View source for Adriatic Campaign of World War I

[[Image:Adriatic Sea map.png|right|thumb|The present day [[Adriatic Sea]].]]
'''The Adriatic Campaign of World War I''' was a naval campaign fought during [[World War I]] between the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]], and the [[Mediterranean]] squadrons of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[France]], and the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]]. 

==Characteristics==

It consisted mainly of Austro-Hungarian coastal bombardments of Italy's Adriatic coast, and wider-ranging German/Hungarian submarine warfare into the Mediterranean. 

Allied forces mainly limited themselves to blockading the German/Hungarian navies in the Adriatic, which was successful in regards to surface units, but failed for the U-boats, which found safe harbours and easy passage into and out of the area for the whole of the war. Considered a relatively secundary part of the naval warfare of World War I, it nonetheless tied down significant forces.

The Adriatic campaign is important even because were used in war for the first time successfully new weapons, like the [[human torpedo]] of [[Raffaele Rossetti]] and the [[MAS]] of [[Luigi Rizzo]]. These small navy vessels sank two austrian battleships in 1918, the [[SMS Viribus Unitis]] and the [[SMS Szent István]].

==History==
===1914===
====Beginning of the war====
[[Image:Austro-Hungarian Dreadnoughts At Pula.jpg|thumb|right|Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts at [[Pula]].]]
[[Image:Jean Bart (1911).jpg|right|thumb|French dreadnought ''Jean Bart''.]]

On [[6 August]] [[1914]] an [[Anglo-French]] naval agreement was signed, giving [[France]] the leadership of naval operations in the [[Mediterranean]]. The remaining [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Mediterranean Fleet (United Kingdom)|Mediterranean forces]], one [[armored cruiser]], four [[light cruisers]], and sixteen [[destroyers]] were placed under the control of the [[Mediterranean Fleet (France)|French Mediterranean Fleet]] and both [[Gibraltar]] and [[Malta]] would be open as bases to the French.

One day after the French declaration of war against [[Austria-Hungary]] on [[11 August]] the French fleet under Admiral [[Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère]] entered Malta. He had orders to sail with all available French and British ships, pass into the [[Adriatic Sea]] and undertake whatever operation he thought best against an Austrian port. Lapeyrère decided to surprise the Austrian vessels enforcing a blockade of [[Montenegro]]. The main Allied force comprised the French battleships ''[[French battleship Courbet (1911)|Courbet]]'', ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1911)|Jean Bart]]'', and the cruiser ''[[Julien De La Graviere]]''. Two French squadrons of [[pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]], two squadrons of cruisers, and 5 destroyer squadrons were held back in support. The British support group comprised two armored cruisers and three destroyer divisions. The Anglo-French force succeeded in cutting off and sinking the Austro-Hungarian light cruiser [[SMS Zenta|SMS ''Zenta'']] off [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] on [[16 August]].

Throughout most of late August most of the action was simple bombardment of [[Serbia]]n and [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] troops by Austrian ships. On [[August 9]] the pre-dreadnought ''[[SMS Monarch|Monarch]]'' shelled the French radio station at [[Budva]], while the destroyer [[SMS Panther (1885)|''Panther'']] shelled [[Mount Lovcen]]. On [[August 17]] ''Monarch'' shelled a Montenegrin radio station off Bar, then another station off [[Volovica Point]] on [[August 19]]. Meanwhile a French squadron shelled Austrian troops on [[Prevlaka]].

Both the French and the Austrians spent much of this time laying extensive [[minefields]] throughout the shallow waters of the Adriatic. Mostly this was done by destroyers, and at night. Several steamships ran afoul of these mines and either sunk or were damaged.

====The Goeben====
{{main|Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau}}
In July the German battlecruiser ''[[SMS Goeben|Goeben]]'' sailed to [[Triest]] from [[Pula|Pola]]. She and the German cruiser ''[[SMS Breslau|Breslau]]'' had been anchored there since the beginning of the summer. On [[August 1]] ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' rendezvoused at [[Brindisi]], then headed for [[Messina]] to take on coal. They left for [[Constantinople]] on [[August 6]], shadowed by British cruiser ''[[HMS Gloucester (1909)|Gloucester]]''. 

