View source for PNS Ghazi

: ''For the submarine named Ghazi, bought by the Pakistan Navy in 2000, see [[Albacora class submarine|NRP Cachalote (S165)]]''

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:Ussdiablo.jpg|360px|USS Diablo while in the Caribbean in 1949]]
|Ship caption=''Ghazi'' in action. 
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1964}}
|Ship name=USS ''Diablo'' (SS-479)
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Portsmouth Naval Shipyard]], [[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]], [[Maine, United States|Maine]], [[United States]]<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates">{{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | authorlink =
  | title = U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
  | publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
  | year = 1995
  | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
  | pages = 285–304
  | url =
  | doi =
  | isbn = 1-55750-263-3 }}</ref>
|Ship laid down=11 August 1944<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship launched=1 December 1944<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=31 March 1945<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship decommissioned=1 June 1964<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=4 December 1971<ref name="Register">{{cite book
  | last = Bauer
  | first = K. Jack
  | authorlink =
  |author2=Roberts, Stephen S.
  | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants
  | publisher = Greenwood Press
  | year = 1991
  | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]]
  | pages = 280–282
  | url =
  | doi =
  | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}</ref>
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Transferred to [[Pakistan]] on 1 June 1964<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates"/>
|Ship status=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Pakistan
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}
|Ship name=PNS ''Ghazi''
|Ship acquired=1 June 1964
|Ship refit= 2 April 1970
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship original cost=$1.5&nbsp;million [[USD]] (1968)<small> ([[Refit]] and [[Mid-life update|MLU]] cost)</small><ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=Emerged victorious during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistan War]], 4 December 1971<ref name="orb" /><ref name="ae" /><ref name="ti" /><ref name="gt"/>
|Ship honors=*[[File:PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|link=|alt=|30px]]2x [[Sitara-e-Jurat]]
*[[File:Pride of Performance (ribbon).gif|30px|link=|alt=]][[Pride of Performance Awards (1960–69)|President's Citation]]
*[[File:Tamgha Jurat Ribbon.gif|link=|alt=|30px]] [[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]
*8 other awards.
|Ship status=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Tench class submarine|''Tench''-class]] [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship displacement=*1,570&nbsp;[[long ton|ton]]s (1,595&nbsp;[[tonne|t]]) surfaced<ref name="Register"/>
*2,414&nbsp;tons (2,453&nbsp;t) submerged<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship length={{convert|311|ft|8|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship beam={{convert|27|ft|4|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship draft={{convert|17|ft|abbr=on}} maximum<ref name="Register"/>
|Ship propulsion={{Fleet-boat-propulsion-late-FM-2-E}}
|Ship speed=*{{convert|20.25|kn}} surfaced<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs">''U.S. Submarines Through 1945'' pp. 305-311</ref>
*{{convert|8.75|kn}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship range={{convert|11000|nmi}} surfaced at {{convert|10|kn}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship endurance=*48 hours at {{convert|2|kn}} submerged<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*75 days on patrol
|Ship test depth={{convert|400|ft|m|-1|abbr=on}}<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
|Ship complement=*10 officers, 71 enlisted (US service)<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs"/>
*7 officers and 69 men (Pakistani service)
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*10&nbsp;&times; {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s (6 forward, 4 aft), 28 torpedoes<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs" />
*1&nbsp;&times; [[5"/25 caliber gun (United States)|5-inch (127 mm)/25-caliber deck gun]]
*1&nbsp;&times; [[Bofors 40 mm]] cannon (US service)
*1&nbsp;&times; [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]] (later 2)
*2 × .30 cal. [[machine gun]]s (Pakistani service)
*[[Naval Mine|Minelaying]] capability after refit
}}
|}

