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|Ship caption=USS ''Franklin'' underway<br> near the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]], 1 August 1944
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The '''USS ''Franklin'' (CV/CVA/CVS-13, AVT-8)''', nicknamed "Big Ben," was one of 24 {{Sclass-|Essex|aircraft carrier}}s built during [[World War II]] for the [[United States Navy]], and the fifth US Navy ship to bear the name. Commissioned in January 1944, she served in several campaigns in the [[Pacific War]], earning four [[battle star]]s. She was badly damaged by a Japanese air attack in March 1945, with the loss of over 800 of her crew, becoming the most heavily damaged United States carrier to survive the war.<ref>Friedman, p. 232</ref> Movie footage of the actual attack was included in the 1949 film ''[[Task Force (film)|Task Force]]'' starring [[Gary Cooper]].

After the attack, she returned to the U.S. mainland for repairs, missing the rest of the war; she was decommissioned in 1947. While in reserve, she was reclassified as an attack carrier (CVA), then an antisubmarine carrier (CVS), and finally an aircraft transport (AVT), but was never modernized and never saw active service again. ''Franklin'' and {{USS|Bunker Hill|CV-17|2}} (damaged by a kamikaze) were the only ''Essex''-class carriers not to see active service as aircraft carriers after World War II.<ref>Friedman, p. 156</ref> The ''Franklin'' was sold for scrap in 1966.

==Construction and commissioning==
The keel of ''Franklin'' was laid down on 7 December 1942, the first anniversary of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], and she was launched by the [[Northrop Grumman Newport News|Newport News Shipbuilding Company]], in [[Virginia]], on 14 October 1943, sponsored by [[Lieutenant Commander]] [[Mildred H. McAfee]], an American naval officer who was the Director of the [[WAVES]]. This warship was named in honor of the founding father [[Benjamin Franklin]] and for the previous warships that had been named for him; it was not named for the [[Battle of Franklin II|Battle of Franklin, Tennessee]], that was fought during the [[American Civil War]], as is sometimes erroneously reported,<ref>U.S. Naval Historical Center</ref> although a footnote in ''The Franklin Comes Home''<ref>A. A. Hoehling, ''The Franklin Comes Home'', Hawthorn Books, New York, 1974, p.3.</ref> does attribute the naming to the Battle of Franklin.  (Franklin, Tennessee was also named after Benjamin Franklin.)  ''Franklin'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 31 January 1944, with [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] James M. Shoemaker in command. Among the [[plankowner]]s was a ship's band made up of several enlisted men who were professional musicians at the time, including [[Saxie Dowell]] and [[Deane Kincaide]], assigned to ''Franklin'' by a lottery.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

==Service history==

===World War II===
''Franklin'' steamed south to [[Trinidad]] for a [[Shakedown cruise|shakedown]] and soon thereafter, she departed in [[Task force|Task Group]] 27.7 (TG 27.7) for San Diego, to engage in intensive training exercises preliminary to combat duty. In June, she steamed via [[Pearl Harbor]] for [[Eniwetok]] Island where she joined TG 58.2.

====The Bonin and Mariana Islands====
On the last day of June 1944, she sortied for carrier strikes on the [[Bonin Islands]] in support of the subsequent [[Mariana Islands]] [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|assault]]. Her planes destroyed aircraft on the ground and in the air, gun installations, airfield and enemy shipping. On 4 July, strikes were launched against [[Iwo Jima]], [[Chichi Jima]], and [[Haha Jima]] hitting ground targets, sinking a large cargo vessel in the harbor and setting three smaller ships on fire.

On 6 July, ''Franklin'' began strikes on [[Guam]] and [[Rota (island)|Rota Island]] to soften them up for the invasion forces that were going to land on Guam, and those strikes continued until the 21st when she lent direct support to enable safe landing of the [[Battle of Guam (1944)|first assault waves]]. Two days of replenishment at [[Saipan]] permitted her to steam in [[Task force|Task Force]] 58 (TF 58) for photographic reconnaissance and air strikes against the islands of the [[Palau Islands]] group. On the 25th and 26th, her planes struck enemy planes, ships, and ground installations. The ''Franklin'' departed on 28 July and headed for  Saipan, and the following day she was shifted to TG 58.1.

