View source for War on terror

{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict=War on Terrorism
| image= [[Image:040517-A-0259W-061a.jpg|300px|]]
| caption=<small>A [[South Korea]]n and [[United States of America|American]] soldier provide security during a mission near [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].<small>
| date=[[October 7]], [[2001]] - (conflict still ongoing)
| place=[[Afghanistan]], [[Philippines]] [[War on Terrorism - Theaters of operation|more...]]
| casus=[[September 11, 2001 attacks]]
| territory=
| result=Conflict ongoing
| combatant1={{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]] <br>  {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] <br> {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]] <br> {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]] <br>{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] <br> {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] <br> {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] <br> {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]] <br> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] <br> {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]] <br> {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]  <br> [[Image:Flag of NATO.svg|22px]] [[NATO]]<br> [[War on Terrorism: Allies|and others]]
| combatant2=[[Image:IEA-flag.png|22px]] [[Taliban]] <br>[[Image:Flag of Hezbollah.svg|22px]] [[Hezbollah]] <br> [[al-Qaeda]] <br> [[Image:FlagofWaziristan.png|22px]] [[Waziristan]] tribesmen <br /> [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] <br> [[Abu Sayyaf]] <br> [[Participants in The War on Terrorism|and others]]
| casualties1= '''Total Military Dead''': <br> 8,802
| casualties2= '''Total Military Dead/Jailed''': <br> 75,201 - 103,664
}}

<!---Do not put quotations around the bolded name; it is contrary to normal conventions and inherently POV.--->
The '''War on Terrorism''' or '''War on Terror''' (also the "Global War on Terrorism" or "GWOT" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dscc.dla.mil/offices/land/gwot.html|title=Momentum & Sustainment: Supporting the Warfighter|date=[[September 23]], [[2004]]|publisher=Defense Supply Center  Colombus|accessdate= 2006-08-09}}</ref>) is a campaign by the [[United States]], enlisting the support of [[NATO]] members and other allies, with the stated goal of ending [[international terrorism|international]] [[terrorism]] by preventing those groups said to be [[terrorist groups|terrorist in nature]] from posing a threat, and by putting an end to  [[State-sponsored terrorism|state sponsorship of terrorism]]. This campaign was launched by the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on [[New York City|New York]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] by [[al-Qaeda]].  In addition to governmental actions in the War on Terrorism, several private organizations have played a role in gathering intelligence and supporting the effort.  

== Overview ==
{{see also|Terrorism|List of terrorist incidents}}
Terrorist organizations had carried out attacks on the [[United States]] and allies throughout the latter part of the 20th century, prompting occasional responses. Following the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 embassy bombings]] in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Report of the Accountability Review Boards |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=08.07.98 |url=http://www.state.gov/www/regions/africa/board_introduction.html}}</ref> [[United States]] President [[Bill Clinton]] launched [[Operation Infinite Reach]], a bombing campaign in [[Sudan]] and [[Afghanistan]] against targets associated with [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. strikes terrorist targets in Afghanistan,Sudan |publisher=CNN |date=08.20.98 |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/20/clinton.02/index.html?eref=sitesearch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. retaliates for Africa bombings |publisher=CNN |date=08.20.98 |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/20/clinton.01/index.html?eref=sitesearch}}</ref>. Later, the [[USS Cole bombing]] in 2000 occured<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. sailors killed in attack on Navy vessel in Yemen |publisher=CNN |date=10.12.00 |
url=http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/10/12/ship.rammed.03/index.html?eref=sitesearch}}</ref>, followed by the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11th, 2001 terrorist attack]]<ref>{{cite news|title=What proof of bin Laden's involvement |publisher=CNN |date=09.13.01 |url=http://cnn.com/2001/US/09/13/binladen.evidence/index.html?eref=sitesearch}}</ref>. The scope of the attack was far larger than previous attacks, and created an immediate demand for a response against those responsible throughout the [[United States]].

