View source for Religion in Europe

[[Image:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religious heritages in Europe
{{legend|#496EB8|[[Roman Catholicism]]}}
{{legend|#C44F4F|[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]}}
{{legend|#855C99|[[Protestantism]]}}
{{legend|#3D9956|[[Sunni Islam]]}}
{{legend|#2E7340|[[Shia Islam]]}}
{{legend|#e7984d|[[Buddhism]]}}
]]
'''Religion in Europe''' has been a major influence on [[Western art history|art]], [[culture of Europe|culture]], [[Western philosophy|philosophy]] and [[European Union law|law]]. The largest religion in Europe for at least a millenium and a half has been [[Christianity]].{{Fact|date=May 2009}} A number of countries in Southern Europe have Muslim majorities. Smaller religions include [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Hinduism]] which are found in their largest groups in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]].

==History==
{{Template:Religion by Country}}
Little is known about the [[prehistoric religion]] of [[Neolithic Europe]]. Bronze and Iron Age religion in Europe as elsewhere was predominantly [[polytheism|polytheistic]] ([[Ancient Greek religion]], [[Ancient Roman religion]], [[Celtic polytheism]], [[Germanic paganism]] etc.). The [[Roman Empire]] officially adopted Christianity in AD [[380]]. During the [[Early Middle Ages]], most of Europe underwent [[Christianization]], a process essentially complete with the [[Christianization of Scandinavia]] in the [[High Middle Ages]]. The emergence of the notion of "Europe" or "[[Western World]]" is intimately connected with the idea of "[[Christendom]]", especially since [[Assyrian Church of the East|Christianity in the Middle East]] was marginalized by the rise of [[Islam]] from the 8th century, a constellation that led to the [[Crusades]], which although unsuccessful militarily were an important step in the emergence of a religious identity of Europe. At all times, traditions of [[folk religion]] existed largely independent from  official denomination or dogmatic theology.

The [[Great Schism]] of the 11th and [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] of the 16th century were to tear apart "Christendom" into hostile factions, and following the [[Age of Enlightenment]] of the 18th century, [[atheism]] and [[agnosticism]] became widespread in Western Europe. 19th century [[Orientalism]] contributed to a certain popularity of [[Buddhism]], and the 20th century brought increasing [[syncretism]],  [[New Age]] and various [[new religious movement]]s divorcing spirituality from inherited traditions for many Europeans. The latest history brought increased [[secularisation]], and [[religious pluralism]].<ref>Henkel, Reinhard and Hans Knippenberg  "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe" edited by Knippenberg published by [[Het Spinhuis]], Amsterdam 2005 ISBN 9055892483, pages 7-9 </ref>

==Religiosity==
Today, [[theism]] is losing prevalence in Europe in favour of [[atheism]], and religion losing prevalence in favor of secularism. European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance, as well as a decline in the number of people professing a belief in a god. 

===Eurobarometer poll 2005===
The [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf Eurobarometer Poll 2005] found that, on average, 52% of the citizens of [[EU]] member states state that they believe in a god, 27% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force while 18% do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force. 3% declined to answer.  According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of Frenchmen declared themselves as agnostic in 2003.This situation is often called "[[Post-Christian]] Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]],  the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]]) has been noted, but there is an increase in Eastern Europe, especially in Greece and Romania (2% in 1 year). The Eurobarometer poll must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christian" with only 15% professing to have "no religion". It should be noted that the majority of those that purported to be "Christian" did so nominally. This does not indicate any belief or non-belief in a deity. 

[[Image:Eurobarometer poll.png|thumb|250px|Eurobarometer Poll 2005 chart results]]
[[File:Europe belief in god.svg|thumb|250px|Belief that "there is a god" per country]]
[[Image:Europe belief in Spirit Life Force.png|thumb|250px|Belief that "there is some sort of spirit or life force" per country (Eurobarometer 2005)]]
[[Image:Europe No Belief.png|thumb|250px|No belief in  "any sort of spirit, god or life force" per country (Eurobarometer 2005)]]
The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on belief in a god, according to the [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf Eurobarometer Poll 2005]. The 2005 Eurobarometer Poll asked whether the person believed "there is a god", believed "there is some sort of spirit of life force", "didn't believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force".