{{Coord missing|Indian Ocean}}

'''PNS ''Ghazi''''' (previously '''USS ''Diablo'' (SS-479)'''; [[reporting name]]: '''''Ghazi'''''), {{small|[[Sitara-e-Jurat|SJ]]}}, was a [[Tench class submarine|Tench-class]] [[Diesel-electric submarine|diesel-electric]] and the first [[Fast attack Submarine|fast-attack]] submarine of [[Pakistan Navy|Pakistan Navy (PN)]], leased from the [[United States]] in 1963.{{rp|68}}<ref name="Lancer Publications, Karim">{{cite book|last1=Karim|first1=Afsir|title=Indo-Pak Relations: Viewpoints, 1989-1996|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9781897829233|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltOgS1FjiR4C&pg=PA68&dq=pns+ghazi+leased&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjapLmmpLPQAhUCs1QKHYkNBAUQuwUIIzAB#v=onepage&q=pns%20ghazi%20leased&f=false|accessdate=18 November 2016|language=en|format=google books|chapter=The Early Years}}</ref>

She briefly served in the [[United States Navy]] from [[History of the United States Navy|1945–63]] and was loaned to [[Pakistan]] under the [[Security Assistance Program]] (SAP) on a four-year lease after [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub administration]] successfully negotiating with the [[Kennedy administration]] for the procurement.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Hiranandani">{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G. M.|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9781897829721|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PA108&dq=pns+ghazi+leased&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjapLmmpLPQAhUCs1QKHYkNBAUQuwUIHjAA#v=onepage&q=pns%20ghazi%20leased&f=false|accessdate=18 November 2016|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Pakistan Navy's Submarine Program}}</ref> In 1964, she joined the [[Pakistan Navy]] and saw the [[military action]]s in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani theaters]] in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965]] and, later in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]].<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

In 1968, she executed a [[circumnavigation]] of [[Africa]] and [[Southern Europe|southern parts]] of [[Europe]] through the [[Indian Ocean]] to the [[Atlantic ocean]] due to the [[Six-Day War|closure of the]] [[Suez Canal]] in order to be [[refit]] and [[Mid-life update|update]] its [[Military computer|computers]] from [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard|Gölcük]] in [[Turkey]], and could be armed with up to ~28 [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mk.14]] torpedoes as well as had capability of [[naval mine|mine-laying]] as part of her [[Upgrade|upgradation]].<ref name="wwiiafterwwii">{{cite web|last1=wwiiafterwwii|title=Last voyage of PNS Ghazi 1971|url=https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2015/12/24/last-voyage-of-pns-ghazi-1971/|website=wwiiafterwwii|publisher=wwiiafterwwii|accessdate=18 November 2016|date=24 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="defencejournal.com" />

Starting from being the only submarine in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war theater]] in 1965, it remained the [[Pakistan Navy]]'s flagship submarine until she sank under mysterious circumstances near India's [[Bay of Bengal|eastern coast]] while conducting the [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|naval operations]] en route to the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Till|first=Geoffrey |title=Seapower: a guide for the twenty-first century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&pg=PA179|accessdate=2010-05-28|year=2004|publisher=Frank Cast Publishers|location=Great Britain|isbn=0-7146-8436-8|page=179}}</ref> While the [[Indian Navy]] credits ''Ghazi's'' sinking to its [[destroyer]] [[INS Rajput (D141)|INS ''Rajput'']],<ref name="orb">http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills%281971%29-2.pdf</ref><ref name="ae">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/09vikran.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: End of an era: INS Vikrant's final farewell |publisher=Rediff.com |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref><ref name="ti">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030824/spectrum/main6.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Lead Article |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref><ref>http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/nation-current-affairs/article/visakhapatnam-sunk-pakistani-submarine-ghazi-enigma</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/from-a-small-outpost-to-a-major-command/article8150476.ece</ref> the Pakistani military oversights stated that "the submarine sank due to either an internal explosion or accidental detonation of mines being laid by the submarine off the Vishakapatnam harbour" with neutral sources confirming that the ''Rajput'' still in its port when the submarine sank.<ref name="gt">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&pg=PA179&dq=PNS+Ghazi&ei=LKdDSKG0H4KijgGs1qG-BQ&sig=9YcFuLJttkAY3wIH965XTx6eU1Y Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century] By Geoffrey Till</ref><ref name=egyptianwitness /><ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy |title=Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28288237_1_submarine-ins-rajput-eastern-naval-command|work=TOI website|publisher=Times Of India|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=12 May 2010|quote=Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=Sify News website|publisher=Sify News|accessdate=29 May 2010|date=25 May 2010|quote=After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi.}}</ref><ref name="India Today, 2003">{{cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|title=New pictures of 1971 war Pak submarine Ghazi renew debate on cause behind blast on vessel|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:tjLrihm5OfMJ:indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-pictures-of-1971-war-pak-submarine-ghazi-renew-debate-on-cause-behind-blast-on-vessel/1/196709.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|accessdate=18 November 2016|agency=India Today|publisher=India Today, 2003|date=26 January 2004}}</ref>
 