===Historical usage of phrase===
The phrase "War on Terrorism" was first widely used by the Western [[news|press]] to refer to the attempts by Russian and European governments, and eventually the U.S. government, to stop attacks by [[anarchist]]s against international political leaders.  (See, for example, ''New York Times'', [[April 2]] [[1881]]).  Many of the anarchists described themselves as "terrorists", and the term had a positive valence for them at the time.  When Russian Marxist [[Vera Zasulich]] shot and wounded a Russian police commander who was known to torture suspects on [[24 January]] [[1878]], for example, she threw down her weapon without killing him, announcing, "I am a terrorist, not a killer" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0801/terror.htm#n16|title=The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September 11|date=Summer [[2004]]|publisher=Department of Political Science
University of California at Los Angeles|accessdate= 2006-08-09}}</ref>.

The next time the phrase gained currency was when it was used to describe the efforts by the British colonial government to end a spate of Jewish terrorist attacks in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in the late 1940s.  The British proclaimed a "War on Terrorism" and attempted to crack down on [[Irgun]], [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]], and anyone perceived to be cooperating with them.  The Jewish attacks, Arab reprisals, and the subsequent British crackdown hastened the British evacuation from Palestine <ref>{{cite news|title=War on Terrorism |publisher=Aljazeera.Com |date=01.01.03 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=10248}}</ref>.

===Operative definition in U.S. foreign policy===
The United States has defined terrorism under the Federal Criminal Code. Chapter 113B of Part I of Title 18 of the United States Code defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with terrorism<ref>CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/casecode/uscodes/18/parts/i/chapters/113b/toc.html]</ref>.
In Section 2331 of Chapter 113b, terrorism is defined as:
:"..activities that involve violent... <or life-threatening acts>... that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and... appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and ...<if domestic>...(C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States...<if international>...(C) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States..."
With respect to defining his policy known as the War on Terror, President Bush has stated that:
:"...today's war on terror is like the Cold War. It is an ideological struggle with an enemy that despises freedom and pursues totalitarian aims....I vowed then that I would use all assets of our power to win the war on terror. And so I said we were going to stay on the offense two ways: one, hunt down the enemy and bring them to justice, and take threats seriously; and two, spread freedom" <ref>Remarks by President Bush on the Global War on Terror[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/wh/rem/64287.htm]</ref>.

===Objective and strategies===
The United States has based its counterterrorist strategy on several steps <ref>NAT I O N A L
STRATEGY FOR
COMBAT I N G
TERRORISM[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/counter_terrorism/counter_terrorism_strategy.pdf]</ref>:

#Defeat terrorists and their organizations.
##Identify terrorists and terrorist organizations.
##Locate terrorists and their organizations.
##Destroy terrorists and their organizations.
#Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists.
##End the state sponsorship of terrorism.
##Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism.
##Strengthen and sustain the international effort to fight terrorism.
##:Working with willing and able states.
##:Enabling weak states.
##:Persuading reluctant states.
##:Compelling unwilling states.
##Interdict and disrupt material support for terrorists.
##Eliminate terroist sanctuaries and havens.
#Diminishing the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit.
##Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism.
##Win the war of ideals.
#Defend U.S. citizens and interests at home and abroad.
##Implement the Nation Strategy for Homeland Security
##Attain domain awareness
##Enhance measures to ensure the intergrity, reliability, and availability of critical physical and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad.
##Integrate measures to protect U.S. citizens abroad.
##Ensure an integrated incident management capability.

==Campaigns and theatres of operations==
{{terrorism}}
{{main|War on Terrorism - Theaters of operation}}

The "War on Terrorism" is being pursued in the following theaters of operation:
* Africa -  [[Djibouti]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), [[Ethiopia]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), [[Eritrea]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), [[Kenya]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), [[Somalia]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), [[Sudan]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]]), and [[Tanzania]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa|OEF-HOA]])
* Middle East - [[Lebanon]] ([[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict|OCD]])
* South Asia - [[Afghanistan]] ([[United States war in Afghanistan|OEF-A]]) and [[Pakistan]] ([[Waziristan War]])
* Southeast Asia - [[Philippines]] ([[Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines|OEF-P]]), [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]

===Africa===
{{main|Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa}}
[[Image:Dragunov on range.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Combined Joint Task Force training in [[Ethiopia]].]]
This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom, titled OEF-HOA, was initiated in response to the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the [[United States]]. Unlike other operations contained in [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], OEF-HOA does not have a specific terrorist organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect terrorist activities in the region and to work with host nations to deny the reemergence of terrorist cells and activities. 