<table class="wikitable sortable">
<caption> '''[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf Eurobarometer Poll 2005]''' </caption>
<tr bgcolor=#CCCCFF>
<th>Country</th>
<th> Belief in a god </th>
<th> Belief in a spirit<br /> or life force </th>
<th> Belief in neither a spirit,<br /> god or life force </th>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Religion in Turkey|Turkey]] </td>
<td align="center"> 95% </td>
<td align="center"> 2%</td>
<td align="center"> 1% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Religion in Malta|Malta]] </td>
<td align="center"> 95% </td>
<td align="center"> 3%</td>
<td align="center"> 1% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Religion in Cyprus|Cyprus]] </td>
<td align="center"> 90% </td>
<td align="center"> 7%</td>
<td align="center"> 2% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Religion in Romania|Romania]] </td>
<td align="center"> 90% </td>
<td align="center"> 8%</td>
<td align="center"> 1% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Religion in Greece|Greece]] </td>
<td align="center"> 81% </td>
<td align="center"> 16%</td>
<td align="center"> 3% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Religion in Portugal|Portugal]] </td>
<td align="center"> 81% </td>
<td align="center"> 12%</td>
<td align="center"> 6% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Religion in Poland|Poland]] </td>
<td align="center"> 80% </td>
<td align="center"> 15%</td>
<td align="center"> 1% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Religion in Italy|Italy]] </td>
<td align="center"> 74% </td>
<td align="center"> 16%</td>
<td align="center"> 6% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Religion in Ireland|Ireland]] </td>
<td align="center"> 73% </td>
<td align="center"> 22%</td>
<td align="center"> 4% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Religion in Croatia|Croatia]] </td>
<td align="center"> 67% </td>
<td align="center"> 25%</td>
<td align="center"> 7% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Religion in Slovakia|Slovakia]] </td>
<td align="center"> 61% </td>
<td align="center"> 26%</td>
<td align="center"> 11% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Religion in Spain|Spain]] </td>
<td align="center"> 59% </td>
<td align="center"> 21%</td>
<td align="center"> 18% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Religion in Austria|Austria]] </td>
<td align="center"> 54% </td>
<td align="center"> 34%</td>
<td align="center"> 8% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Religion in Lithuania|Lithuania]]</td>
<td align="center"> 49% </td>
<td align="center"> 36%</td>
<td align="center"> 12% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Religion in Switzerland|Switzerland]] </td>
<td align="center"> 48% </td>
<td align="center"> 39%</td>
<td align="center"> 9% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Religion in Germany|Germany]] </td>
<td align="center"> 47% </td>
<td align="center"> 25%</td>
<td align="center"> 25% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Religion in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] </td>
<td align="center"> 44% </td>
<td align="center"> 28%</td>
<td align="center"> 22% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Religion in Hungary|Hungary]] </td>
<td align="center"> 44% </td>
<td align="center"> 31%</td>
<td align="center"> 19% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Religion in Belgium|Belgium]] </td>
<td align="center"> 43% </td>
<td align="center"> 29%</td>
<td align="center"> 27% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Religion in Finland|Finland]] </td>
<td align="center"> 41% </td>
<td align="center"> 41%</td>
<td align="center"> 16% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Religion in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] </td>
<td align="center"> 40% </td>
<td align="center"> 40%</td>
<td align="center"> 13% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Religion in Iceland|Iceland]] </td>
<td align="center"> 38% </td>
<td align="center"> 48%</td>
<td align="center"> 11% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Religion in United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] </td>
<td align="center"> 38% </td>
<td align="center"> 40%</td>
<td align="center"> 20% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Religion in Latvia|Latvia]] </td>
<td align="center"> 37% </td>
<td align="center"> 49%</td>
<td align="center"> 10% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Religion in Slovenia|Slovenia]] </td>
<td align="center"> 37% </td>
<td align="center"> 46%</td>
<td align="center"> 16% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|France}} [[Religion in France|France]] </td>
<td align="center"> 34% </td>
<td align="center"> 27%</td>
<td align="center"> 33% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Religion in Netherlands|Netherlands]] </td>
<td align="center"> 34% </td>
<td align="center"> 37%</td>
<td align="center"> 27% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Religion in Norway|Norway]] </td>
<td align="center"> 32% </td>
<td align="center"> 47%</td>
<td align="center"> 17% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Religion in Denmark|Denmark]] </td>
<td align="center"> 31% </td>
<td align="center"> 49%</td>
<td align="center"> 19% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Religion in Sweden|Sweden]]  </td>
<td align="center"> 23% </td>
<td align="center"> 53%</td>
<td align="center"> 23% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Religion in The Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]  </td>
<td align="center"> 19% </td>
<td align="center"> 50%</td>
<td align="center"> 30% </td>
</tr>