The Indian historians considers the sinking of Ghazi as a notable event and termed its sinking as one of the "last unsolved greatest mysteries of the 1971 war."<ref name="India Today, 2003"/>

==Service with United States Navy==

The {{USS|Diablo|SS-479|2}}, a long-range [[Fast attack submarine|fast-attack]]  {{sclass|Tench|submarine}} was [[ship naming and launching|launched]] on 1 December 1944, sponsored by the wife of U.S. Navy's [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] V. D. Chapline on 31 March 1945 with [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]] Gordon Graham Matheson as her first [[commanding officer]].<ref name="Hull Number">{{cite web|last1=et.al|title=USS DIABLO (SS-479) Deployments & History|url=http://www.hullnumber.com/SS-479|website=www.hullnumber.com|publisher=Hull Number|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="uboat.net">{{cite web|title=Diablo (SS-479)  of the US Navy - American Submarine of the Tench class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5903.html|website=uboat.net|publisher=uboat.net|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="TogetherWeServed -">{{cite web|title=TogetherWeServed - Connecting US Navy Sailors|url=https://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=PublicUnitProfile&type=Unit&ID=3907|website=navy.togetherweserved.com|publisher=TogetherWeServed -|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="USS Diablo SS-497" />

She was the only warship of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] to be named [[Diablo]], which means "Devil" in the [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{rp|134–135}}<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar">{{cite book|last1=Sagar|first1=Krishna Chandra|title=The War of the Twins|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110826|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XM5oZYYvEmYC&pg=PA135&dq=PNS+Ghazi+Devil&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKx8rDrrfQAhWEy7wKHUTgC8sQuwUIIDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016|language=en|format=google books|chapter=The Devil can't be the Defender of the Faith}}</ref> Its assigned and issued [[Embroidered patch|insignia patch]] identified the [[caricature]] image of Devil running with a torpedo in the sea.<ref name="Submarine Photo Index">{{cite web|last1=Smolinski|first1=Mike|title=Patches of USS Diablo at the Submarine Photo Index|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08479.htm|website=www.navsource.org|publisher=Submarine Photo Index|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>

As her keel was laid down by the [[Portsmouth Navy Yard]], ''Diablo'' arrived at [[Pearl Harbor]] from [[New London, Connecticut|New London]] in [[Connecticut]], on 21 July 1945 and sailed for her first war patrol 10 August with instructions to stop at [[Saipan]] for final orders.<ref name="USS Diablo SS-497">{{cite web|title=USS Diablo SS-497|url=http://www.historycentral.com/navy/Submarine/Diablo.html|website=www.historycentral.com|publisher=USS Diablo SS-497|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> With the [[End of World War II|ceasefire]], her destination was changed to [[Guam]] where she arrived on 22 August 1945.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates" /> On the last day of the month, she got underway for Pearl Harbor and the East Coast arriving at [[New York City]] on 11 October, except for a visit to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] in [[South Carolina]] in October where she remained at New York until 8 January 1946.<ref name="TogetherWeServed -" />

From 15 January 1946 to 27 April 1949, ''Diablo'' was based in the [[Panama Canal Zone]] participating in fleet exercises and rendering services to surface units in the [[Caribbean Sea]].<ref name="Register" /> From 23 August to 2 October 1947, she joined the {{USS|Cutlass|SS-478|3}} and {{USS|Conger|SS-477|3}} for a simulated war patrol down the west coast of [[South America]] and around [[Tierra del Fuego]].<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs" /> The three submarines called at [[Valparaíso]], [[Chile]], in September while homeward bound. ''Diablo'' sailed to [[Key West, Florida|Key West]] in [[Florida]], for antisubmarine warfare exercises, from 16 November to 9 December 1947, and operated from [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] in [[Louisiana]], for the training of naval reservists in March 1948.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-specs" />

