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{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=[[Siping (city)|Siping]] Campaign
|partof=the [[Chinese Civil War]]
|place=[[Siping (city)|Siping]], [[Jilin]], [[China]]
|date=June 11, 1947 - March 13, 1948
|result=[[Communist]] victory
|combatant1=<center>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|60px|Flag of the National Revolutionary Army]]<br> [[National Revolutionary Army]]
|combatant2=<center>[[File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|60px|PLA]]<br> [[People's Liberation Army]]
|commander1=[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|22px|Flag of the National Revolutionary Army]] Chen Mingren 陈明仁<BR>[[File:Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg|22px|Flag of the National Revolutionary Army]] [[Chen Cheng]]
|commander2=[[File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px|PLA]] Li Tianyou 李天佑<BR>[[File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px|PLA]] [[Lin Biao]]
|strength1= 55,000
|strength2= 60,000
|casualties1= 35,000
|casualties2= 20,000
|}}
{{Campaignbox Chinese Civil War}}
[[Siping (city)|Siping]] Campaign (四平战役) was a nine-month struggle between the [[communist]] and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] for [[Siping (city)|Siping]] in [[Jilin]], [[China]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]] in the post [[World War II]] era, and resulted in [[communist]] victory.

==Prelude==
By the early June 1947, the [[communist]]s had successfully isolated [[Siping (city)]] in their [[Summer Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China]], the [[communist]]s decided to take the city despite the fact that they had totally lacked the experience of taking strongly defended cities that are heavily fortified, and it was obvious to both sides that the isolated city would be the next battlefield.   [[Siping (city)]] was defended by three [[Division (military)|divisions]] belong to two separate armies and the commander of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army, Chen Mingren (陈明仁) was named as the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the urban defense.  All three [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Division (military)|divisions]] suffered greatly in earlier battles and none of them was fully manned.  However, the [[communist]]s had eradicated [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] in the region from [[Tieling]] in the south and [[Changchun]] in the north, and most of these [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] forces had retreated to [[Siping (city)]].  Chen Mingren (陈明仁) successfully recruited and incorporated these forces into his force, and every able bodied-man who had a governmental job was also recruited into the local garrison.  Construction for additional fortifications and strengthening the current ones was also completed in very short span of time, and in a devoted effort, many bunkers were built by sacks full of wheat and starch of American aid.  On June 3, 1947, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] flew to [[Shenyang]] and personally wrote to Chen Mingren (陈明仁) stating that [[Siping (city)]] was a very important location in [[Northeast China]] and if lost, the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] would not only lose [[Northeast China]], but also endangering the rest of [[China]], so the city must be defended at all cost, and Chen Mingren (陈明仁) was determined to hold the city, and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reporters claimed the city as Chen Mingren (陈明仁)’s fortress after witnessing the extensive defensive complex built.

On June 9, 1947, the enemy had completed its regroup outside the city for the upcoming attack.  However, the [[communist]] made a serious intelligence blunder in underestimating the defenders’ strength by only assessing the total [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] strength as 18,000, and even [[Lin Biao]] had erroneously believed that there were only four fully combat capable [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[regiment]]s with full strength in the city.  The enemy had missed the significant intelligence including the defenders receiving airdrop of 400 tons of supplies and weaponry in more than 200 sorties from [[Shenyang]], and the rapid new construction of the fortifications.  The defenders’ recruitment of previously defeated [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] forces into the local garrison was completely undetected by the enemy, and enemy did not expect the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[air force]] would actively participate in the first stage in support of the ground troops defending the city either.  This serious intelligence blunder would have to be paid with an extremely heavy price later in the first stage of the campaign.

==Order of battle==
Defenders: [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[order of battle]]:
*First stage (more than 35,000 troops total):
**The 87th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the 71st Army
**The 88th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the 71st Army
**The 54th [[Division (military)|Division]]  of the 13th Army
*Second stage:
[[Kuomintang|nationalist]] units with more than 19,000 troops

Attackers: [[communist]] [[order of battle]]:
*The 1st Column
*The 7th Column
*The 6th Column (First stage)
*The 3rd Column (Second Stage)