<tr bgcolor=#F0F8FF>
<td>{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Religion in Estonia|Estonia]] </td>
<td align="center"> 16% </td>
<td align="center"> 54%</td>
<td align="center"> 26% </td>
</tr>

</table>

The decrease in theism is illustrated in the 1981 and 1999 according to the [[World Values Survey]],<ref>World Values Survey, [http://margaux.grandvinum.se/SebTest/wvs/country_data_analysis?target=8 Religion and morale: Believe in God]. Accessed [[2007-07-25]]</ref> both for traditionally strongly theist countries (Spain: 86.8%:81.1%; Ireland 94.8%:93.7%) and for traditionally secular countries  (Sweden: 51.9%:46.6%, France 61.8%:56.1%, Netherlands 65.3%:58.0%). Some countries nevertheless show slight increase of theism over the period, Italy 84.1%:87.8%, Denmark 57.8%:62.1%.  For a comprehensive study on Europe, see Mattei Dogan's "Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline" in ''Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion''.  [[Turkey]] and [[Malta]] are the most religious countries and [[Czech Republic]] and [[Estonia]] are the least religious countries in Europe.

===Gallup poll 2007–2008===

{{bar box
| title=Irreligion in Europe by Gallup poll(2007-2008)
| titlebar=#ddd
| left1=Country
| right1=Percentage
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|{{EST}}|blue|84}}
{{bar percent|{{SWE}}|blue|83}}
{{bar percent|{{DEN}}|blue|80}}
{{bar percent|{{NOR}}|blue|78}}
{{bar percent|{{AZE}}|blue|74}}
{{bar percent|{{CZE}}|blue|74}}
{{bar percent|{{FRA}}|blue|73}}
{{bar percent|{{UK}}|blue|71}}
{{bar percent|{{FIN}}|blue|69}}
{{bar percent|{{NED}}|blue|66}}
{{bar percent|{{BLR}}|blue|65}}
{{bar percent|{{RUS}}|blue|63}}
{{bar percent|{{ALB}}|blue|63}}
{{bar percent|{{BUL}}|blue|62}}
{{bar percent|{{LAT}}|blue|62}}
{{bar percent|{{BEL}}|blue|61}}
{{bar percent|{{HUN}}|blue|59}}
{{bar percent|{{SLO}}|blue|59}}
{{bar percent|{{ESP}}|blue|59}}
{{bar percent|{{GER}}|blue|57}}
{{bar percent|{{SUI}}|blue|56}}
{{bar percent|{{UKR}}|blue|54}}
{{bar percent|{{LTU}}|blue|52}}
{{bar percent|{{SVK}}|blue|51}}
{{bar percent|{{MNE}}|blue|48}}
{{bar percent|{{SRB}}|blue|45}}
{{bar percent|{{KAZ}}|blue|43}}
{{bar percent|{{AUT}}|blue|42}}
{{bar percent|{{IRL}}|blue|42}}
{{bar percent|{{MDA}}|blue|31}}
{{bar percent|{{CRO}}|blue|30}}
{{bar percent|{{GRE}}|blue|30}}
{{bar percent|{{ARM}}|blue|29}}
{{bar percent|{{BIH}}|blue|29}}
{{bar percent|{{POR}}|blue|27}}
{{bar percent|{{ITA}}|blue|26}}
{{bar percent|{{CYP}}|blue|24}}
{{bar percent|{{POL}}|blue|23}}
{{bar percent|{{GEO}}|blue|22}}
{{bar percent|{{MKD}}|blue|20}}
{{bar percent|{{ROM}}|blue|18}}
{{bar percent|{{TUR}}|blue|9}}
}}  

During 2007–2008 a [[Gallup poll]] asked in several countries the question "Does religion occupy an important place in your life?" The table on right shows percentage of people who answered "No".<ref>[https://worldview.gallup.com/signin/login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2fdefault.aspx Gallup Poll]</ref>

==Modern religions==
===Christianity===

{{Christianity by country}}

{{main|Christianity in Europe}}
The vast majority of theist Europeans are [[Christians]], divided into a large number of denominations. [[Roman Catholicism in Europe|Roman Catholicism]] is the largest denomination with adherents mostly existing in [[Latin Europe]] (which includes [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], Southern [Wallon] [[Belgium]], and [[Portugal]]), [[Ireland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], [[Croatia]], and the [[Czech Republic]], but also the southern and central parts of [[Germanic Europe]] (which includes [[Austria]], [[Luxembourg]], Northern [Flemish] [[Belgium]], Southern and Western [[Germany]], and [[Liechtenstein]]). [[Protestantism]] and [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] are organized into many churches, the largest of which are:

*Eastern Orthodoxy (the churches are in [[full communion]], i.e. they see each other as [[local church]]es, members of a single [[Christian Church|religious body]])
**[[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
**[[Albanian Orthodox Church]]
**[[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]]
**[[Church of Greece]]
**[[Cypriot Orthodox Church]]
**[[Romanian Orthodox Church]]
**[[Georgian Orthodox Church]]
**[[Russian Orthodox Church]]
**[[Serbian Orthodox Church]]
*Oriental Orthodoxy
**[[Armenian Orthodox Church]]
*Protestantism (see [[list of Reformed churches]], [[Porvoo Communion]])
**[[Lutheranism]]-[[Zwinglianism]]
***[[Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church]]
***[[Danish National Church]]
***[[Evangelical Lutheran Church—Synod of France and Belgium]]
***[[Evangelical Church in Germany]]
***[[Reformed Church in Hungary]]
***[[Church of Sweden]]
***[[Swiss Reformed Church]]
**[[Anglicanism]]
***[[Church of England]]
***[[Church of Ireland]]
***[[Scottish Episcopal Church]]
***[[Church in Wales]]
***[[Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church]]
***[[Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church]]
**[[Calvinism]]-[[Presbyterianism]]
***[[United Reformed Church]]
***[[Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales]]
***[[Church of Scotland]]
***[[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]]
***[[Methodist Church of Great Britain]]
***[[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] ([[Neo-Calvinism]])
**[[Anabaptism]]-[[Baptists|Baptism]]
***[[Baptist Union of Great Britain]]
***[[Baptist Union of Sweden]]
***[[Bruderhof Communities]]
***[[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]

There are numerous minor Protestant movements, including various [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] congregations, [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and others.

===Islam===
{{further|[[Islam in Europe]], [[Islam in Western Europe]]}}

Except for the [[Iberian Peninsula]] where various Muslim states existed before the [[Reconquista]], Western Europe has no Islamic tradition. The Muslim population in Western Europe today is mostly a result of [[human migration|migration]] accounting for between 4% and 7% of the population [[Islam in France|in France]], 5.8% in the [[Netherlands]], 5% in [[Denmark]], just over 4% in [[Switzerland]] and [[Austria]], and almost 3% in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm Muslims in Europe: Country guide], BBC News, 23 December 2005, accessed 3 May 2007</ref> Muslims make up 38,8% in [[Albania]]<ref>http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Albania/rbodies.html</ref><ref>http://www.consolatoalbanesemilano.org/lalbania_oggi.html</ref><ref>http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=103</ref><ref>http://www.reference.com/browse/nonreligious</ref>, 40% in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html#People CIA - The World Factbook - Bosnia and Herzegovina - People]</ref> 33.3% in [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mk.html CIA - The World Factbook - Macedonia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> about 20% in [[Montenegro]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm#serbiamontenegro Muslims in Europe: Country guide - Serbia and Montenegro]</ref> 12% in Bulgaria<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bu.html CIA - The World Factbook - Bulgaria<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and between 10-15% of the population of [[Russia]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html#People CIA - The World Factbook - Russia]</ref> Islam has been a factor in the cultural development of the Balkans and parts of Russia.

===Judaism===
{{further|[[History of the Jews in Europe]], [[Jews by country]]}}
The Jews were [[diaspora|dispersed]] within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century. At one time Judaism was practiced widely throughout the European continent; [[Jews in the Middle Ages|throughout the Middle Ages]], Jews were frequently [[blood libel|accused of ritual murder]] and faced [[pogrom]]s and legal discrimination. [[The Holocaust]] perpetrated by [[Nazi Germany]] decimated [[Jewish population]], and today, [[France]] is the home of largest Jewish community in Europe with 1% of the total population.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html#People CIA The World Factbook -- France]</ref> Other European countries with notable Jewish populations include [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Russia]] and [[Italy]].