''Diablo'' arrived at [[Naval Station Norfolk]] in [[Norfolk, Virginia|Virginia]], her new home port, on 5 June 1949, and participated in Operation Convex in 1951, and alternated training cruises with duty at the Sonar School at Key West.<ref name="FriedmanSubs1-dates" /> Her homeport became New London in 1952 and she arrived there 17 September to provide training facilities for the Submarine School.<ref name="Hull Number"/>

From 3 May to 1 June 1954, she was attached to the Operational Development Force at Key West for tests of new weapons and equipment.<ref name="Hull Number"/>  She participated in Operation Springboard in the Caribbean from 21 February to 28 March 1955, and continued to alternate service with the Submarine School with antisubmarine warfare and fleet exercises in the Caribbean and off [[Bermuda]], as well as rendering services to the Fleet Sonar School and Operational Development Force at Key West.<ref name="TogetherWeServed -" /> Between February and April 1959, she cruised through the [[Panama Canal]] along the coasts of [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Chile]] for exercises with South American navies.<ref name="Hull Number"/> On 27 May 1960, she entered [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] for an overhaul which continued through October 1960.<ref name="USS Diablo SS-497" />

In 1962, her [[hull classification symbol]] was changed to ''AGSS-479''.<ref name="Register" />

==Service with Pakistan Navy==
{{Main article|Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program|Pakistan–United States military relations}}
[[File:USS Diablo (SS-479) in Cape Cod Canal.jpg|thumb|260px|left|USS ''Diablo's'' [[sea trial]] in the [[Cape Cod Canal]] in 1944.]]

The procurement and acquisition of ''Ghazi'' was a result of lengthy and complicated negotiation between the administrations of [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and the [[Federal government of the United States|United States]].{{rp|57–60}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick">{{cite book|last1=Goldrick|first1=James|title=No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, 1945-1996|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9781897829028|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA83&dq=ghazi+no+easy+answer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKgv211rPQAhVLjFQKHegwCkwQ6wEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=ghazi&f=false|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> 
Since 1950s, Pakistan Navy had been pushing for an idea of procuring imported submarines, first starting the negotiation with the [[Royal Navy]] and extended its talks to the [[United States Navy]].{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>

With [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] sweetening relations with the [[Eisenhower Administration|Eisenhower administration]] in 1960, ''Ghazi'' was finally procured under the [[Security Assistance Program]] (SAP) authorised by the [[Kennedy administration]] on a four-year lease with an option of renewing or purchasing the submarine afterwards in 1963.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="defencejournal.com">{{cite web|last1=Tasnim|first1=Vice-Admiral Ahmed|title=Remembering Our Warriors - Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Vice Admiral A. Tasnim, Defence Journal|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=Eng|date=May 2001}}</ref>

''Ghazi'' was the first submarine to be operated by a Navy in the [[South Asia]] becoming a serious threat to the Indian Navy.<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/><ref name="Routledge, Dittmer">{{cite book|last1=Dittmer|first1=Lowell|title=South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China: India, Pakistan, and China|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317459552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2PxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105&dq=ghazi+first+submarine&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR06-63LPQAhUIsFQKHcIuB2cQuwUILzAD#v=onepage&q=ghazi%20first%20submarine&f=false|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|60}} On contrary to popular perception, ''Ghazi'' technological feats were downgraded and extensively refitted its [[Fleet Snorkel]] under the [[Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program|Guppy program]] of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] at the [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard|Philadelphia Naval Dockyard]], and was mostly unmodernized when she joined the services of Pakistan Navy.{{rp|61}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/> Naval historians had described the ''Ghazi'' as an unarmed "clockwork mouse" used for training purposes.{{rp|61}}<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar"/><ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>{{rp|135–136}} Nonetheless, the Indian Navy immediately was under the impression that it was militarized and an updated submarine that poses serious threats.{{rp|59}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>