==First stage==
On June 11, 1947, the [[communist]]s begun their assault on the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] positions outside the city, and on the same night, the airport at the western suburb of the city was taken by the [[communist]] 7th Column.  On June 13, 1947, the [[communist]] 1st Column took [[Xinlitun]], and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[air force]] begun to attack enemy ground positions at a rate of near twenty sorties per day in order to support the defenders of the city.  On June 14, 1947, [[Lin Biao]] ordered the 11th [[Division (military)|Division]] and the 12th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 4th Column to strike south toward [[Shenyang]] and [[Fushun]] to distract [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] forces stationed in those cities from reinforcing [[Siping (city)]], and to take [[Fushun]] if possible.  At 8:00 PM on June 14, 1947, the assault on the city itself had begun with five [[communist]] [[artillery]] [[battalion]]s with near a hundred large caliber [[artillery]] pieces starting to bombard the city, even the 12 anti-aircraft artilleries in the [[communist]] inventory were deployed to shell the city.  The shelling shocked the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] defenders since merely a year ago, [[artillery]] was still an extremely rare commodity for the [[communist]]s, yet a year later the [[communist]] [[artillery]] firepower was greater than that of Japanese during [[World War II]].  Under the cover of intense [[artillery]] shelling, the [[communist]] 1st Column and 7th Column attacked the defenders from multiple directions.

Forty minutes after the assault begun, the 2nd [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column breached the defense in the southwest, and by 2:00 AM on June 15, 1947, the 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column also penetrated into the city from Haifeng Village (Haifeng Tun, 海丰屯).  However, the [[communist]] 7th Column and the 3rd [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column failed to breach the defense, and [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reserve launched multiple counterattacks on the enemy under the air cover, which had increased into more than twenty sorties per day.  By June 16, 1947, the [[communist]]s 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] and the 2nd [[Division (military)|Division]] inside the city had beaten back defenders’ counterattacks for more than a dozen times, but in doing so, each suffered more than 1,500 casualties.  The regions inside the city taken by the enemy was relatively small and only a thousand or so defenders were captured alive by the enemy, but situation for the defenders worsened on June 18, 1947 when the [[communist]] 7th Column breached the defense in northwest.  The [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] had underestimated the enemy’s resolution to take the city, and defenders’ stubborn resistance was equally out of expectation of the attacking [[communist]]s as battle raged on with heavy casualties on both sides.  By June 19, 1947, [[Lin Biao]] was forced to send the 17th [[Division (military)|Division]] and the 18th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 6th Column to reinforce the [[communist]]s fighting inside the city.  With the newly arrived help, the enemy was able to take [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] strongholds at the Telecommunication Building, the Municipal Building, and the Central Bank Building, and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] headquarters of the 71st Army that was also the headquarters of the urban defense was besieged.

There were many brick buildings in [[Siping (city)]] and bricks made from black earth were extremely tough that when hit by 60&nbsp;mm [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] rounds, there was only a dent left.  The defenders capitalized on these strong buildings and turned them into formidable fortifications, and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army headquarters was located in one of such bunkers, with the entrance sealed by a jeep.  In addition to wide field of view, there were also dozens bunkers and pillboxes protected by minefields around the buildings to strengthen the defense.  On June 20, 1947, the 17th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 6th Column unleashed its assault on the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] headquarters, and by the evening, the enemy was dangerously close.  Chen Mingren (陈明仁), the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] inside the headquarters was forced to evacuate into another alternate headquarters in a different bunker in the eastern half of the city, while his brother, Chen Mingxin (陈明信), the regimental commander of the Specialized Duties [[Regiment]] of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army, was left to defend the original headquarters.  After three hours of fierce fighting, the headquarters fell and its defenders were annihilated.  Chen Mingxin (陈明信), the regimental commander of the Specialized Duties [[Regiment]] of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army, was captured alive by the enemy, and the stronghold that the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] claimed to withstand enemy attack for more than a month fell in just three short hours.  The fall of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army headquarters had signaled the fall of the western half of the city into the enemy hands, but the enemy had paid a very heavy price:  the 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] and the 2nd [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column, and the Independent 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] and the  Independent 2nd [[Division (military)|Division]] of [[communist]] 7th Column suffered heavy casualties that they were forced out of action, and Ma Renxing (马仁兴), the [[Division (military)|divisional]] commander of the 1st Independent [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 7th Column, became the highest ranked [[communist]] officer killed in the campaign.