On [[August 7]] the Austro-Hungarian Fleet (6 battleships, 2 cruisers, 19 destroyers and torpedo boats) sortied from Pola to escort ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' through Austro-Hungarian territorial waters, returned to port following day without ever making contact. ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' briefly engaged ''Gloucester'' and the chase was abandoned by the British. By [[August 10]] both German warships were safely in the [[Dardanelles]] and heading for [[Turkey]].

====Winter====
In November the French submarine ''Cugnot'' managed to slip into the [[Bay of Kotor|Bocche di Cattaro]] as far as [[Topla Bay]] but was chased out by the Austrian destroyer SMS ''Blitz'', and the torpedo boat ''Tb 57T''. Later that month the French submarine ''[[Curie (Q 87)|Curie]]'' raided the harbor barrage of [[Pula|Pola]] to wait for her chance to intrude. Two days later, on [[20 December]], during an attempt to sneak into the harbour she got entangled in an [[anti-submarine net]] and could not free herself. Forced to surface for fresh air, she was sunk by the Austrian destroyer ''[[SMS Magnet|Magnet]]'' and ''Tb 63T'', with three casualties. The Austrians raised the wreck between December 1914 and February 1915. It was then repaired and commissioned as ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U 14]]'' in June 1915.

On [[21 December]] the submarine ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-12]]'' scored one torpedo hit on the French battleship ''Jean Bart'' off [[Sazan]] Island. The battleship had to withdraw to [[Malta]] for extensive repairs.

===1915===
In February the French destroyer ''Dague'', while escorting the transport ''Whitehead'' to Bar was sunk after hitting a mine. Also that month the Austrian submarine ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-12]]'' was unsuccessfully attacked off [[Cape Mendra]] by a French submarine. Austrian destroyer ''Csikós'' shelled [[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] positions at Bar with ''Tb 15'' and ''Tb 68F''.

In April the Austrian ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-5]]'' (commanded by Lt. [[Georg Ritter von Trapp]]) chased the French armored cruiser ''Victor Hugo'' off [[Paxos]], but was unable to fire any torpedoes. The ''U-5'' also torpedoed the French armored cruiser ''[[Léon Gambetta (disambiguation)|Léon Gambetta]]'' after a two-day chase off [[Santa Maria di Leuca]], causing 684 fatalities including Rear-Admiral Sénès. Only 137 French sailors survived. The Austrian ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-4]]'' torpedoed and damaged the [[United Kingdom|British]] light cruiser ''[[HMS Dublin (1912)|HMS Dublin]]''. Also the Austrian destroyer ''[[SMS Warasdiner|Warasdiner]]''  shelled enemy positions at Bar.

====Bombardment of Ancona====
[[Image:Ancona mappa.png|right|thumb|Italian province of [[Ancona]].]]
When [[Italy]] declared war against [[Austria-Hungary]] on [[May 23]] the Austrian fleet was quick to act, launching several attacks on the [[Marche]] region of Italy.<ref name="Dario Petković 2004">Dario Petković: Ratna mornarica austro-ugarske monarhije, Pula 2004, ISBN 953-6250-80-2</ref> That day the destroyer ''Dinara'' and ''Tb 53T'' bombarded the port of [[Ancona]]. The destroyer ''Lika'', on reconnaissance duty between [[Palagruža]] and [[Cape Gargano]], shelled the [[semaphore line|semaphore]] and [[radio station]] at [[Vieste]] and fired upon the Italian destroyer ''Turbine''. On [[May 24]] the bulk of the Austrian fleet at [[Pula|Pola]] sailed for the Italian Adriatic coast. This included the dreadnoughts [[SMS Viribus Unitis|''Viribus Unitis'']], [[SMS Tegetthoff|''Tegetthoff'']], [[SMS Prinz Eugen|''Prinz Eugen'']], and eight pre-dreadnoughts. The fleet bombarded several cities and other targets in and around the [[Province of Ancona]], especially damaging the port town of Ancona itself.
[[Image:Gun turret on SMS Tegetthoff.JPG|thumb|left|[[Gun turret]] on the ''[[SMS Tegetthoff]]'']]
The destroyer ''Velebit'' shelled the Italian airship ''Città di Ferrara'' off Ancona. The pre-dreadnought ''[[SMS Radetzky|Radetzky]]'' and two torpedo boats bombarded [[Potenza Picena]], then returned to Pola. The Radetzky-class pre-dreadnought ''Zrinyi'', with two torpedo boats bombarded [[Senigallia]], destroying a train and damaging a railway station and a bridge, then returned to Pola. The torpedo boat ''Tb 3'' was unsuccessfully bombed by an Italian airship. The light cruiser ''[[SMS Admiral Spaun|Admiral Spaun]]'' shelled the Italian signal station at [[Tremiti Islands|Cretaccio Island]], while ''[[SMS Sankt Georg|Sankt Georg]]'', with two torpedo boats, shelled [[Rimini]], damaging a freight train. The destroyer ''Streiter'' shelled the signal station near [[Torre di Mileto]]. The light cruiser ''[[SMS Novara|Novara]]'', a destroyer and two torpedo boats entered [[Corsini Channel]] and shelled an Italian torpedo boat station, a semaphore station, and coastal artillery batteries.