She was fitted with 14 vintage [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mark-14]] torpedoes which had the [[Mark 14 torpedo#Problems|controversy and notoriety]] of its own during the [[World War II]].<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> On 4 September 1964, she arrived and reported to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in [[Karachi]] and joined the Navy as its first-ever long-range [[Fast attack Submarine|fast-attack]] submarine.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium">{{cite web|last1=Usman|first1=Tariq|title=The Ghazi That Defied The Indian Navy «|url=http://pakdef.org/the-ghazi-that-defied-the-indian-navy/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref> She was named and designated as "''Ghazi''" (lit. Holiest Warrior) by the Pakistan Navy in 1964.{{rp|136}}<ref name="Northern Book Centre, Sagar"/>

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1965===
{{Main article|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965#Naval hostilities|l1=Naval operations in the 1965 Indo-Pakistani war theatre}}
[[File:Admiral.K.R.Niazi.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Combat control center of ''Ghazi'' as [[periscope]] held by [[Commander (rank)|Cdr]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] in 1965.]]
On August 5 of 1965, the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war]] broke out between [[India and Pakistan]] as a result of [[Operation Gibraltar|covert infiltration]] in [[Indian-held Kashmir]], and ''Ghazi'', at that time, was under the [[Submarine Commander|command]] of then-[[Commander (naval)|Commander]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi]], who would later ascend as a [[Four star admiral|four-star]] admiral in the Navy.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> Other officers who served in the ''Ghazi'' were then-[[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]] (later promoted as [[Vice admiral|Vice-Admiral]]) and [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] [[Zafar Muhammad Khan|Zafar Muhammad]] who would later command her, as a Commander, in 1971.<ref name="Roli Books Private Limited">{{cite book|last1=Cardozo|first1=Major General Ian|title=The Sinking of INS Khukri: Survivor's Stories|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&lpg=PT28&dq=Ahmed+Tasnim+ghazi&source=bl&ots=eyfxZuMVjh&sig=RvIz3Hhh-AET1eNoAtqywBltHCg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD45b04LPQAhVmilQKHQQVBokQ6AEIQDAG#v=onepage&q=Ahmed%20Tasnim%20ghazi&f=false|accessdate=19 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

She was the only submarine in the conflict arena that was deployed in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war theatre]] with a mission scope of attacking only heavy and major warships of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Roy1995">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA118|accessdate=8 November 2011|year=1995|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-11-0|pages=83–85}}</ref> She only aided the flotilla under the command of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] S.M. Anwar that launched a [[Operation Dwarka|naval attack]] on radar station in [[Dwarka]], [[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> In addition, she was also stalking the [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']], the only [[aircraft carrier]], but did not detect her target during the entire conflict.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> On 9 September 1965, the [[Leopard-class frigate|INS ''Beas'']] made an unsuccessfully [[depth charge]] attack in an attempt to make a contact with ''Ghazi''.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

On 17 September 1965, ''Ghazi'' made a surface contact and identified [[Leopard-class frigate|INS ''Brahmaputra'']] and fired three [[World War II]]-origin [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mark 14]] torpedoes and increased its depth to evade the counterattack.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> According to submarine [[War diary|war logs]], there were three distinct [[explosion]]s that were heard at the time when the torpedoes had impacted but ''Brahmaputra'' was not sunk neither it had been hit it since the warship did not released the depth charge nor it had detected the [[Homing missile|homing signal]].<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> No ships were sunk or damaged in the area and ''Ghazi'' safely reported back to its base.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

Upon her return, she won 10 war awards including two decorations of ''[[Sitara-e-Jurat]]'', one ''[[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]'', and the [[Pride of Performance|President's citations]] and six [[Imtiazi Sanad]]s while her commander, [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|Cdr. K.R. Niazi]] was decorated with the Sitara-e-Jurat and [[chief petty officer]]s were decorated with the Tamgha-i-Jurat.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /><ref name="Roli Books Private Limited"/> It is not known what ''Ghazi's'' target was or what were the three mysterious explosions were since no inquiry report was ever submitted.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|left|250px|thumb|In 1968, ''Ghazi'' made a submerged circumnavigation of Africa and [[Southern Europe]] from [[Karachi]], Pakistan to [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard|Gölcük]], Turkey. Example of her voyage route shown in the map.]]
After the war, the arms embargo was placed in 1965–66 on both [[India and Pakistan]] but was later waived by the [[United States]] that was strictly based on the [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|cash and carry]] method as ''Ghazi'' badly needing a refitting.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> In 1967, the Navy applied to renew another four-year lease deal which was duly approved by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and the [[United States Government|U.S. Government]] but her material state and equipments continued to deteriorate.{{rp|108}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Hiranandani"/> The Navy then signed a deal with the [[Turkish Navy]] for a [[refit]] and [[mid-life update]] that was to be carried out at Gölcük in Turkey – the only facility to update the Tench-class submarines.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

