to leapfrog all of the released systems of the day and give gamers a technologically superior system. The Jaguar eventually faded away due to a number of reasons. For example, it was difficult to program, thus making it too problematic to have good third-party support. Another of the Jaguar's pitfalls was the dominance of the previously popular systems. In 1995, the releases of the Sega Saturn and the Sony PlayStation brought the end for the Jaguar. The failure of the Jaguar put Atari into a poor financial situation and forced it to reverse merge with [[JT Storage|JTS Inc.]], a short-lived maker of hard disk drives, to form JTS Corporation. The merger effectively ended the company, which existed as a small department for minor support of the Jaguar and the selling off of Atari's intellectual properties.
*The [[3DO Interactive Multiplayer|3DO]] was released in North America in October 1993. Although released to much fanfare, like the Jaguar, it faded out of the market with little popularity. The system was technically superior to all the consoles released at the time, but due to the oversaturated market and the hefty [[USD|US$]]699.95 price tag, the system did not adopt well into the market. One unique aspect of the 3DO is that the rights to manufacturing the console itself were licensed to different manufacturers by the 3DO company, which only produced the specifications. These companies, in turn, released their own different styles of the same console.
*The [[Sega Saturn]] was the first independent Sega system to use a [[CD-ROM]] based media standard and used a special dual chip processor. The difficulty to program for the two chips in parallel was a factor in the console's demise. The Saturn was a mild success, but was overshadowed by Sony and Nintendo's dominance of the market. The Saturn was discontinued in 1998 with the release of Sega's last console, the Sega Dreamcast.
*Sony's [[PlayStation]] was released in Japan on December 3, 1994. The PlayStation was the eventual result of a breakdown of a business partnership plan between Sony and Nintendo to create a CD add-on for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]. Nintendo changed the deal and went to Philips; however, with the project nearing completion, Sony took what it had and marketed it off as a Sony-branded console. The PlayStation spawned a whole lineup of consoles from generation to generation and has earned Sony great respect as a video game company, becoming the first video game system to sell over 100 million consoles. Sony released a redesigned, smaller version of the PlayStation entitled the 'PSone' released on July 7, 2000.
*The [[Nintendo 64]] was Nintendo's answer to the growing dominance of the PlayStation. It was a 64-bit console, the only one generally recognized in that class despite the 64-bit Atari Jaguar, which had actually been released earlier. Unlike the other companies' consoles of the generation, the N64 had continued to use [[ROM cartridge]]s, which many saw as a hindrance to gameplay, as cartridges have much less memory space and are also more expensive than optical media; however, Nintendo's answer to this was that unlike CDs, cartridges cannot be damaged by a simple scratch to the surface, nor are load times much of an issue. Nevertheless, some believe that Nintendo did this for fear of then growing [[software piracy]] issues facing other consoles, such as the PlayStation. Thus Nintendo managed to make a bigger profit out of the Nintendo 64 than Sony made out of the PlayStation.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}

===Sixth generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (sixth generation)}}
This generation saw a move towards PC-like architectures in gaming consoles, as well as a shift towards using [[DVD]]s for game media. This brought games that were both longer and more visually appealing. Furthermore, this generation also saw experimentation with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data.
*Sega's [[Dreamcast]] was its last video game console, and was the first of the generation's consoles to be discontinued. Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the [[GD-ROM]]. These discs were created in order to prevent [[Copyright infringement of software|software piracy]], which had been more easily done with consoles of the previous generation; however, this format was soon cracked as well. It was discontinued in 2001, and Sega transitioned to software developing/publishing only. It also sported a 33.6Kb modem which could be used to access the internet or play some of the games, like [[Phantasy Star Online]], online.
*Sony's [[PlayStation 2]] was the follow-up to its highly successful PlayStation, and was also the first home game console to be able to play [[DVD]]s. As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000, Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version. As of July 2008, 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold.<ref name="ps2shipped">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/hirai-targets-150-million-ps3-sales |title=Hirai targets 150 million PS3 sales |accessdate=2008-07-21 |date=2008-07-21 |publisher=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=199883 |title=Hirai wants PS3 to beat PS2 |accessdate=2008-07-21 |date=2008-07-21 |publisher=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref>  This makes it the best selling console to date.
*The [[Nintendo GameCube]] was Nintendo's fourth home video game console and the first console by the company to use optical media instead of cartridges. The Nintendo GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs, instead employing smaller 8 cm optical discs.
*Microsoft's [[Xbox]] was the company's first video game console. The first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games, and had similar hardware specifications to a low-end desktop computer at the time of its release. Though criticized for its bulky size, which was easily twice that of the competition, as well as for the awkwardness of the original controller that shipped with it, it eventually gained popularity due in part to the success of the [[Halo (series)|''Halo'' franchise]].