In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in [[Djibouti]] at [[Camp Le Monier]]. It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and Special Operations Forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Coalition Task Force 150 (CTF-150). The coalition force members consist of ships from [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Pakistan]], [[New Zealand]], [[Spain]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and areas of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]] <ref>CRS Report for Congress[http://www.senate.gov/member/al/shelby/general/legislation/Terrorism.pdf]</ref>. Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, [[Kenya]] and [[Ethiopia]] in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics as well as providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained. The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counter Terrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in training the forces of [[Chad]], [[Niger]], [[Mauritania]] and [[Mali]] <ref>CRS Report for Congress[http://www.senate.gov/member/al/shelby/general/legislation/Terrorism.pdf]</ref>.

===Middle East===
====Lebanon====
{{main|2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict}}
In July 2006, following the killing of three Israeli soldiers and the kidnapping of two more by [[Hezbollah]], Israel invaded southern Lebanon intent on the destruction of Hezbollah. The conflict lasted over a month and caused the deaths of between 845<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060818/NEWS06/608180438/-1/ZONES01 | title=
Lebanese army greeted in south | publisher=Indianapolis Star | author=Lauren Frayer | date=[[2006-08-18]]}}</ref> and 1300<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/article1219684.ece | title=  Robert Fisk: Lebanon's pain grows by the hour as death toll hits 1,300 | publisher=The Independent | author=Robert Fisk | date=[[2006-08-17]]}}</ref> Lebanese (many of whom were civilians) and 167 Israelis (114 military and 53 civilian) and wounding thousands more Israelis and Lebanese<ref> {{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/14/mideast.main/index.html | title= Refugees stream back to southern Lebanon | publisher=CNN | author= Ben Wedeman | coauthors=Brent Sadler | date=[[2006-08-14]]}}</ref>. Both the Lebanese government (including Hezbollah) and the Israeli government have agreed to the terms of the [[UN Security Council Resolution 1701|ceasefire agreement]] created by the United Nations that began at 0500 on [[August 14]], [[2006]]. Prior to the declaration of the ceasefire, the US government stated the conflict was a front of the "War on Terrorism"
<ref>{{cite news|title=Lebanon part of 'war on terror', says Bush |publisher=ABC News |date=[[July 30]], [[2006]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1700569.htm}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel needs int'l support for war against terror: DM |publisher=People's Daily Online |date=[[August 10]], [[2006]] |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200608/10/eng20060810_291519.html}}</ref> and President Bush reiterated it in a speech the day the ceasefire came into effect<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/08/14/bush/index.html|title= Bush: 'Hezbollah suffered a defeat' | publisher=CNN | date=[[2006-08-14]]}}</ref>.

===South Asia===
====Afghanistan====
{{main|2001 war in Afghanistan}}
In October 2001, in the wake of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] on the United States, the U.S and NATO members invaded the country of [[Afghanistan]] to remove al-Qaeda forces and punish the [[Taliban]] regime which had taken over the country. On [[September 20]], [[2001]] George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban regime to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country<ref>{{cite news|title=Transcript of President Bush's address |publisher=CNN |date=9.20.01 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/}}</ref>. The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the September 11th attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such trial in an Islamic Court <ref>{{cite news|title=Taliban rejects president Bush's demands |publisher=PBS |date=09.21.01 |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/september01/taliban_9-21.html}}</ref>. As the invasion became more immenent the Taliban government offered to extradite bin Laden to a neutral nation. This offer was seen by Bush as insincere. On October 7, 2001 the official invasion began with British and American forces conducting aerial combing campaigns <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/home/features/1092004a.html|title=Into Afghanistan: Rooting out the Taliban |date=[[August 9]], [[2006]]|publisher=United States Department of Defense|accessdate= 2006-08-10}}</ref>.