The light cruiser ''[[SMS Helgoland (Austria-Hungary)|Helgoland]]'', aided by four destroyers sank the Italian destroyer ''Turbine'' in a pitched battle south of [[Pelagosa]]. The destroyer ''Tatra'' shelled the railway embankment near [[Manfredonia]] while the destroyer ''Csepel'' shelled the Manfredonia railway station.

Finally Austro-Hungarian [[flying boat]]s dropped bombs on [[Venice]] and airship hangars at [[Chiaravalle (AN)|Chiaravalle]].

====Allied raids====
In response, on [[5 June]], four different Allied task forces attacked the Austrian coast. Four Italian armoured cruisers, escorted by four French destroyers, shelled [[Cavtat]]; the British cruiser ''[[HMS Dublin (1912)|HMS Dublin]]'' escorted by five Italian destroyers shelled [[Donzella]]; the Italian light cruiser ''Quarto'' escorted by four destroyers bombarded [[Lastovo]]; The Italian light cruiser ''Nino Bixio'', two Italian and two French destroyers shelled the island of [[Vis (island)|Lissa]]. On [[June 9]] a mixed force of British, French and Italian destroyers shelled the Austro-Hungarian signal station at [[Cape Rondini]] in [[Albania]].

====Gallipoli====
[[Image:HMS Majestic sinking 27 May 1915.jpg|right|thumb|Sinking of the ''HMS Majestic''.]]
During the [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli Campaign]] the British battleships ''[[HMS Triumph (1903)|Triumph]]'' and ''[[HMS Majestic (1895)|Majestic]]'' were both sunk by the German submarine {{SMS|U-21|Germany|2|sub=y}} off [[Cape Helles]] in late May.

====The summer of 1915====
The armoured cruiser {{SMS|Sankt Georg||2}} and a squadron of torpedo boats bombard [[Rimini]] on [[June 16]], causing minor damage. Then on [[June 17]] the cruisers {{SMS|Novara|1912|2}}, {{SMS|Admiral Spaun||2}} and their escorts attack and sink the Italian steamer ''Maria Grazia'' off Giulianova. The next day they shelled [[Rimini]] and [[Fano]], destroying the Italian signal station there.

The summer of 1915 was a successful time for Austrian submarines as well. On [[June 10]] the {{SMU|U-11|Austria-Hungary|2}} sank the Italian submarine ''Medusa'' and torpedo boat ''Serpente''. {{SMU|U-10|Austria-Hungary|2}} sank the Italian torpedo boat ''PN 5'' on [[June 26]] off [[Venice]]. The {{SMU|U-4|Austria-Hungary|2}} torpedoed and sank the {{ship|Italian armoured cruiser|Giuseppe Garibaldi|1898|2|up=on}} on [[July 18]]. And {{SMU|U-5|Austria-Hungary|2}}' captured the Greek steamer ''Cefalonia'' off Durazzo on [[August 29]]. But this was not without losses. On [[August 13]] the {{SMU|U-3|Austria-Hungary|2}} was sunk at [[Brindisi]] by the French Destroyer ''Bisson'', after having been severely damaged by the Italian [[auxiliary cruiser]] ''Città di Catania'' the day before.

