View source for Mexican Spanish

{{Spanish}}

'''Mexican Spanish''' (translated literally ''"español mexicano"'' in Spanish) is a version of the [[Spanish language]], as spoken in [[Mexico]] and in various places of Canada and the United States of America, where there are communities of Mexican origin.

Spanish was brought to [[Mexico]] beginning in the 16th century CE. As a result of Mexico City's central role in the colonial administration of [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]], the population of the city included relatively large numbers of speakers from [[Spain]].  Mexico City ([[Tenochtitlán]]) had also been the capital of the [[Aztec]] Empire, and many speakers of the Aztec language [[Nahuatl]] continued to live there and in the surrounding region, outnumbering the Spanish-speakers for several generations.  Consequently, Mexico City tended historically to exercise a standardizing effect over the entire country, more or less, evolving into a distinctive dialect of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] which incorporated a significant number of hispanicized Nahuatl words.

== Variation ==
The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish. First, the Spanish of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] is distinct from all other forms, both in intonation and in the incorporation of [[Mayan languages|Mayan]] words. The Spanish spoken in the areas that border [[Guatemala]] resembles the variation of [[Central American Spanish]] spoken in that country, where the ''[[voseo]]'' is used. Secondly, Spanish remained a language widely used in Texas after its independence from Mexico, where it is identified as ''Tex-Mex''. Thirdly, after the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] many Mexicans remained in the territory taken by the U.S. and continued to speak Spanish within their communities in Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming. A Spanish linguistic variety known as [[New Mexican Spanish|''Ladino'']] (one of several uses of the term [[Ladino]]) is still spoken in parts of New Mexico (for example, in the town of [[Mesilla, New Mexico|La Mesilla]] in the south, as well as in northern areas of the state). And also, the waves of 19th and 20th century migration from Mexico to the [[United States]] have very much contributed to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the [[United States]], except on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where [[Caribbean Spanish]] is most common (e.g. [[Miami]], where there is an important [[Cuban]] community, and the [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern U.S.]], where there are many significant [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] communities). The Spanish spoken in the Gulf coastal areas of [[Veracruz]] and [[Tabasco]] and in the states of [[Yucatan]] and [[Quintana Roo]], is also distinctive—at least at the level of vernacular speech—as the Spanish spoken there exhibits more [[Caribbean Spanish|Caribbean]] phonetic traits than that spoken in the rest of Mexico.

Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguist [[:sv:Bertil Malmberg (fonetiker)|Bertil Malmberg]] points out that in Mexican Spanish, unlike most variations of the other Spanish-speaking countries, the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg explains this by the influence of the consonant-complex [[Nahuatl language]] through bilingual speakers and place names. However, there are currently more than 50 native Mexican languages spoken throughout the country and they all contribute to the diversity of accents found all over Mexico.<ref>{{cite news
 | title = Descubren en México cinco nuevas lenguas indígenas
 | url = http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/505982.html
 | format = Newspaper
 | publisher = [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]
 | date = May 11, 2008
 | accessdate = 2008-05-20
 | language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
 }}</ref>  For instance, the tonal or "sing song" quality of some forms of Mexican Spanish derives from some of the indigenous languages such as [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] which, like Chinese, include tonality in their standard form. The strength of the consonants in Mexican Spanish is thus not necessarily from native Mexican influence, especially since other Romance languages, most notably [[Italian language|Italian]] (which is replete with double consonants), also have strengthened consonants, and Mexican Spanish dates from the 17th century.

== Phonology ==
[[File:Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''10 varieties of Mexican Spanish.'''
{{legend|#FFBA00|Norteño regiomontano (northern variant)}} 
{{legend|#0047AB|Norteño (western northern variant)}} 
{{legend|#FF7028|Bajacaliforniense (peninsular northern variant)}} 
{{legend|#44944A|Tapatío or Jalicense (western variant)}} 
{{legend|#50C878|Bajío (lowlands variant)}} 
{{legend|#FF0000|Chilango/Defeño or Altiplano (central variant, also termed neutral, akin to [[BBC English]])}} 
{{legend|#FFCBDB|Oaxaqueño (central southern variant)}} 
{{legend|#1E90FF|Costeño or Veracruzano/Acapulqueño (coastal variant)}} 
{{legend|#660099|Chiapaneco (south-eastern variant, similar to [[Central American Spanish]])}} 
{{legend|#4CBB17|Yucateco (eastern variant)}}]]
A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly in that of central Mexico, is the high rate of unstressed [[vowel reduction]] and [[elision]], as in {{IPA|/ˈtɾasts/}} (''trastos'', 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the sound {{IPA|/s/}}, so that {{IPA|/s/}}+vowel+{{IPA|/s/}} is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Canfield|1981|p=61}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cotton|Sharp|1988|p=154–155}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lope Blanch|1972|p=53}}</ref> It can be the case that the words ''pesos'', ''pesas'', and ''peces'' are pronounced the same {{IPA|/ˈpesᵊs/}}. The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions {{IPA|/t, p, k, d/}}+vowel+{{IPA|/s/}}, so that the words ''pastas'', ''pastes'', and ''pastos'' may also be pronounced the same {{IPA|/ˈpasts/}}.