====Pakistan====
{{main|Waziristan War}}
In 2004 the [[Pakistani Army]] launched a campaign in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] of Pakistan's [[Waziristan]] region. The goal of the conflict is to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the region. After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army has captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed]], wanted for his involvement in the [[USS Cole bombing]], [[Oplan Bojinka]] plot and the killing of [[Wall Street Journal]] reporter [[Daniel Pearl]]. The Taliban resistance still operates in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas under the control of [[Haji Omar]] <ref>{{cite news|title=Top al Qaeda operative caught in Pakistan |publisher=CNN |date=03.01.03 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/03/01/pakistan.arrests/}}</ref>.

===Southeast Asia===
====Philippines====
{{main|Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines}}
In January 2002 the [[United States Special Operations Command|United States Special Operations Command, Pacific]] deployed to the Philippines to advise and assist the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] in combating terrorism. The operations were mainly focused on removing the [[Abu Sayyaf Group]] (ASG) and [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] (JI) from their stronghold on the island of [[Basilan]]. The United States military has reported that they have removed over 80% of the Abu Sayyaf Group members from the region. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan to prevent the ability for members of the terrorist groups to reestablish themselves.

==International support==
On [[September 12]], [[2001]], less than 24 hours after the terrorist attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[NATO]] invoked Article 5 of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries. 

In the following months, NATO took a wide range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On [[November 22]], [[2002]], the member states of the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council|EAPC]] decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism  which explicitly states that "EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=1703|title=Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism|date=[[November 22]], [[2002]]|publisher=NATO|accessdate= 2006-08-09}}</ref>. NATO started naval operations in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or [[weapons of mass destruction]] as well as to enhance the security of [[shipping]] in general called [[Operation Active Endeavour]].

The invasion of Afghanistan is seen as the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the Afghani [[Northern Alliance]]. Since the initial invasion period, these forces have been augmented by troops from [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Norway]]. It was announced on [[January 27]] [[2006]] in the [[British Parliament]] that a NATO [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) would be replacing the U.S troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The [[British 16th Air Assault Brigade]] would be the core of the force in Southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The force will consist of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia <ref>{{cite news|title=UK troops take over Afghan duties|date=[[2006-06-01]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4961368.stm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Canada set for longer Afghan stay |date=[[2006-06-16]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4984880.stm}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Australia outlines Afghan force|date=[[2006-05-08]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4983540.stm}}</ref>  
<ref>{{cite news|title=More Dutch troops for Afghanistan |date=[[2006-02-03]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4673026.stm}}</ref>. Canada also supported coalition efforts in [[Operation Archer]], [[Operation Apollo]], [[Operation Altair]], and [[Operation Athena]] as part of the ongoing support for [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] 
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=1703|title=Canadian Forces Operations in Afghanistan|date=[[April 18]], [[2006]]|publisher=Canada Department of National Defense|accessdate= 2006-08-09}}</ref>. The Canadian government however, does not recognize Iraq as part of the informal network of support for the attacks of [[9/11]] and as such, has declined to send Forces to that theatre of operations, although scores of them are on assignment to US Forces - mostly assisting in [[AWACS]] operations. 

Support for the United States cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "[[coalition of the willing]]" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to [[Afghanistan]], particular neighbouring [[Pakistan]], which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan is also currently engaged in the [[Waziristan War]]. Supported by US intelligence, Pakistan is attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas<ref>{{cite news|title=New frontline in the war on terror |publisher=The Guardian |date=05.04.06 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/Story/0,,1767031,00.html}}</ref>.