The Austro-Hungarian naval air-arm also began regular bombing raids against [[Bari]] and [[Brindisi]] in June, slightly damaging the British protected cruiser {{HMS|Amethyst|1903|2}} in one such raid with machine gun fire. And the British [[Naval trawler|armed trawler]] ''Schiehallion'' was sunk by a mine. The {{ship|Italian armoured cruiser|Amalfi||2|up=on}} was sunk off Venice by the German {{SMU|UB-14||2}} on [[July 2]]. While the {{ship|Italian scout cruiser|Marsala||2|up=on}} shelled [[Gravosa]] station on [[July 18]], the Italian scout cruiser ''Quarto'' and three Italian destroyers attacked the Austrian installation at [[Guiparra]].

{{SMS|Helgoland|Austria-Hungary|2}}, seven destroyers and four torpedo boats supported the Austrian landings at [[Palagruža|Pelagosa]] on [[July 28]] but within two weeks the battalion of troops are taken off. On [[August 17]] the cruiser was unsuccessfully torpedoed by an Italian submarine on return journey. The town's freshwater cistern was damaged during the bombardment and the Italian troop evacuation took place the following day. The last act of the summer was the sinking on [[September 26]] of the {{ship|Italian battleship|Benedetto Brin||2|up=on}} in [[Brindisi]] Harbor by Italian-speaking Austro-Hungarian [[saboteur]]s. Over 450 were killed.

In late September the Allies established the [[Otranto Barrage]], an attempt to blockade the entrance to the Adriatic Sea at the [[Strait of Otranto]].

====December====
[[File:Monge-Marius Bar-img 3154.jpg|thumb|the ''Monge'']]
In early December the French submarine ''Fresnel'' ran aground off the [[Bojana River]] estuary due to bad navigation, and was sunk by the Austrian destroyer ''[[SMS Warasdiner|Warasdiner]]''. The ''[[SMS Helgoland (Austria-Hungary)|Helgoland]]'' and three destroyers sortie against the [[Otranto Barrage]] from [[December 5]] through [[December 22]] and reconnaissance off the Albanian coast and [[San Giovanni di Medua]]. They sink an Italian picket boat, three steamships loaded with ammunition and two armed schooners en route to Northern Albania.

On [[December 30]] the French submarine [[French submarine Monge (1910)|''Monge'']] is rammed by the Austrian cruiser ''[[SMS Helgoland (Austria-Hungary)|Helgoland]]'', and finally sunk by gunfire from the destroyer ''[[SMS Balaton|Balaton]]''.

===1916===
Austrian submarines sank or damaged a number of ships in 1916. ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-11]]'' captured the Italian hospital ship ''King Albert'' on [[January 18]] at [[San Giovanni di Medua]]. ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-6]]'' sank the French destroyer ''Renaudin'' on [[March 16]] at [[Durazzo]]. On [[June 8]] ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-5]]'' torpedoed and sank the Italian troop transport ''Principe Umberto'' at [[Linguetta]]. Later ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-5]]'' fought a French-Italian destroyer group to a stalemate on [[August 2]], and torpedoed the Italian Q-Ship ''Pantelleria'' south of [[Taranto]] on [[August 14]]. 

On [[September 15]], [[1916]] the two Austro-Hungarian seaplanes L.132 (Konjovics, Sewera) and L.135 (Zelezny, Klimburg) force by bombing the French sub ''Foucault'' (Dévin) to surface. L.135 finally sinks the sub while the 27 survivors were clinging to the two planes now floating, to be finally saved by the alarmed Tb 100M. This was the first sinking of a submarine by airplanes in naval war history.