Although high seas prevented taking on a needed load of [[bomb]]s and [[Rocket#World War II|rocket]]s, ''Franklin'' steamed for another raid against the Bonins.  On 4 August, her fighters attacked [[Chichi Jima]] and her dive bombers and torpedo planes attacked a ship convoy north of Ototo Jima. Targets included radio stations, a [[seaplane]] base, [[airstrip]]s, and ships.

A period of upkeep and recreation from 9–28 August ensued at Eniwetok before she departed with {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6| 2}}, {{USS|Belleau Wood|CVL-24|2}} and {{USS|San Jacinto|CVL-30|2}} for neutralization and diversionary attacks against the Bonins.  From 31 August to 2 September, strikes from ''Franklin'' inflicted ground damage, sank two cargo ships, destroyed enemy planes in flight, and undertook photographic surveys.

====Peleliu====
On 4 September, ''Franklin'' took on supplies at Saipan, and then she steamed in TG 38.1 for an attack against [[Yap]] Island (3–6 September) which included direct air coverage of the [[Battle of Peleliu|Peleliu invasion]] on the 15th. The Task Group took on supplies at [[Manus Island]] from 21 to 25 September.

''Franklin'', now the [[flagship]] of TG 38.4, returned to the Palau area where she launched daily patrols and [[night fighter]]s. On 9 October, she rendezvoused with carrier groups cooperating in air strikes in support of the [[Battle of Leyte|coming occupation]] of [[Leyte (island)|Leyte Island]]. At twilight on the 13th, the task group came under attack by four [[bomber]]s, and ''Franklin'' twice was narrowly missed by [[torpedo]]es. An enemy plane, a harbinger of the coming ''[[kamikaze]]'' campaign, crashed on ''Franklin''{{'}}s deck abaft the aircraft carrier's island, sliding across the deck and into the water on her starboard beam.

====Leyte====
Early on the 14th, a fighter sweep was made against [[Aparri, Cagayan|Aparri]], [[Luzon]], following which she steamed to the east of Luzon to neutralize installations to the east prior to [[Battle of Leyte|invasion landings on Leyte]]. On the 15th, ''Franklin'' was attacked by three enemy planes, one of which scored with a bomb that hit the after outboard corner of the deck edge [[Elevator#Aircraft elevators|elevator]], killing three men and wounding 22. The carrier's aircraft hit [[Manila Bay]] on 19 October when her planes sank and damaged ships and boats, destroyed a [[floating drydock]], and claimed 11 Japanese aircraft.

[[File:USS Franklin (CV-13) and USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24) afire 1944.jpg|thumb|left|{{USS|Belleau Wood|CVL-24|2}} (left) and ''Franklin'' hit by ''[[kamikaze]]s'', 30 October 1944]]

During the initial landings on [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] (20 October) ''Franklin''{{'}}s aircraft attacked surrounding airstrips and launched search patrols in anticipation of the approach of a reported enemy attack force. On the morning of 24 October, in the [[Battle of the Sibuyan Sea]], her planes formed part of the waves that attacked the [[Japanese First Raiding Force]] (under [[Vice Admiral]] [[Takeo Kurita]]), in so doing helping to sink {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Musashi||2}} south of Luzon, damage {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Fusō||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Yamashiro||2}}, and sink {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Wakaba||2}}.  As further enemy threats seemed to materialize in another quarter, ''Franklin'' – with TGs 38.4, 38.3, and 38.2 – sped to intercept the advancing Japanese carrier force and attack at dawn. The distant carrier force was actually a sacrificial feint, as by that time the Japanese were almost out of serviceable airplanes and, even more importantly, very short on trained pilots, but the admiral in charge, [[William Halsey]], took the bait and steamed furiously off after them without communicating his intentions clearly, leading to the infamous "[[the world wonders]]" communications debacle.  ''Franklin''{{'}}s strike groups combined with those from the other carriers on 25 October in the [[Battle off Cape Engaño]] to damage {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Chiyoda||2}} (she would be sunk by American cruiser gunfire subsequently) and sink {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuihō||2}}.