After more than a week of fierce fighting, the enemy finally took western half of the city with heavy loss.  Only then did the enemy realize the serious blunder of the underestimation of the defenders: the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] defending the city was not 18,000 like previously thought, but almost twice, totaling more than 35,000.  On June 21, 1947, the enemy was forced to send their reserves to join the fight: the 16th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 6th Column and the Independent 3rd [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 7th Column join the assault on the eastern half of city, and [[Hong Xuezhi]], (洪学智), the [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[communist]] 6th Column succeeded [[Li Tianyou]] (李天佑), the [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column in the last part of the fighting as the [[communist]] commander in charge of taking the city.  Chen Mingren (陈明仁), the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the urban defense, concentrated his remaining 20,000 strong force in the eastern half of the city, and by the evening of June 21, 1947, had successfully beaten back all enemy attacks.  For the [[communist]]s, it was impossible to achieve numerical superiority after sending in two [[Division (military)|divisions]] following the withdraw of four [[Division (military)|divisions]], and the Independent 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 7th Column withdrawn earlier was forced to be back in action again.  The highest point in the [[Siping (city)]] was a water tower, and the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] turned it into a formidable bunker manned by tough veterans of the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma]] and [[India]] during [[World War II]], and these sharpshooters armed with [[light machine gun]]s had successfully beaten back attacks by an entire enemy [[regiment]] for four times.  After concentrating over a dozen [[machine gun]]s suppressing the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] fire from the loopholes of the bunker to cover sappers setting up the explosives, the enemy finally neutralized the bunker in its fifth attempt.

At the railroad crossing bridge, the defenders used an ingenious tactic by deploying beans:  as three attacks by the [[communist]] 8th [[Regiment]] of the 1st Column were beaten back, the enemy launched their fourth attack personally led by the regimental political [[commissar]] Jin Ke (金可), and it appeared that the fourth attack might be successful.  However, the defenders unleashed their secret weapon by opening two large sacks of beans which suddenly filled the ground.  Everyone in the unsuspecting enemy assault team slid down and had very difficult time of getting up, and with beans on the ground, it was impossible to advance, retreat or reinforce, thus the enemy assault team was completely wiped out.  Jin Ke (金可), the regimental political [[commissar]] of the [[communist]] 8th [[Regiment]] of the 1st Column leading the fourth charge, was cut in half at the chest by a string of defenders’ [[machine gun]] fire in front of the regimental commander of the [[communist]] 8th [[Regiment]] of the 1st Column, Guan Shanlin (关山林){{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, and thus became the second highest ranked [[communist]] officer killed in action during the campaign.  The streets of [[Siping (city)]] was covered with blood and soldiers of both sides frequently slid down, and the situation became desperate for the defenders that Chen Mingren (陈明仁), the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the urban defense, was preparing to commit suicide and had his [[Browning Arms Company|Browning]] [[pistol]] ready.  Chen Mingren (陈明仁) also ordered the defenders to burn every building after it was abandoned so that the attacking enemy would not be able to use it.  After fierce battles, the last counterattack of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 71st Army was beaten back with heavy loss in the morning of June 23, 1947, but the [[communist]] 1st Independent [[Division (military)|Division]] of the 7th Column suffered equally and was forced out of action once again for the second time.  Although the defenders could no longer launch anymore counterattacks to the smallest scale, they were still able to put up a good defensive fight in their fortifications, but as time dragged on, even the defenders themselves begun to have serious doubts how long before the city would fall into the enemy hands.

The [[communist]]s were overconfident that the city would fall for sure, and their [[Xinhua News Agency|New China News Agency]] had already issued a press release at the time, claiming that “…After 12 days of fierce fighting, the enemy ([[Kuomintang|nationalists]]) had suffered over 16,000 casualties and remaining survivors had nowhere to flee.  The majority of the [[Siping (city)|Siping]] had been under our ([[communist]]) control, and [[Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang]]’s army had been annihilated, and our troops ([[communist]]s) were expanding the military success…”.  On June 28, 1947, the [[communist]] commander [[Chen Yi (communist)]] even sent a telegraph congratulating [[Lin Biao]] for taking the city.  Nothing could be further from the truth as the situation suddenly turned drastically in [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] favor: on June 29, 1947, the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reinforcement rapidly approached the city thanks to their mechanization, the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 93rd Army approached the city on the same day [[Lin Biao]] received the telegraph from [[Chen Yi (communist)]], while on June 29, 1947, the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] New 6th Army took [[Benxi]] and from there pushed toward [[Siping (city)]], while the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 53rd Army on the left of the New 6th Army also pushed toward [[Siping (city)]] in unison.  The highly mechanized [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] armies was able to bypass the enemy and thus not only the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reinforcement had avoided been ambushed by the enemy, now the enemy force attacking the city was threatened.  The table had turned for the enemy.