===Seventh generation===
{{main|History of video game consoles (seventh generation)}}
The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats: [[Blu-ray Disc]], utilized by the PlayStation 3, and [[HD DVD]] supported by the Xbox 360 via an optional accessory, this later failed as the format war closed. Another new technology is to use of motion as input (as demonstrated by the Wii and the PS3), and IR tracking (as implemented on the Wii). Also, all seventh generation consoles support standard wireless controllers.
*[[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] was released on November 22, 2005. An [[HD DVD]] drive was later available as an accessory; however, with the termination of the HD DVD format,<ref>{{cite web| title =HD DVD: Just another brick in the wall of defunct formats| publisher =[[Cnet]]| date =2008-02-19| url =http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9874075-7.html| accessdate =2008-02-24}}</ref> this accessory's production has been ceased by Microsoft. The [[Xbox Live]] service allows the Xbox 360 to connect to the internet via a built-in [[Ethernet]] port or a wireless accessory. The Xbox 360 is currently available in three versions, an "Arcade" version, a "Premium" Version, and an "Elite" version. The biggest difference between these versions is the addition of a 20 or 60 GB hard drive in the "Premium" edition, along with a standard wireless controller, a 120 GB hard drive in the "Elite" edition. The Xbox 360 is capable of outputting full 1080p through HDMI and component cables.<ref>{{cite web| title =Xbox 360 adds 1080p, HD DVD drive is $170 US for November 22nd in Japan| publisher =[[Engadget]]| date =2006-09-20| url =http://www.engadget.com/2006/09/20/xbox-360-adds-1080p-hd-dvd-drive-for-november-17th-in-japan| accessdate =2008-01-24}}</ref>

*[[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, in North America on November 17, 2006 and in Europe on March 23, 2007. All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are able to play [[Blu-ray Disc]] movies and games out of the box. The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI out of the box, utilizing full 1080p. Up to seven devices (including controllers, with tilt-sensing capabilities) connect to the console through [[Bluetooth]]. Five versions of the PS3 currently exist; a 20 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America and Japan, and was never released in PAL territories), a 60 GB HDD version for (discontinued in North America, Japan and PAL territories), a 40 GB HDD version, 80 GB HDD version (only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories) and a 160 GB HDD in addition, the HDD's can be changed for any available 2.5" (notebook standard) drive.

*[[Nintendo]] [[Wii]] was released in North America on November 19, 2006, in Japan on December 2, 2006, in Australia on December 7, 2006, and in Europe on December 8, 2006. It is bundled with [[Wii Sports]] in all regions except for Japan. Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation, the Wii does not support an internal hard drive, but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable [[SD card]] storage. It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p, making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high-definition graphics. Along with its low price, the Wii is renowned for its revolutionary controller, the [[Wii Remote]], which resembles a TV remote. The system utilizes a "sensor bar" that gives off infrared light which is captured by an infrared camera in the Wii remote to determine orientation relative to the source of said light. It is also the first Nintendo console to be backwards compatible with previous Nintendo consoles, where it can play nearly all GameCube games and supports up to four GameCube controllers and two memory cards, along with the [[Virtual Console]], which allows the purchase of games from older systems, including those of former competitors.


==Bits==
Each new generation of console hardware made use of the rapid development of processing technology. Newer machines could output a greater range of colors, more [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]], and introduced graphical technologies such as [[scaling]], and [[vector graphics]]. One way this increase in processing power was conveyed to consumers was through the measurement of "[[bit]]s". The [[TurboGrafx-16]], Sega Genesis, and SNES were among the first consoles to advertise the fact that they contained 16-bit [[processors]]. This fourth generation of console hardware was often referred to as the 16-bit era, and the previous generation as the 8-bit.

The ''bit-value'' of a console referred to the ''[[word length]]'' of a console's processor (although the value was sometimes misused, for example the TurboGrafx 16 had only an 8-bit [[CPU]], and the Genesis/Mega Drive had the 16/32-bit [[Motorola 68000]], but both had a 16-bit dedicated graphics processor). As the graphical performance of console hardware is dependent on many factors, using bits was a crude way to gauge a console's overall ability, but served better to distinguish between generations.

==Media==
===Cartridges===
[[Image:Cartridgegames.JPG|thumb|200px|Standard game cartridges for several popular consoles. From front to back: [[Game Boy Color]], [[Sega Genesis]], and [[Atari 2600]].]]