Retiring in her task group to refuel, she returned to the Leyte action on 27 October, her planes concentrating on a [[heavy cruiser]] and two destroyers south of [[Mindoro]].  She was underway about 1,000&nbsp;mi (1,600&nbsp;km) off [[Samar (island)|Samar]] on 30 October, when enemy bombers appeared bent on a suicide mission. Three doggedly pursued ''Franklin'', the first plummeting off her starboard side, the second hitting the [[flight deck]] and crashing through to the [[gallery deck]], killing 56 men and wounding 60; the third discharging another near miss by ''Franklin'', before diving into the flight deck of ''Belleau Wood''.

Both carriers retired to [[Ulithi]] Atoll for temporary repairs, and then ''Franklin'' proceeded to the [[Puget Sound Navy Yard]], arriving on 28 November 1944 for repairs of her battle damage. In the meantime, on 7 November, Captain Shoemaker was relieved by Captain [[Leslie E. Gehres]] as the carrier's commanding officer.

''Franklin'' departed from [[Bremerton, Washington|Bremerton]] on 2 February 1945, and after training exercises and pilot qualification operations, she joined the TG 58.2 for strikes on the Japanese homeland in support of the [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa landings]]. On 15 March, she rendezvoused with TF 58 units, and 3 days later launched sweeps and strikes against [[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] and [[Izumi, Kagoshima|Izumi]] on southern [[Kyūshū]].

====19 March 1945====
[[File:USS Franklin (CV-13) burning aerial view.jpg|thumb|The burning ''Franklin'' with {{USS|Santa Fe|CL-60}} alongside.]]
[[File:Attack on carrier USS Franklin 19 March 1945.jpg|thumb|''Franklin ''listing, with crew on deck, 19 March 1945.]]
[[File:Franklins aft twin turret burning, 19 March 1945.jpg|thumb|Aft 5-inch gun turrets on fire, 19 March 1945.]]

Before dawn on 19 March 1945, ''Franklin'', which had maneuvered to within 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) of the Japanese mainland, closer than had any other U.S. carrier during the war, launched a fighter sweep against [[Honshū]] and later a strike against shipping in [[Kobe]] Harbor. Suddenly, a single aircraft – possibly a [[Yokosuka D4Y]] "Judy" [[dive bomber]], though other accounts suggest an [[Aichi D3A]] "Val", also a dive bomber – pierced the cloud cover and made a low level run on the ship to drop two semi-armor-piercing bombs. The damage analysis came to the conclusion that the bombs were 550&nbsp;lb (250&nbsp;kg), though neither the "Val" nor "Judy" had the attachment points to carry two such weapons, nor did the Japanese single-engine [[torpedo bomber]]s in horizontal bomber mode. (The accounts also differ as to whether the attacking aircraft escaped or was shot down.) However, the [[Aichi B7A]] "Grace" had this capability. One bomb struck the flight deck centerline, penetrating to the [[hangar deck]], effecting destruction and igniting fires through the second and third decks, and knocking out the [[Combat Information Center]] and [[plot (radar)|air plot]]. The second hit aft, tearing through two decks.

At the time she was struck, ''Franklin'' had 31 armed and fueled aircraft warming up on her flight deck. The hangar deck contained 22 additional planes, of which 16 were fueled and five were armed.  The forward gasoline system had been secured, but the aft system was operating. The explosion on the hangar deck ignited the fuel tanks on the aircraft, and gasoline vapor explosion devastated the deck. Only two crewmen survived the fire on the hangar deck. The explosion also jumbled aircraft together on the flight deck above, causing further fires and explosions, including the detonation of 12 "[[Tiny Tim (rocket)|Tiny Tim]]" air-to-surface rockets.