[[Lin Biao]]’s choice was clear, on June 30, 1947, he ordered a general withdraw that concluded the first stage of [[Siping (city)|Siping]] Campaign.  The exhausted defenders had no strength left to give any chase and the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reinforcement did not pursuit the enemy either after reaching the city, and thus did not see any action, just like the five enemy armies to the south of the city originally planned to ambush them.  The [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] suffered over 19,000 casualties while the [[communist]] suffered over 13,000 casualties.  The [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] had successfully beaten back the enemy and held the city.  In addition to the enemy’s grave underestimation of the defenders’ strength, the associating indecisiveness of [[Lin Biao]] also contributed to the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] success at the first stage of the campaign:  [[Lin Biao]] was trying to increase the gain of the [[communist]] [[Summer Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China]] by deploying seventeen [[Division (military)|divisions]] to the south of [[Siping (city)]] in the hope of ambush [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reinforcement, but this had not materialized.  The seven remaining [[communist]] [[Division (military)|divisions]] were simply not enough to take on the five technically superior [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] [[Division (military)|Divisions]] defending the city.  Furthermore, only after suffering heavy losses, did the two more [[Division (military)|divisions]] were redeployed to join the fight, but by then the [[communist]]s were unable to achieve any numerical superiority at all, following the withdraw of four [[Division (military)|divisions]] and earlier heavy losses.  However, the [[communist]]s would not forget their goal and they would be back with vengeance, as well as the valuable experience learned from this first attempt.  For the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]], the city was still in their hands, but the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] original plan to fight a decisive battle to annihilate the enemy at the gate of [[Siping (city)]] was equally spoiled by [[Lin Biao]]’s wise and timely retreat, and thus the first stage of the campaign ended in a stalemate.

==Second stage==
After their victory of the [[Autumn Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China]], the [[communist]]s set their sights on the [[Siping (city)]] again in their [[Winter Offensive of 1947 in Northeast China]], and this time they were ready and much better prepared.  By this time, the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] in [[Northeast China]] had suffered greatly and [[Siping (city)]] was only garrisoned by a mere 19,000 troops, without any hope of reinforcement.  The first sign of trouble appeared when a transportation [[battalion]] of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] 88th [[Division (military)|Division]]  was ambushed on January 26, 1948 at Guo Family’s Hotel (Guo Jia Dian, 郭家店) as the 500-men strong [[battalion]] attempted to transport grains to the city.  Though the enemy attack was considered unlikely, the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] nonetheless doubled the strength of the [[battalion]] and assigned over a dozen trucks and over 100 horse-drawn carts to ensure the safe completion of the job.  Learning the news, Luo Jie (罗杰), the deputy [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[communist]] base at the border area of [[Liaoning]] and [[Jilin]], personally lead the units of the [[communist]] 18th [[Regiment]] and the Mongolian [[Cavalry]] [[Regiment]] launched a long distance surprise attack before dawn on the unsuspecting [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] transportation [[battalion]].  In a short period of 40 minutes, over 70 [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] soldiers were killed and more than 200 were captured alive by the enemy.  The rest of the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]] were able to successfully escape by trucks, but a truck and all of the 100+ horse-drawn carts full of grains had to be abandoned and left intact for the enemy in the hasty retreat.  On February 27, 1948, the order was formally given to take the city and the [[Commander-in-Chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column, Li Tianyou (李天佑), the [[communist]] commander in charge of last assault on the city nearly nine months ago, was put in charge again for the second time.  Similarly, two [[communist]] columns participated in the assault on the city nearly nine months ago, the 1st Column and the 7th Column, were tasked to take the city, with the help of the [[communist]] 3rd Column,  while the [[communist]] 2nd Column, 6th Column, 8th Column, and 10th Column were deployed to stop any possible [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] reinforcement that never came, because the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] strength was greatly reduced by this time.