==U.S. domestic initiatives==
[[Image:US_Customs_and_Border_Protection_officers.jpg|thumb|300px|United States Customs and Border Protection officers.]]
{{further|[[Detentions following the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack]]}}

A $40 billion emergency spending bill was quickly passed by the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]], and an additional $20 billion bail-out of the airline industry was also passed.  

Investigations have been started through many branches of many governments, pursuing tens of thousands of tips. Thousands of people have been detained, arrested, or questioned.  Many of those targeted by the Bush administration have been secretly detained, and have been denied access to an attorney.  Among those secretly detained are U.S. citizens.  

The Justice Department launched a [[Special Registration]] procedure for certain male non-citizens in the U.S., requiring them to register in person at offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.  

Several laws were passed to increase the investigative powers of law enforcement agencies in the United States, notably the [[USA Patriot Act]]. Many civil liberties groups have alleged that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] violations of the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]]. No official legal challenges have been started [[as of 2004]], but governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

In a speech on [[June 9]], [[2005]], Bush claimed that the "Patriot Act" had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted.  Meanwhile the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act. The ACLU also maintains that many others do not know they have been subjected to a search because the law requires that searches be kept secret. 

The Bush administration began an unprecedented and sweeping initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the [[Information Awareness Office]], designed to collect, index, and consolidate all available information on everyone in a central repository for perusal by the United States government.

Various government bureaucracies which handled security and military functions were reorganized.  Most notably, the [[Department of Homeland Security]] was created to coordinate "homeland security" efforts in the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.  There was a proposal to create an [[Office of Strategic Influence]] for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts, but it was cancelled due to negative reactions.  For the first time ever, the Bush administration implemented the [[Continuity of Operations Plan]] (or Continuity of Government) to create a shadow government to ensure the executive branch of the U.S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances.



==Military decorations==
Since 2002, the [[United States military]], has created several new military awards and decorations related to the "War on Terrorism" including:

* "[[Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal]]"
* "[[Afghanistan Campaign Medal]]"
* "[[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]]"

The [[US Department of Transportation]] created two awards related to the "War on Terrorism" which are authorized to be worn on U.S. military uniforms:

* "[[9-11 Medal]]"
* "[[9-11 Ribbon]]"

[[NATO]] has also created military decorations related to the "War on Terrorism":

* Article 5 [[NATO Medal]]
* Non-Article 5 [[ISAF]] [[NATO Medal]]

==Criticisms of the "War on Terrorism"==
{{main|Criticisms of the War on Terrorism}}
Civilian deaths caused by United States and coalition military action have been criticized. In any estimate, non-coalition civilian deaths exceed those of the United States in the attacks of [[11 September]], [[2001]] from which the "War on Terrorism" began.

[[United States|U.S.]] President [[George W. Bush]] articulated the goals of the "War on Terrorism" in a [[September 20]], [[2001]] speech, in which he said it "will not end until every [[Terrorism|terrorist]] group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated"<ref>"<cite>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People]</cite>". Speech delivered by George W. Bush to the United States Congress, 20 September 2001. Transcript by White House Office of the Press Secretary.</ref>. To critics, such goals create a state of [[perpetual war]], and have argued that groups that are labeled terrorist organizations could continue to arise indefinitely <ref>Richissin, Todd. "<cite>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002023596_russanal02.html 'War on terror' difficult to define]</cite>". [[Baltimore Sun|The Baltimore Sun]], 2 September 2004.</ref>. 

Others have criticised the War on Terrorism as counterproductive.  The United Kingdom [[ambassador]] to [[Italy]], [[Ivor Roberts (ambassador)|Ivor Roberts]], said that U.S. President Bush is "the best recruiting sergeant ever for al Qaeda"<ref>Richburg, Keith B. "<cite>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A58041-2004Sep28?language=printer Kerry Is Widely Favored Abroad]</cite>". [[The Washington Post]], p. A14, 29 September 2004.</ref>.