''Franklin'' lay dead in the water, took a 13° starboard list, lost all radio communications, and broiled under the heat from enveloping fires. Many of the crew were blown overboard, driven off by fire, killed or wounded, but the hundreds of officers and enlisted who voluntarily remained saved their ship. Official Navy casualty figures for the 19 March 1945 fire totaled 724 killed and 265 wounded. Nevertheless, casualty numbers have been updated as new records are discovered. A recent count by ''Franklin'' historian and researcher Joseph A Springer (author of INFERNO: The Epic Life and Death Struggle of the USS Franklin in World War II) brings total 19 March 1945 casualty figures to 807 killed and more than 487 wounded. When totaling casualty figures for both ''Franklin'' cruises numbers increase to 924 killed in action, the worst for any surviving U.S. warship and second only to that of battleship [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']].<ref>Springer, p. 317.</ref> Certainly, the casualty figures would have far exceeded this number, but for the work of many survivors. Among these were the [[Medal of Honor]] recipients Lieutenant Commander [[Joseph T. O'Callahan]], the warship's Catholic chaplain, who administered the [[last rites]], organized and directed firefighting and rescue parties, and led men below to wet down magazines that threatened to explode; and also [[Lieutenant, junior grade|Lieutenant JG]] [[Donald A. Gary]], who discovered 300 men trapped in a blackened mess compartment and, finding an exit, returned repeatedly to lead groups to safety. Gary later organized and led fire-fighting parties to battle fires on the hangar deck and entered the No. 3 fireroom to raise steam in one boiler. The {{USS|Santa Fe|CL-60|2}} rescued crewmen from the sea and approached ''Franklin'' to take off the numerous wounded and nonessential personnel.

''Franklin'', like many other wartime ships, had been modified with additional armament, requiring larger crews and substantial ammunition stocks. Aircraft were both more numerous and heavier than originally planned for, and thus the flight deck had been strengthened. The aircraft carrier, therefore, displaced more than originally planned, her freeboard was reduced, and her [[Metacentric height|stability characteristics]] had been altered. The enormous quantities of water poured aboard her to fight the fires further reduced freeboard (exacerbated, on her starboard side, by the list), and her stability was seriously impaired, such that her survival was in jeopardy. ''Franklin'' had suffered the most severe damage experienced by any U.S. fleet carrier that survived World War II.<ref>Friedman, pp. 153–56, 232</ref>

To see the killed in action go to:
http://www.ussfranklin.org/?page_id=88

====Repairs====
[[File:USS Franklin (CV-13) approaching New York, April 1945.jpg|thumb|The ''Franklin'' approaching New York, 26 April 1945.]]
[[File:USS Franklin NY1945.jpg|thumb|right|The USS ''Franklin'', anchored in New York harbor, 28 April 1945.]]

''Franklin'' was taken in tow by the heavy cruiser {{USS|Pittsburgh|CA-72|2}} until she was able to raise enough steam to reach a speed of 14&nbsp;kts (26&nbsp;km/h), and then she proceeded to [[Ulithi]] Atoll under her own power for emergency repairs. Next, she steamed to [[Pearl Harbor]], Hawaii, where repairs permitted her to steam to the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]], New York, via the [[Panama Canal]], where she arrived on 28 April 1945.

Upon ''Franklin''{{'}}s arrival, a long-brewing controversy over the ship's crew's conduct during her struggles finally came to a head. Captain Gehres had accused many of those who had left the ship on 19 March 1945 of [[desertion]], despite the fact that those who had jumped into the water to escape had done so to prevent a likely death by fire, or had been led to believe that "abandon ship" had been ordered. While en route from Ulithi Atoll to Hawaii, Gehres had proclaimed 704 members of the crew to be members of the "Big Ben 704 Club" for having stayed with the heavily damaged warship, but investigators in New York discovered that only about 400 were actually onboard ''Franklin'' continuously. The others had been brought back on board either before and during the stop at Ulithi. All of the charges against the men of her crew were quietly dropped.

Despite severe damage, ''Franklin'' was eventually restored to good condition.  She had to steam to the East Coast of the United States for repairs in New York because all of the repair shipyards on the West Coast were heavily overloaded with American warships that had been damaged by Japanese ''[[kamikaze]]s''.