On March 4, 1948, the enemy assault on the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] positions outside the city begun, and the [[communist]] 1st [[Division (military)|Division]] of the 1st Column took Haifeng Village (Hai Feng Tun, 海丰屯) and Xu Family’s [[Yaodong]] (Xu Jia Yao, 徐家窑), while the 3rd [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 1st Column took [[Xinlitun]].  The enemy had made significant gains on March 8, 1948 when most of the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] positions outside the city wall fell in a domino effect:  the 7th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 3rd Column took the bunkers outside the eastern gate, while the 8th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 3rd Column took the region of Red Mouth (Hong Zui Zi, 红嘴子). Meanwhile, the 19th [[Division (military)|Division]] of the [[communist]] 7th Column took the Third Line of Grove (San Dao Lin Zi, 三道林子).  In order to find better positions for the artilleries to shell the defenders, the enemy took Shidao (师道) School, the airport and the Liu Family’s Village (Liu Jia Tun, 刘家屯).  At 7:40 PM on March 12, 1948, the final assault on the city begun.  The [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] defense was soon breached in five fronts in the north, the east, and the west, and defenders had to resort to street fights for their last stand.  By the next day, the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] defeat was complete when the entire [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] garrison of more than 19,000 was totally annihilated by the attacking enemy, who declared the victory on 7:00 PM on March 13, 1948, after the mopping up operation was completed.

==Outcome==
The important strategic stronghold had fallen into the enemy hands with the [[Kuomintang|nationalist]] defeat, and the defenders lost over 35,000 troops, with more than 16,000 in the first major battle, and over 19,000 in the second battle.  In addition to capturing the city, the enemy also captured enormous supplies from the [[Kuomintang|nationalists]], including 491 [[machine gun]]s, over 9,000 [[repeating rifle]]s, over 779,000 rounds of ammunitions, over 200 [[artillery]] pieces, and over 11,000 rounds of [[artillery]] rounds.

==See also==
*[[List of Chinese battles#Modern China|List of battles of the Chinese Civil War]]
*[[National Revolutionary Army]]
*[[History of the People's Liberation Army]]
*[[Chinese Civil War]]

==References==
*Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, ''Liberation War History'', 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 2000, ISBN 7-80149-207-2 (set)
*Zhang, Ping, ''History of the Liberation War'', 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 1987, ISBN 7-5006-0081-X (pbk.)
*Jie, Lifu, ''Records of the Libration War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates'', 1st Edition, [[Hebei]] People's Publishing House in [[Shijiazhuang]], 1990, ISBN 7-202-00733-9 (set)
*Literary and Historical Research Committee of the [[Anhui]] Committee of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]], ''Liberation War'', 1st Edition, [[Anhui]] People's Publishing House in [[Hefei]], 1987, ISBN 7-212-00007-8
*Li, Zuomin, ''Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War'', 1st Edition, [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist]] Party History Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 2004, ISBN 7-80199-029-3
*Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, ''Chinese Liberation War'', 1st Edition, [[People's Liberation Army]] Literature and Art Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 2001, ISBN 7-5033-1351-X (set)
*Huang, Youlan, ''History of the Chinese People's Liberation War'', 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 1992, ISBN 7-80019-338-1
*Liu Wusheng, ''From [[Yan'an]] to [[Beijing]]: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War'', 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 1993, ISBN 7-5073-0074-9
*Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, ''History of Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] in Chinese Liberation War'', 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in [[Beijing]], 1993 &ndash; 1997, ISBN 7-80021-719-1 (Volum 1), 7800219615 (Volum 2), 7800219631 (Volum 3), 7801370937 (Volum 4), and 7801370953 (Volum 5)
*Harold M. Tanner, ''The Battle for Manchuria and the Fate of China: Siping, 1946''. Twentieth-Century Battles Series. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013. 288 pp, ISBN 978-0-253-00723-0; review by Johnny Spence, [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39472 H-War, H-Net Reviews. January 2014]
{{Chinese Civil War}}
{{coord missing|Jilin}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1948]]
[[Category:Battles of the Chinese Civil War]]
[[Category:1948 in China]]
[[Category:History of Jilin]]