{{War on Terrorism}}

==Further reading==
* [[Brian Michael Jenkins]], [[Unconquerable Nation]], [[RAND Corporation]], Fall 2006, ISBN 0833038931 and 0833038915
* [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]], ''Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror'', Free Press; 2004, ISBN 0743260244
* [[Michael Scheuer]], ''Imperial Hubris: Why the West is Losing the War on Terror'', ISBN 1574888498
* [http://magmareport.net/spectrum.html ''FROM 'COLD WAR' TO 'FULL-SPECTRUM DOMINANCE'''], on the [http://magmareport.net MagMa Report]
* [[Michelle Malkin]], ''In Defense Of Internment: The Case for Racial Profiling in World War II and the War on terror'', September, 2004, National Book Network, hardcover, 416 pages, ISBN 0895260514
* [[Steven Emerson]] (2002), ''American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among Us'', Free Press; 2003 paperback edition, ISBN 0743234359
* [[Lyal S. Sunga]], (2002) ''US Anti-Terrorism Policy and Asia’s Options'', in Johannen, Smith and Gomez, (eds.) September 11 & Political Freedoms: Asian Perspectives (Select) 242-264, ISBN 9814022241
*Marina Ottoway, et al., ''Democratic Mirage in the Middle East,'' Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, ([[October 20]] [[2002]]). Internet, available online at: [http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html  www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html]
*Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, ''Think Again: Middle East Democracy,''Foreign Policy (Nov./Dec. 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2705&print=1
*Chris Zambelis, ''The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East,'' Parameters, (Autumn 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05autumn/zambelis.htm
*Adnan M. Hayajneh, ''The U.S. Strategy: Democracy and Internal Stability in the Arab World,''Alternatives (Volume 3, No. 2 & 3, Summer/Fall 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.alternativesjournal.net/volume3/number2/adnan.htm
*Gary Gambill, ''Jumpstarting Arab Reform: The Bush Administration's Greater Middle East Initiative,'' Middle East Intelligence Bulletin (Vol. 6, No. 6-7, June/July 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.meib.org/articles/0407_me2.htm
*Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., ''President Bush Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East,'' ([[November 6]] [[2003]]). Internet, available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-2.html
*Robert Blecher, ''Free People Will Set the Course of History: Intellectuals, Democracy and American Empire,'' Middle East Report (March 2003). Internet, available online at: http://www.merip.org/mero/interventions/blecher_interv.html 
*Robert Fisk, ''What Does Democracy Really Mean In The Middle East? Whatever The West Decides,'' The London Independent ([[August 8]] [[2005]]). Internet, available online at: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article9888.htm
*Fawaz Gergez, ''Is Democracy in the Middle East a Pipedream?,''Yale Global Online ([[April 25]] [[2005]]). Internet, available online at: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5622
*Donald Rumsfeld, ''Bureaucracy to Battlefield Speech,'' ([[September 10]] [[2001]]) Internet, available online at: http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/2001/s20010910-secdef.html
*Leon Hadar, ''The Green Peril: Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat,'' ([[August 27]] [[1992]]) Internet, available online at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-177.html
* George W. Bush, ''A Period of Consequences,'' ([[September 23]] [[1999]]) Internet, available online at: http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/news99/92399_defense.htm
* George W. Bush, ''A Distinctly American Internationalism,'' ([[November 19]] [[1999]]) Internet, available online at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/wspeech.htm
* Nicholas Lemann, ''Dreaming About War,'' ([[July 16]] [[2001]]) The New Yorker, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0107lemann.html
* James Der Derian, ''The Illusion of a Grand Strategy, '' ([[May 25]] [[2001]]) The New York Times, Internet available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/0105DerDerian1.html
* Paul Wolfowitz, ''Briefing on the Defense Planning Guidance, '' ([[August 16]] [[2001]]), Internet, available online at: http://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/010816Wolfowitz.html
* Henry Shelton, ''Change, Troops and Transformation, '' ([[August 28]] [[2001]]), Internet, available online at: http://www.hqusareur.army.mil/htmlinks/Press_Releases/2001/Aug/20010828-1.htm
* Project for the New American Century, ''Rebuilding America's Defenses, '' (September [[2000]]), Internet, available online at: http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf
* Foreign Policy in Focus, ''The Bush Administration's Strategic Defense Review, ''(May [[2001]]), Internet, online at: http://www.fpif.org/presentations/0105briefingbook/index_body.html
* Col. Daniel Smith and others, ''Reforging the Sword: Forces for the 21st Century Security Strategy, '' Center for Defense Information, (September [[2001]]), Internet, online at: http://www.cdi.org/mrp/reforging-full.pdf
* BBC News, ''Stumbling towards Pentagon reform: Ambitious agenda, '' ([[August 16]] [[2001]]), Internet, online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1495340.stm
* Philip Gold, ''Savaging Donald Rumsfeld, '' The Washington Times, ([[August 28]] [[2001]]), Internet, online at: http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=Defense&id=1045
* Condoleezza Rice, ''Life after the Cold War, '' Council on Foreign Relations, (September [[2000]]), Internet, online at: [http://web.archive.org/web/20021007230637/www.foreignpolicy2000.org/library/issuebriefs/readingnotes/fa_rice.html web.archive.org]
* Ashton Carter and William Perry, ''Preventive Defense, A New Security Strategy for America, '' Brooking Institution, ([[1999]]), Internet, online at: http://brookings.nap.edu/books/081571307X/html/R1.html
* Steven Metz, ''Asymmetry and U.S. Military Strategy: Definition, Background, and Strategic Concepts, '' US Army War College, (January [[2001]]), Internet, online at: [http://web.archive.org/web/20020919144100/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usassi/ssipubs/pubs2001/asymetry/asymetry.htm web.archive.org]
* Kenneth McKenzie, ''The Revenge of the Melians: Asymmetric Threats and the next QDR, '' National Defense University, (November [[2000]]), Internet, online at: http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair62/m62cvr.html
* L. Ali Khan, [http://www.brill.nl/m_catalogue_sub6_id23888.htm A Theory of International Terrorism (2006)] & [http://washburnlaw.edu/wlj/45-1/articles/khan-liaquat.pdf The Essentialist Terrorist (2006)]