Also present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation (absence of [[debuccalization]]) of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}}; this, combined with frequent unstressed vowel reduction, gives the sibilant {{IPA|/s/}} a special prominence. This situation contrasts with that in the coastal areas, on both the [[Pacific]] and the [[Gulf Coast|Gulf Coastal sides]], where the weakening of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}} is a sociolinguistic marker, reflecting the tension between the Mexico City norm and the historical tendency towards consonantal weakening characteristic of coastal areas in [[Latin America|Spanish America]].

=== Affricates ===

Due to influence from local languages like [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], Mexican Spanish also has a voiceless alveolar affricate {{IPA|[t͡s]}} and a lateral alveolar affricate {{IPA|[t͡ɬ]}} represented by the respective digraphs ‹tz› and ‹tl›,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lope Blanch|2004|p=29}}</ref> like in the word ''tlapalería {{IPA|[t͡ɬapaleˈɾia]}}.

=== Fricatives ===
In addition to the usual fricatives of other American Spanish dialects ({{IPA|[f]}}, {{IPA|[s]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}), Mexican Spanish also has {{IPA|[ʃ]}},<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lope Blanch|2004|p=29}}</ref> mostly in words from indigenous languages, represented orthographically as ‹x›. Many of these words, mostly place names, are from [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] (e.g. ''Xola'', {{IPA|[ˈʃola]}}). (The spelling ‹x› also represents two other pronunciations: {{IPA|[x]}} (also mostly in place names) as in ''México'' ({{IPA|[ˈmexiko]}}), and (in words of Latin origin) {{IPA|[ks]}} as in ''anexar'' ({{IPA|[anekˈsar]}}).) In many Nahuatl words in which ‹x› originally represented {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, the pronunciation has changed to {{IPA|[x]}} (e.g., ''[[Xalapa|Jalapa/Xalapa]]''). 

In Northern Western Mexican Spanish, and in variants influenced by Mayan languages  {{IPA|[tʃ]}} represented by "ch" tends to be deaffricated to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}.

Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme {{IPA|/x/}}, the articulation in most of Mexico is velar {{IPA|[x]}}, as in ''caja'' {{IPA|[kaxa]}} ('box'). On the southern coasts, the normal articulation is glottal {{IPA|[h]}}, as in most Caribbean and Pacific coast dialects of Spanish. In dialects of Oaxaca the pronunciation of {{IPA|/x/}} is uvular {{IPA|[χ]}}, identical to a Mayan pronunciation. In Spanish spelling before the conquest of Mexico, the letter ‹x› represented {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.  Historical shifts have moved this articulation to the back of the mouth.

== Morphology ==
Mexican Spanish is a ''tuteante'' form of the language (i.e. using ''tú'' and its traditional verb forms for the second person familiar), ''[[voseo]]'' being confined to some parts of the state of [[Chiapas]], where the local Spanish rather belongs to the [[Central America]]n region. In Chiapas, the verb forms corresponding to ''vos'' are the same as in [[Guatemala]]—in other words, the present indicative and subjunctive have [[oxytone]] forms with [[Monophthong|monophthongal]] endings (cantás/-és, comés/-ás, subís/-ás); the imperative has no final {{IPA|/d/}}; there is sociolinguistic variation in the future between forms in -ás and forms in -és/-ís (the latter being the less prestigious of the alternants); and the remaining ''vos'' forms are identical to those that go with ''tú'' in standard Spanish.