The story of this aircraft carrier's near-destruction and salvage was chronicled in a wartime documentary, the ''[[Saga of the Franklin]]'' and the 2011 documentary, ''USS Franklin: Honor Restored''.

===Post-war===
After the war, ''Franklin'' was opened to the public for [[Navy Day]] celebrations. On 17 February 1947, she was decommissioned at [[Bayonne, New Jersey]].

While ''Franklin'' lay mothballed at Bayonne, she was redesignated as an attack aircraft carrier '''CVA-13''' on 1 October 1952, an antisubmarine warfare support carrier '''CVS-13''' on 8 August 1953 and, ultimately, as an aircraft transport '''AVT-8''' on 15 May 1959. However, she never went to sea again, and was stricken from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 1 October 1964. She and ''Bunker Hill'' – which also had sustained severe damage from aerial attack – were the only carriers in their class that never saw any active-duty postwar service, though their wartime damage had been successfully repaired. In fact it was their like-new condition which kept them out of commission, as the Navy for many years envisioned an "ultimate reconfiguration" for them which never took place.<ref>[http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/us_fleet.htm#cv13 World Aircraft carriers: US Fleet Carriers, WWII Era]</ref>

The Navy initially sold ''Franklin'' to the Peck Iron and Metal Company of [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], but reclaimed her due to an urgent Bureau of Ships requirement for her four [[turbo generator]]s.<ref>http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/f4/franklin-v.htm</ref> She was again sold for scrap to the Portsmouth Salvage Company of [[Chesapeake, Virginia]] on 27 July 1966. She departed naval custody under tow (by the Red Star Towing Company) on the evening of 1 August 1966.

==Awards==
''Franklin'' received four [[battle star]]s for her World War II service.

==See also==
*[[List of aircraft carriers]]
*[[List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]
*[[List of World War II ships]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*Friedman, Norman and A.D. Baker III (1983). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-UT7MDTeKj8C&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=carrier+flight+deck+modification&source=web&ots=HTadZOEwSg&sig=A47Vm-HMxHQuyQIeCR0-2_n1VlY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA246,M1 ''U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History'']. Annapolis:  Naval Institute Press.  ISBN 978-0-87021-739-5
*{{cite book |last = Jackson |first = Steve |year = 2002 |title= Lucky Lady: The World War II Heroics of the USS Santa Fe and Franklin |publisher= Carroll & Graf |location= New York |isbn= 0-7867-1310-0 }}
*{{cite book |last= Prato |first= Peter J. |year= 2001 |title= Saving Big Ben: The Saga of the U.S.S. Franklin and the Most Decorated Crew In Naval History |publisher= 1st Books Library |isbn= 1-58820-183-X }}
*{{cite book |last= Springer |first= Joseph A. |year= 2007 |title= Inferno: The Epic Life and Death Struggle of the USS Franklin in World War II |publisher= Zenith Press |isbn= 0-7603-2982-6 }}
*{{DANFS}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|USS Franklin (CV-13)|USS Franklin (CV-13)}}
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/f4/franklin-v.htm history.navy.mil: USS ''Franklin'']
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/13.htm navsource.org: USS ''Franklin'']
*[http://www.ussfranklin.org/main.htm USS ''Franklin'' website]
*[http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Ships/CV13/Kamikaze/ USS ''Franklin'' Kamikaze War Damage Report] – 1944 Kamikaze attack
*[http://www.researcheratlarge.com/Ships/CV13/1946DamageReport.html USS ''Franklin'' wartime damage report] – Postwar Navy report on multiple incidents
*[http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1996/vp960401/04010002.htm USS ''Franklin'' article]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041948/ IMDB link to 'Task Force']
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTAViMX-w6c YouTube copy of 1945 newsreel, ''Bombing of U.S.S. Franklin!'']
*[http://www.amazon.com/USS-Franklin-Narrated-actor-director-Dale/dp/B006B9K554/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1323620986&sr=8-1 USS ''Franklin Honor Restored'' on Amazon]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.13189|name="Saga of the Franklin"}}
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/franklincv13_wdr.htm Navy Department Library USS Franklin CV-13 War Damage Report No. 56]

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