==References==  	 
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> 	 
<references /></div>

==See also==
* [[Terrorist surveillance program]]
* [[Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005]]
* [[Black site]]s (CIA secret detention centers)
* [[Crusade (modern)]]
* [[Criticisms of the "War on Terrorism"]]
* [[Department of Anti-terrorism Strategic Studies]], an Italian "parallel police" under investigations since July 2005
* [[Executive Order 12333]]
* [[Extraordinary rendition]]
* [[Guantánamo Bay]]
* [[Long War (21st century)]]
* [[McCain Detainee Amendment]]
* [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
* [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]
* [[Proactive and Preemptive Operations Group]]
* [[Unlawful combatant]]
*US anti-terror legislation:
**[[USA Patriot Act]]
**[[Ohio Patriot Act]]
* UK anti-terror legislation:
**[[Terrorism Act 2006]]
**[[Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (UK)]]

==External links==
;Official sites by governments and international organizations
* [http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/fugitives.htm FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]
* [http://www.rewardsforjustice.net Rewards for Justice - Most Wanted Terrorists]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/response/faq-what.html Whitehouse FAQ about the "War on Terrorism"]
* [http://www.defendamerica.mil/ U.S. Dept. of Defense News on the "War on Terrorism"]
* [http://www.nato.int/terrorism/ NATO and the scourge of terrorism]
* [http://www.un.org/terrorism/ UN action against terrorism]