''Vosotros'' (Second Person Plural, in English "you all"). ''Vosotros'' is only in current usage in Spain and can also be found in certain archaic texts in Mexico. It sounds odd to Mexican ears.  However, since it is used in many Spanish-language bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it.  Nevertheless, like in the rest of Spanish America, it has fallen out of everyday use.

An interesting feature of Mexican Spanish, found throughout the country, is the frequent use of [[diminutive]] suffixes with many nouns, adverbs and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the ''-ito/ita'' suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with ''-n'' use the suffix ''-cito/cita''. Use of the diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of "una casita grande" ('a nice, big house'). 

When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a matress (un colchón) described as "blandito" might be "nice and soft", while calling it "blando" might be heard to mean "too soft".

Frequent use of the diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech.

== Syntax ==
Several syntactic patterns that sound very "non-standard" to the Peninsular ear are routine in Mexican Spanish. First and foremost is the more or less conventionalized ellipsis of the negative particle "no" in clauses containing the preposition "hasta" (until):

* Será publicado hasta fines de año. ('It will ''not'' be published until the end of the year.')
* Cierran hasta las nueve. ('They ''don't'' close until 9 o'clock.')
* Hasta que tomé la píldora se me quitó el dolor. ('Until I took the pill, the pain did ''not'' go away.')

In each case, the sentence has the sense indicated by the [[English language|English]] translation only if the main verb is ''implicitly'' understood as being negated.

A departure from Peninsular usage (which Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America) involves using interrogative "qué" in conjunction with the quantifier "tan(to)"<ref>Kany, p. 330</ref> ("Qué tan" "Qué tanto" = How):
* ¿Qué tan graves son los daños? (How serious are the damages?) (Whereas in [[Spain]] the question would be posed as "¿Hay muchos daños?") (Is there a lot of damage?)
* ¿Qué tan buen cocinero eres? (How good a cook are you?)

Note that phenomena relating to bilingualism are likely to be encountered among [[bilingual]]s whose primary language is not Spanish or in isolated rural regions where the syntactic influence of [[Indigenous language|indigenous]] languages has been important historically. One of the most discussed of these phenomena is the redundant use of verbal [[clitic]]s, particularly "lo", a tendency that is encountered in language contact areas throughout [[Latin America]].

Another departure from Peninsular Spanish is that of the preference for the use of the preposition "por" instead of "durante", that in Mexico, as well as in some other regions of the Spanish Americas, is commonly used to convey a time duration or span. For example, whereas in Peninsular Spanish using "por" in a sentence such as ''Fue el presidente de la compañía '''por''' veinte años'' (He was the president of the company for twenty years) would sound odd and even incorrect—the preferred sentence being in that case ''Fue el presidente de la compañía '''durante''' veinte años''—that use of "por" is widespread in Mexican Spanish, to the point that "durante" is quite uncommonly used.

== Lexicon ==
Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain.

Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have [[Nahuatl]], [[Mayan languages|Mayan]] or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and [[Toponymy|toponyms]].  Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like ''chocolate'' and ''aguacate'' (avocado), and some are only used in Mexico. An example of the latter would be ''guajolote'', for "turkey" (although ''pavo'' is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries) which comes from the Nahuatl ''huaxōlōtl''. Other examples would be ''papalote'' for "kite", from the Nahuatl ''pāpālōtl'' for "butterfly"; and ''jitomate'' for "tomato" from the Nahuatl ''xītomatl'' (see [[List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin]] for a more complete list). Other usages that are unique to Mexican Spanish include:

* ''Pelo chino'' means curly hair, although literally it means "Chinese hair".
* ''Chichis'' means teats.
* "''¿Mande?''" (Roughly translated, a formal "(you) order?"; from ''mandar'', 'to order'). Also used as an equivalent to "(beg your) pardon?"
* The use of "''¿Qué?''" ("What?") on its own is sometimes considered impolite, unless it is accompanied by a verb: "''¿Qué dijiste?''" ("What did you say?") or "''¿Qué pasó?''" ("What happened?"). Otherwise "''¿Cómo?''" ("How?") is preferred.
* ''Ahorita'': Literally "right now", used to say something should happen within an indeterminate, largely context-dependent period of time.
<!-- * ''Bañado'': I don't know what it means, but I've heard several Mexicans use it, but it seems to imply that something is "washed up"; they also say things like "''te la bañaste''" when you did something wrong. -->
* ''Cagar'': Literally "to defecate", means "to scold". "Cagado" is also used to mean "funny".
* ''Chingadera'' [or ''chingado (-a)'' followed by what is being referred to]: any unspecified object (considered vulgar), ''damned'' as in damned thing.
* ''[[Chingar]]'': to screw/ruin/rob/steal/fuck/work/eat (vulgar), replaces the versatility of fuck in Spanish.
* "''¿Cómo (la) ves?''": Literally "How do you see (it)?", means "What do you think (about something)?"
* "Escuincle" Literally household dog in Nahuatl, used to refer to a bratty child. Can be used in plural "escuincles"
* ''Bronca'': Literally "aggressive woman or girl or wild female animal", commonly used amongst young people; means "fight" or "problem". Also can mean just "wild, untame", as for example unpasteurised milk is referred to "leche bronca", i.e. wild milk.
* ''Güey'': Dude, guy, but also used as "dumbass", "jackass", "asshole", etc. NOT to be confused with "Huey" from the Aztec title "Huey Tlatoani", in which "Huey" is a term of reverence.
* ''Pedo'': Literally "fart", used for the same or when there is a problem as in "''Hay un pedo'', or it can mean "situation" as in the greeting "''¿Qué pedo güey?''" ("What's the situation dude?".". It can also mean "drunk", and "''estar pedo''" means "to be drunk". A "''peda''" is a party or reunion with significant amounts of alcohol and also refers to the state of drunkenness. 
* ''Güero'': someone with light hair and/or light skin (blond). Not considered offensive.
* ''[[Naco (slang)|Naco]]'' from Nahuatl ''naca'', meaning flesh or people. A boorish, uneducated person (pejorative).
* "''¿Qué onda?''" (literally, "What's the vibe"?) is commonly used as a "What's up?"
* ''Padre'': Literally "father," used as an adjective to denote something being "cool", attractive, good, fun, etc.: "''Esta música está muy padre.''" ("This music is really cool."). ''Chido'' is also used for the same intention.
* ''Pinche'': Literally means "kitchen assistant". Used as "fucking", "bloody" (vulgar): "''Quita tu pinche cara de aquí.''" ("Take your fucking face away from here.")
* ''Popote'': (drinking) straw.
* ''En un momento.''Literally means "in a moment". Usually used as "hold on a second" or "one moment".
* ''Hablar'': Used instead of ''llamar'' in the sense of "call" (on the telephone).
* ''Macho'': A Nahuatl word whose translation in Spanish is "Ejemplar", meaning "someone to be imitated" in English. 
* ''Chavo(a)/Chamaco(a)/Chilpayate'' all refer to a kid, teen, or youngster. ''Huerco(a)'', ''Morro(a)" are used in the northern parts of the country. All these terms but ''Chilpayate'' are usually found in their diminutives: Chavito(a), Chamaquito(a), Huerquito(a), Morrito(a).

== Dialects ==

Due to the size of the country, it is natural that a variety of Mexican [[dialect]]s has emerged. Some of them are clearly distinct from the other varieties (the speech of [[Mexico City]], [[Yucatán]], [[Nuevo León]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Jalisco]], [[Veracruz]], [[Nayarit]], [[Sinaloa]], [[Sonora]], [[Chiapas]], and  [[Baja California]], for example, are easy to discern from each other). Differences in usage and vocabulary among the regions are common and, although standard Mexican Spanish is understood by all, sometimes the differences can lead to misunderstandings since words can have different meanings depending on region.{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} Dialects also vary depending on the education, social level and ethnic background of the speaker.

== Some suffixes and prefixes ==
In Mexico, the ''-ito'', a [[diminutive]] suffix, is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission (''cafecito'', meaning little coffee; ''cabecita'', meaning little head; ''chavito'', meaning little young boy), and is attached to names (''Marquitos'', meaning little Marcos; ''Juanito'', meaning little Juan) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix ''-ito'' is often replaced on informal situations by '-illo" (''cafecillo, cabecilla, morrillo, Juanillo'').  

In Spanish, the "-ísimo" is used as a suffix to emphasize the original meaning of adjectives; it is equivalent to the Italian/Latin "issimo". For instance, the word "''grande''", which means literally big, can be emphasized (''grandísimo'') therefore meaning "very big". Unlike many Spanish-speaking countries, it is common in Mexico to emphasize the adjective twice or three times: ''grandísimo'', meaning "very big", can be emphasized again (''grandisísimo''), thus meaning "very very big"; and even again (''grandisisísimo''), meaning "very very very big".