Game cartridges consist of a [[printed circuit board]] housed inside of a plastic casing, with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console. The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components. All cartridge games contain at the minimum, [[read only memory]] with the software written on it. Many cartridges also carry components that increase the original console's power, such as extra RAM or a coprocessor. Components can also be added to extend the original hardware's functionality<ref>{{cite web| last = Dauer| first = James| title = Sonic: A History - From South Island to Cosmic Eternity| date = March 20, 2006| url = http://www.gamingtarget.com/article.php?artid=5102| accessdate = 2007-06-09}}</ref> (such as [[WarioWare: Twisted!|gyroscopes, rumble packs]], [[Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble|tilt-sensors]], [[Boktai|light sensors]], etc.); this is more common on handheld consoles where the user does not interact with the game through a separate video game controller.<ref name=CartridgeInformation>{{cite paper| author = Kevin Horton| title = Cart Information| version = 6.00| date = April 18, 1997| url = http://www.tripoint.org/kevtris/files/sizes.txt| format = .txt| accessdate =2007-06-09}}</ref> 

Cartridges were the first external media to be used with home consoles and remained the most common until 1995 continued improvements in capacity (Nintendo 64 being the last mainstream game console to use cartridges).<ref>{{cite web| last =Polsson| first =Ken| title = Chronology of Video Game Systems| date = May 9, 2007| url = http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/vidgame/vid1995.htm| accessdate = 2007-06-09}}</ref> Nevertheless, the relatively high manufacturing costs saw them completely replaced by optical media for home consoles by the early 21st century, although they are still in use in some handheld video game consoles.  

Due to the aforementioned capabilities of cartridges such as more memory and coprocessors, those factors make it harder to reverse engineer consoles to be used on emulators.

===Cards===
{{see|Smart Card}}
Several consoles such as the [[Sega Master System]] and the [[TurboGrafx-16]] have used different types of [[smart cards]] as an external medium. These cards function similar to simple cartridges. Information is stored on a chip that is housed in plastic. Cards are more compact and simpler than cartridges, though. This makes them cheaper to produce and smaller, but limits what can be done with them. Cards cannot hold extra components, and common cartridge techniques like [[bank switching]] (a technique used create very large games) were impossible to miniaturize into a card in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite paper| author = Richard Talbot-Watkins| title = SEGA MASTER SYSTEM TECHNICAL INFORMATION| date = June 10, 1998| url = http://www.smspower.org/dev/docs/richard.txt| format = .txt| accessdate = 2007-06-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite paper| author = Jeff Bogumil| title = SEGA MASTER SYSTEM Frequently Asked Questions| version = 2.06| date = September 27, 1997| url = http://www.severedbbs.u-net.com/fletcher/SMSFAQ.txt| format = .txt| accessdate = 2007-06-09 }}</ref>

Compact Discs reduced much of the need for cards. Optical Discs can hold more information than cards, and are cheaper to produce. The Nintendo Gamecube and the Playstation 2 use [[memory cards]] for storage, but the [[Nintendo DS]] is the only modern system to use cards for game distribution. Nintendo has long used cartridges with their Game Boy line of hand held consoles because of their durability, small size, stability (not shaking and vibrating the handheld when it is in use), and low battery consumption. Nintendo switched to cards for the DS, because advances in memory technology made putting extra memory on the cartridge unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web| title = Nintendo DS Details Explosion - Screen, Battery, GBA Compatibility and More| date = January 29, 2004| url = http://news.spong.com/article/6128?cb=28| accessdate = 2007-06-09 }}</ref>

===Magnetic media===
[[Image:Magneticgames.JPG|thumb|200px|Two common forms of magnetic media. From front to back: [[Compact Cassette|Cassette]] and [[Floppy disk#The 3.C2.BD-inch microfloppy diskette|3½-inch floppy disk]].]]
Home computers have long used [[magnetic storage]] devices. Both [[tape drives]] and [[floppy disk]] drives were common on early [[microcomputers]]. Their popularity is in large part because a tape drive or disk drive can write to any material it can read. However, magnetic media is volatile and can be more easily damaged than game cartridges or optical discs.<ref>{{cite web| last = Swearingen| first = Kirsten| coauthors = Peter Charles, Nathan Good, Laheem Lamar Jordan, Joyojeet Pal| title = How Much Information? 2003| url = http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info-2003/magnetic.htm| accessdate = 2007-06-20 }}</ref>

Among the first consoles to use magnetic media were the [[Bally Astrocade]] and [[APF-M1000]], both of which could use cassette tapes through expansions. In Bally's case, this allowed the console to see new game development even after Bally dropped support for it. While magnetic media remained limited in use as a primary form of distribution, two popular subsequent consoles also had expansions available to allow them to use this format. The [[Starpath Supercharger]] can load Atari 2600 games from audio cassettes; Starpath used it to cheaply distribute their own games from 1982 to 1984 and today it is used by many programmers to test, distribute, and play homebrew software. The [[Famicom Disk System]] was released by Nintendo in 1985 for the Japanese market. Nintendo sold the disks cheaply and sold vending machines where customers could have new games written to their disks up to 500 times.<ref>{{cite web| handle = |tsr| title = Family Computer Disk System| date = January 20, 2000| url = http://www.atarihq.com/tsr/fds/fds.html| accessdate = 2007-06-20 }}</ref>