===Other religions===

* '''[[Buddhism]]''' thinly spread throughout Europe and growing rapidly in recent years, about 3 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedhamma.com/buddhists_in_the_world.htm|title=Vipassana Foundation - Buddhists around the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/to-west.htm|title=BuddhaNet - Buddhism in the West}}</ref> In [[Kalmykia]], [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is prevalent.
* '''[[Hinduism]]''' mainly among [[India]]n immigrants in the [[United Kingdom]]. In 1998 there were an estimated 1.4 million Hindu adherents in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_306.html|title=Hinduism>}}</ref>
* '''[[Sikhism]]''', nearly 1 million adherents of Sikhism in Europe. Most of the community live in [[United Kingdom]] (750,000) and [[Italy]] (70,000). Around 10,000 in [[Sikhism in Belgium|Belgium]] and [[France]]. [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]] have a [[Sikh]] population of 12,000. All other countries have less than or 5,000 Sikhs. 

====Below one million adherents====
* '''[[Neopagan movements]]''' in some countries, notably in the [[British Isles]] [[Germanic Europe]] and the [[Baltic states]] (the [[neopaganism in the United Kingdom|UK]], [[neopaganism in Germany and Austria|German-speaking Europe]] and [[neopaganism in Scandinavia|Scandinavia]]).
* '''[[Rastafari movement|Rastafari]]''', communities in the [[United Kingdom]], France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.
*'''[[Jainism]]''', small membership rolls, mainly among Indian immigrants in the [[United Kingdom]].
*'''The [[Bahá'í Faith]]''', upwards of 60,000, with populations of several thousand in [[Russia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Albania]], et al.
*'''[[West African Vodun]]''' and '''[[Haitian Vodou]]''' (Voodoo), mainly among [[West Africa]]n and [[Black people|black]] [[Caribbean]] immigrants in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[France]]. 
* '''[[African religions|Traditional African Religions]]''' (including [[Muti]]), mainly in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].
* Other: [[Animism]], [[Christian Scientists]], [[Gnosticism]], [[Paganism]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Mennonites]], [[Moravian Church]], [[Mormonism]] or [[Latter-day Saints]], [[Pantheism]], [[Polytheism]], theological [[relativism]], [[Scientology]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Universal Life Church]], [[Unitarians]], [[Hare Krishna]], [[Wiccan]], and [[Zoroastrianism]].{{Fact|date=July 2008}}

===No religion===
Europe has a large and growing{{Fact|date=January 2008}} [[atheist]] and [[agnostic]] [[irreligion|irreligous]] population with 18% on average answering the question "I do not believe in a spirit, God or life force" in [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf The Eurobarometer Poll 2005]. The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in the [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and the former [[Soviet]] countries of [[Belarus]], [[Estonia]], [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]].

A European country has also been the first officially atheist state in the world. [[Albania]] in 1967 constitutionally banished religion.{{Fact|date=May 2009}}

===Official religions===
A number of countries in Europe have [[state religion|official religions]], including [[Liechtenstein]], [[Malta]], [[Monaco]], the [[Vatican City]] (Catholic); [[Greece]] (Eastern Orthodox); [[Denmark]], [[Iceland]], [[Norway]] (Lutheran); and [[England]] (Anglican). In [[Switzerland]], some [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances.

[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] has no established church, but the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] enjoys ''de facto'' [[Concordat of 2002|privileged status]]. Much the same applies in Germany with the Evangelical Church and the Roman Catholic Church. In [[Finland]], both the [[Finnish Orthodox Church]] and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Lutheran Church]] are official. England, a part of the [[United Kingdom]], has [[Anglicanism]] as its official religion. [[Scotland]], another part of the UK, has [[Presbyterianism]] as its [[national church]], but it is no longer "official". In [[Sweden]], the national church is [[Lutheranism]], but it is also no longer "official". [[Azerbaijan]], [[France]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Spain]] and [[Turkey]] are officially "secular".

==See also==
* [[Religion in the European Union]]
* [[List of religious populations]]
* [[Islam by country]]
* [[Buddhism by country]]
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[Judaism by country]]
* [[Protestantism by country]]
* [[Roman Catholicism by country]]
* [[irreligion|No Faith by Country]]
* [[Major world religions]]
* [[African religions]]
* [[Religion in Asia]]
* [[Religion in North America]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Religion in Europe}}
{{Europe_topics_(small)|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Europe]]
[[Category:European culture]]
[[Category:Religion by continent|Europe]]
[[Category:Religion in Europe| ]]

[[cs:Náboženství v Evropě]]
[[pt:Religião na Europa]]
[[sl:Religije v Evropi]]
[[hr:Religije u Europi]]