The suffix "-ote" is typically used in Mexico as the augmentative ending; thus making nouns bigger, larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the word "camión" by itself literally means "bus"; adding the suffix, ''camionzote'' means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of the suffix "-ito" and "-ísimo", therefore ''camionzotototote'' means "very very very big bus".

The suffix "-uco" or "-ucho" and its feminine counterparts "-uca" and "-ucha" respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the word ''casa'', meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix (''casucha'') to change the word's meaning to make it more disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so the word "casucha" is often a shanty, hut or hovel. With the word ''madera'' (wood), for example, it is often used with the other suffix (-uca: ''maderuca'') and it means rotten, ugly wood.

Other suffixes include, but are not limited to: "-azo" as in "carrazo", which refers to a very pretty car (carro) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz; "-ón", for example "narizón" someone with a large nose (nariz) or "patona", a female with large legs (patas); some others include "-udo" like in the words "narizudo" someone with a large nose (nariz), and "puntiagudo" something with many pointy edges "puntas" (commonly used "Me piqué con el nopal puntiagudo" meaning "I pricked myself with the pointy cactus"); the prefix "a-" or "en-" used with the suffix "-ado" like in "acamado" or "engentado" meaning someone that is tired of being in bed, and someone that is tired of being in crowds and with many people, respectively.

It is also common to add a ''ch-'' to form diminutives, e.g. Isabel => ''Chabela'', José María => ''Chema'', Cerveza (beer) => ''Chela'', Concepción => ''Conchita'', Sin Dientes (without teeth) => ''Chimuela''. This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish.

== Similar dialects ==
The small amount of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish spoken in the Philippines]] has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish (as [[Mexico City]] administered the territory for the Spanish crown).

== See also ==
{{Portalbox|Mexico|Languages}}
* [[Mexico]]
* [[Languages of Mexico]]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Spanish/Verbs Spanish Verbs]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book
|last=Canfield
|first=D[elos] Lincoln
|year=1981
|title=Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|place=Chicago
|isbn=0-226-09262-3, 0-226-09263-1
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G8ZY3dVGF7cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=canfield+spanish+pronunciation+americas&hl=en&ei=ZH0bTr6_HIHz0gGP6v3JBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Cotton
|first=Eleanor Greet
|last2=Sharp
|first2=John
|year=1988
|title=Spanish in the Americas
|publisher=Georgetown University Press
|place=
|isbn=0-87840-094-X
|url=http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C&
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Kany
|first=Charles E.
|year=1945, 1951, etc.
|title=American-Spanish Syntax 
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|place=Chicago 
|isbn=0-226-42407-3
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3JRjPwAACAAJ&dq=kany+american+spanish+syntax&hl=en&ei=R54bTpiZG6Pm0QGFu4H8Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lope Blanch
|first=Juan M.
|year=1972
|chapter=En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano
|title=Estudios sobre el español de México
|publisher=editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
|place=Mexico
|pages=53–73
|url=http://www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Lope Blanch
|first=Juan M. 
|year=2004
|title=Cuestiones de filología mexicana'' 
|place=Mexico
|publisher=editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
|ISBN=978-970-32-0976-7
|url=http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=yWHdxJx0Ji4C&pg
}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.jergasdehablahispana.org/?pais=M%E9xico&tipobusqueda=1 Jergas de habla hispana]—A Spanish dictionary specializing in dialectal and colloquial variants of Spanish, featuring all Spanish-language countries including Mexico.
* [http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/articles/latin-american-spanish.htm  Latin American Spanish]—This is the universal and somewhat arbitrary name that is given to idiomatic and native expressions and to the specific vocabulary of the Spanish language in Latin America.
* [http://espadiamapas.t35.com/mexicanslangtoenglish.html Mexican Spanish slang]—Several hundred words of Mexican slang and English meanings.

{{Spanish variants by continent}}
{{Languages of Mexico}}

[[Category:Mexican Spanish]]
[[Category:North American Spanish]]

[[ca:Castellà de Mèxic]]
[[es:Español mexicano]]
[[fr:Espagnol mexicain]]
[[hu:Mexikói spanyol nyelvjárás]]
[[nl:Mexicaans-Spaans]]
[[pl:Meksykańska odmiana języka hiszpańskiego]]
[[pt:Espanhol mexicano]]
[[ru:Испанский язык в Мексике]]