;General "war on terrorism" news
*[http://web1.foreignpolicy.com/issue_julyaug_2006/TI-index/index.html The Terrorism Index] - The first comprehensive and regularly updated report card on the war on terrorism. Developed by ''Foreign Policy Magazine'' and the Center for American Progress
*[http://www.terrorismcrimesblog.com The ''McNabb Associates'' Terrorism Crimes Blog]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1212120,00.html The Guardian] - Gunned down to impress America 
*[http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/may2004-daily/03-05-2004/metro/k2.htm Killed in the name of Terror] - Ansar Burney to sue Macedonian govt for killing 6 Pakistanis
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/ BBC News In Depth: Investigating al-Qaeda]
*[http://www.HavenWorks.com/terrorism HavenWorks Terrorism News]
*[http://www.HavenWorks.com/military HavenWorks Military News]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/attack/main224.shtml CBS News "War on terror" coverage]
*[http://www.cleveland.com/terrorism/ Cleveland Plain Dealer "War on terrorism" coverage]
*[http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/us/terrorism/ FindLaw "War on terrorism" coverage]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/nation/specials/attacked/ The Washington Post "War on terrorism" coverage]
*[http://www.prisonplanet.com/ Alex Jones' popular underground news site, Prison Planet.]

;Primary legal documents
* [http://news.findlaw.com/legalnews/us/terrorism/cases/index.html Findlaw Special Coverage "War on Terrorism"] (court documents in .pdf)
* [http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00001541----000-notes.html Authorization For Use of Military Force Against [[September 11]] terrorists (AUMF)] US Public Law 107-40, [[September 18]] [[2001]], 115 Stat. 224
* [http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2004-09-Strategic_Communication.pdf Report on Strategic Communication] (pdf) Defense Science Board Task Force, September 2004

;Specific articles
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/02/international/asia/02STAN.html "Pakistanis Arrest Qaeda Figure Seen as Planner of 9/11"], ''The New York Times'', [[March 2]] [[2003]]

;Other

*[http://www.terrorfreeoil.org/ Terror-Free Oil Initiative]. 
*[http://tortureprotest.org/ Documenting and fighting] torture used in the "War on Terror".
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=%22war+on+terrorism%22&search_crit=fulltext&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the "War on Terrorism"]
*[http://www.globalcriminalmedia.com/gloves.pdf And the Gloves Came Off] Douglas C. McNabb and Matthew R. McNabb,''The European Lawyer'', October 2005. 
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/3755686.stm The Power of Nightmares]; A three-part BBC documentary
*[http://users.skynet.be/diab/Reflections/Renditions.htm Extraordinary renditions: the playwright and the president]; Jeff Sommers, Khaled Diab and Charles Woolfson explore the dynamics between playwright and president as America's 'war on terror' stands in the dock.
*[http://www.cgs.uiuc.edu/resources/webvideo/racvideo.html Richard Clarke Speech on Streaming Video]; Speech by [[Richard A. Clarke|Richard Clarke]], a former member of the [[National Security Council]], US Department of State official, [[March 8]] [[2005]]
*[http://www.milum.net/global_war_on_terrorism.htm Seminar on the Global "War On Terrorism"] by the Chairman of the Cold War Veterans Association - Vince Milum
*[http://www.comw.org/qdr/01qdr.html The Quadrennial Defense Review of 2001] by the Project for Defense Alternatives

;Video
* ''[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ The Dark Side]'' &ndash; After 9/11 Vice President Cheney initiated an expansion of executive power, took on George Tenet's CIA for control over intelligence and brought the War on Terrorism to Iraq.
*[http://www.ansarburney.org/videolinks/video-macedonia_killings.html Macedonia Killings Video] - 2002 confrontation at the US embassy in Macedonia
*[http://movies.crooksandliars.com/TCR-Long-War-3-9-06.wmv The Long War] - Colbert highlights the new name for "war on terror" that the pentagon is now using.
*[http://www.archive.org/details/ThePowerOfNightmares The Power of Nightmares]

;Recent events
*[http://www.npr.org/dmg/dmg.php?prgCode=ATC&showDate=13-Feb-2006&segNum=2&NPRMediaPref=WM&getAd=1 NPR Coverage]
*[http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/middle_east_full_story.asp?service_id=10561 Newspaper Article describing video and photographs]

{{Link FA|ar}}


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