The very same day the French sub ''Ampére'' (Dévin) scores two torpedo hits on the Austro-Hungarian Hospital ship No I (the former Lloyd steamer Elektra) off Cape Planka [Rat Ploca] causing two fatalities. The damaged hospital ship had to be beached in Borovica Bay for further repairs.

During night of December 22/23., 1916 Austro-Hungarian destroyers [[SMS Scharfschuetze|''Scharfschuetze'']], [[SMS Reka|''Reka'']], [[SMS Dinara|''Dinara'']] and [[SMS Velebit|''Velebit'']] attacked the [[Naval drifter|drifters]] patrolling the Otranto barrage, which applied for help to the French destroyers Casque, Protet, Commandant-RIVIÈRE, Commandant-Bory, Dehorter and Boutefeu which were escorting a convoy from Brindisi to Taranto. Because of communication problems only Casque and Commandant-RIVIÈRE attacked, but Caque's boiler rooms were hit immediately and she had to slow down to {{convert|23|kn|km/h}}. For further assistance the Italians ABBA, Nievo and Pilo left Brindisi shortly followed by the British cruiser Gloucester escorted by Impavido and Irriquieto. The French and the Italian groups met during darkness, ABBA rammed Casque, some moments later Boutefeu rammed ABBA. While the damaged vessels had to be taken into tow the Austrians escaped in the darkness.

The return from the Otranto battle, May 15, 1917, brought the British cruiser Dartmouth within the range of the German sub UC 25 which had already laid mines off Brindisi.

At 13.30 UC 25 torpedoed Dartmouth approximately thirty-six miles off Brindisi, for some time the ship was considered to be lost, but was manned by a rescue crew later and finally towed into port. On hearing that Dartmouth had been torpedoed, the Boutefeu went to assist, only to hit one of UC 25's mines.

===1917===
By August 1917 Lt. Von Trapp and ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-14]]'' had sunk more than 24,000 tons of enemy shipping, including the Italian steamer ''Milazzo'' (11,480 t). 
The ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-5]]'' torpedoed the French cruiser ''Italia'' near [[Taranto]] on [[May 30]], and on [[November 16]] ''[[List of Austrian U-boats|U-43]]'' severely damaged the Italian steamer ''Oriona'' between [[Brindisi]] and [[Vlorë|Valona]].

==== The Premuda attack ====
At 3.30 a.m. on the morning of [[June 10]], [[1918]], the battleship [[SMS Szent István|Szent István]]  in the company of SMS ''Tegetthoff'' and seven other ships en route to attack the Otranto Barrage, was hit by two torpedoes launched from the [[Regia Marina|Italian]] [[MAS (ships)|MAS]]-15 [[Motor Torpedo Boat]] under Corvette Captain [[Luigi Rizzo]] near [[Premuda]] island, near [[Zadar|Zara]]. Many of the 1087 crew were asleep, getting rested for the battle expected in a few hours. Immediate chaos soon changed into frantic efforts to save the vessel which was rapidly shipping water. Even the ''Tegetthoff'' was hit by another torpedo from a second MAS, but it did not exploded. 
[[Image:Affondamento Santo Stefano.jpg|thumb|right|The last moments of SMS ''Szent István'', hit by a torpedo ot the Italian MAS of [[Luigi Rizzo]].]]
Then the Tegetthoff, which had at first sped away from the vicinity of the torpedo attack, returned and took the ''Szent István'' in tow, in an attempt to reach the massive dry dock at Pola. However the pumps were unequal to the task before them and the ship continued to slowly list, sinking at 6.12 a.m.<ref name="Dario Petković 2004"/>

It is said she sank easily due to faults in the Tegetthoff class design: relatively low [[displacement (fluid)|displacement]] and high [[centre of gravity]], together with the tremendous weight of 12 × 305&nbsp;mm [[main artillery]]. There were, however, only 89 dead, partly attributed to the fact that all sailors with the KuK had to learn to swim before entering active service.<ref name="Dario Petković 2004"/>

The attack on the Otranto Barrage was cancelled as a consequence of this attack.<ref name="Dario Petković 2004"/>

===1918===
On 13 February 1918 the submarine ''Bernoulli'' (Audry) is lost with all hands after hitting a mine off the Bocche di Cattaro.