===Optical media===
[[Image:Opticalgames.JPG|thumb|200px|The most widely used forms of optical media are [[DVD]]s and [[compact discs]]. Shown is a CD-ROM (left) and a game in [[Nintendo]]'s [[Nintendo optical discs|proprietary optical disc format]].]]
In the mid-1990s, various manufacturers shifted to optical media, specifically CD-ROM, for games. Although they were slower at loading game data than the cartridges available at that time, they were significantly cheaper to manufacture and had a larger capacity than the existing cartridge technology. By the early 21st century, all of the major home consoles used optical media, usually DVD-ROM or similar disks, which are widely replacing CD-ROM for data storage. The PlayStation 3 system uses even higher-capacity Blu-ray optical discs for games and movies while the Xbox 360 formerly used [[HD DVD]]s in the form of an external [[USB]] player add-on for movies, before it was discontinued. Microsoft still however, supports those who bought the accessory.

===Internet distribution===
All three seventh generation consoles (the PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360) offer some kind of Internet games distribution service, allowing users to download games for a fee onto some form of non-volatile storage, typically a hard disk or flash memory.  
Recently, the console manufacturers have been taking full advantage of Internet distribution with arcade games, television shows and film trailers being available. <br>
*Microsoft's [[Xbox Live]] service includes the Xbox Live Arcade and Xbox Live Marketplace, featuring digital distribution of classic and original titles. These include arcade classics, original titles, and games originally released on other consoles. The Xbox Live Marketplace also includes many different hit movies and trailers in [[high-definition video|high definition]], and is accessible with a free Xbox Live Silver Membership.
*Sony's online game distribution is known as the [[PlayStation Network]] (PSN). It offers free online gaming, downloadable content such as classic PlayStation games, [[high-definition video|high definition]] games and movie trailers, and original games such as [[flOw]] and [[Everyday Shooter]] as well as some games that also release on Blu-ray Disc such as [[Warhawk]] and Gran Turismo 5: Prologue. A networking service, dubbed [[PlayStation Home]], was released in December 2008. Sony also announced a video/movie service and music service for some time in 2008.
*Nintendo's [[Virtual Console]] service emulates games from the Nintendo 64, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, NES/Famicom, TurboGrafx-16, SNES/Super Famicom, Neo Geo, and Sega Master System/Game Gear. The service also emulates titles from the Commodore 64 in US and Europe, and the MSX platform in Japan. Nintendo also has original Wii content available for download through its [[WiiWare]] service.

==See also==
*[[List of video game consoles]]
*[[Console manufacturer]]
*[[History of computer and video games]]
*[[Handheld game consoles]]
*[[Dedicated console]]
* [[Unlockable games]]

== References ==

{{refs|3}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | author=Forster, Winnie | title=The Encyclopedia of Game Machines - Consoles, handheld & home computers 1972-2005 | publisher=Gameplan | year=2005 | isbn=3-00-015359-4 | url=http://www.gameplan-books.com/gameplan_01.5_NA/ }}

==External links==
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* {{dmoz|Games/Video_Games/Console_Platforms|Console platforms}}
{{Dedicated video game consoles}}

[[Category:Video game consoles|Video game consoles]]

[[ar:نظام لعبة فيديو]]
[[bs:Igraća konzola]]
[[br:Koñsolennoù c'hoarioù video]]
[[ca:Consola de joc]]
[[cs:Herní konzole]]
[[da:Spillekonsol]]
[[de:Spielkonsole]]
[[et:Mängukonsool]]
[[es:Videoconsola]]
[[eo:Ludkonzolo]]
[[fr:Console de jeux vidéo]]
[[gl:Videoconsola]]
[[ko:게임기]]
[[hr:Igraća konzola]]
[[id:Konsol permainan]]
[[is:Leikjatölva]]
[[it:Console (videogiochi)]]
[[he:קונסולת משחקים]]
[[la:Consola lusoria]]
[[ms:Konsol permainan video]]
[[nl:Spelcomputer]]
[[ja:ゲーム機]]
[[no:Spillkonsoll]]
[[nn:Spelekonsoll]]
[[pl:Konsola gier wideo]]
[[pt:Console de videogame]]
[[ro:Consolă de jocuri]]
[[qu:Widyu kunsula]]
[[ru:Игровая приставка]]
[[sah:Видео оонньуу консоля]]
[[sq:Konzola]]
[[simple:Video game console]]
[[sk:Herná konzola]]
[[sr:Играчка конзола]]
[[sh:Igraća konzola]]
[[fi:Pelikonsoli]]
[[sv:Spelkonsol]]
[[th:เครื่องเล่นวิดีโอเกม]]
[[uk:Ігрова консоль]]
[[zh:電子遊戲機]]