On 22/23 April 1918 the Austro-Hungarian [[Tátra class destroyer|''Tátra''-class destroyers]] ''Triglav'', ''Uzsok'', ''Dukla'', ''Lika'' and ''Csepel'' encountered the British destroyers [[HMS Jackal (1911)|''Jackal'']] and [[HMS Hornet (1911)|''Hornet'']], the Australian [[HMAS Torrens (D67)|''Torrens'']]  and the French [[French ship Cimeterre|''Cimeterre'']]. ''Hornet'' was badly damaged in the ensuing fight but the alarm went up and the Austrians turned for home, pursued by ''Jackal'', who had lost her mainmast.

On 20 September 1918 the submarine ''Cirçé'' (Viaud) is torpedoed 7&nbsp;nm north west of Cape Rodoni [Sqepi i Skenderbeut, Albania], by the Austro-Hungarian submarine [[SM UB-47|''U 47'']] (Seyffertitz) and lost with all hands.

===Sinking of the Viribus Unitis===

On [[1 November]], the ex-[[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[dreadnought]] [[SMS Viribus Unitis|SMS ''Viribus Unitis'']]  was sunk (with the merchant ship "Wien") at anchor at [[Pula]] by  [[limpet mine]] attached by the crew (Rossetti and Paolucci) of an [[Italy|Italian]] ''mignatta'' (human torpedo). The mignatta was the precursor of the [[human torpedo]] and was invented by Major of naval engineers [[Raffaele Rossetti]]. 

The whole austrian navy was just being transferred to the new state ([[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]) after the dissolution of Austria Hungary.

== Austro-Hungarian submarines results ==
{{Main|Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I)}}

Austro-Hungarian and many German U-boats operated out of the Adriatic for the whole of the war. Due to lack of cooperation of the Allies in the Mediterranean control zones, and the late institution of the convoy system, U-boats experienced substantial success throughout the first war years.<ref name="WILL">''First World War'' - Willmott, H.P., [[Dorling Kindersley]], 2003, Page 186-187</ref>

[[Austro-Hungarian Navy|K.u.K. Kriegsmarine]] submarines sunk 117 ships during WW1, with the total tonnage of 220.121T. The most well-known casualties were:<ref name="Dario Petković 2004, Page 84"/>

* ''[[French armoured cruiser Léon Gambetta|Leon Gambetta]]''
* ''Giuseppe Garibaldi''
* ''Nereide''
* ''Renaudin''
* ''Fourche''
* ''Impetuoso''
* ''Nembo''
*{{HMS|Phoenix|1911|2}}
* ''Circé''
Also, the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|K.u.K. Kriegsmarine]] submarines damaged the following ships:<ref name="Dario Petković 2004, Page 84"/>
* ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1911)|Jean Bart]]''
* ''[[HMS Dublin (1912)|Dublin]]''
* ''Sakaki''
* ''[[HMS Weymouth (1910)|Weymouth]]''

{|class="wikitable" align="{{{align|left}}}" style="margin:{{#ifeq:{{{align}}}|right|0 0 0.5em 1em|0 1em 0.5em 0}};"
|+'''Tonnes sunk by K.u.K. Kriegsmarine submarines'''
|-
! Year
! 1914
! 1915
! 1916
! 1917
! 1918
|-
! Tonnage
| 13
| 22.568
| 25.716
| 112.716
| 58.902 
|-
! colspan="6" | <small>Source: <ref name="Dario Petković 2004, Page 84">Dario Petković: Ratna mornarica austro-ugarske monarhije, Pula 2004, Page 84, ISBN 953-6250-80-2</ref>
|}
















==See also==
*[[Mediterranean naval engagements during World War I]]
*[[Otranto Barrage]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW1CampaignsSerbia.htm Serbia, Balkans & Macedonia 1914-18]
*[http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n2/adriatic.html Combined Operations in the Adriatic, 1915-18]

[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Empire and World War I]]
[[Category:Mediterranean naval operations of World War I]]