Because of the [[Six-Day War]] in [[Middle East]] which had close the [[Suez Canal]] due to the [[Egyptian Navy]]'s [[Naval blockade|blockage]] in 1967, ''Ghazi'', under the command of Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]], had to execute the submerged [[circumnavigation]] in 1968 from [[Africa]] to [[Western Europe]] which began from [[Karachi coast]] to [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[South Africa]] through [[Atlantic Ocean]] and ended at the east coast of the [[Sea of Marmara]] where the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]] is located.{{rp|108}}<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="Lancer Publishers, Hiranandani"/><ref name="defencejournal.com"/> [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]] had arranged necessary refitting of ''Ghazi's'' [[computer]]s at the [[Karachi Shipyard|Karachi Engineering and Shipyard Works]] (KESW) from the help from the local industry such as [[DESTO (Pakistan)|DESTO]].<ref name="defencejournal.com"/>

During her submerged circumnavigation voyage, she briefly stopped at [[Mombasa]] in [[Kenya]] for refueling and, in [[Maputo]] located in [[Mozambique]] before making a farewell visit at the [[Simon's Town]] in [[South Africa]].<ref name="defencejournal.com"/> From passing through the [[Cape of Good Hope]], she made another stopover at the [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] for food ration and continued her journey towards [[Western Europe]] to stopover at the [[Toulon]] in [[France]] where she was greeted by the [[French Navy]].<ref name="defencejournal.com"/> Her final stopover was at the [[İzmir]] in [[Turkey]] and submerged through the east coast of the [[Sea of Marmara]] to docked at the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]] where it was the only facility to upgrade the ''Tench''-class based [[Military computer|computers]] and other [[Electromechanical Engineering|electromechanical]] equipments.<ref name="defencejournal.com"/> It took her two months to complete her circumnavigation of [[Africa]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="defencejournal.com"/>

The deal of [[refit]]ting and [[Mid-life update|mid-life]] upgradation of her [[military computer]]s was reported cost at ~[[United States Dollar|$]]1.5 million ([[US$|$]]11.1 million in [[Fiscal year|2015–16]]).<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> The program started in March 1968 and completed in April 1970 and it is believed that the [[United States|U.S]]-made ill-fitted World War II era [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mk.14]]/[[Mark 10 torpedo|Mk.10]] [[Naval|naval mines]] were bought "[[Corruption in Turkey|under the table]]" from Turkey.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1971===
{{Main article|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971#Naval operations in the Eastern theatre|l1=Naval operations in the Eastern theatre}}

Under the command of [[Lieutenant-Commander|Lieutenant Commander]] Yousaf Raza, ''Ghazi'' returned to [[Karachi coast]] after successfully completing the submerged circumnavigation of [[Africa]] which was taken in order to undergo a refitting program and [[mid-life update]]s of her [[military computers]] on 2 April 1970.{{rp|108}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Hiranandani" /><ref name="defencejournal.com" />

On August 1971, the [[Indian Navy]] transferred the {{ship|INS|Vikrant|R11|6}}, the [[aircraft carrier]], to its [[Eastern Naval Command]] at the [[Vishakapatnam]] that forced the Pakistan Navy to adjust its submarine operations.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> Before 1971, there were several proposals made to [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] to strengthened the naval defense of [[East Pakistan]] but none were made feasible and the Navy was in no position to mount a defence against approaching Indian naval advances.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> After the [[Operation Jackpot|defection]] of officers and sailors of [[Bangladesh Navy|East-Pakistan Navy]] to India, the [[Pakistan Eastern Command|Eastern Command]] had been intense pressure to counter the insurgency and Indian Army's advancement towards the [[East Pakistan]] on three fronts.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" />  The [[Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] insisted the Navy reinforce the naval defence of East while [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] had objected to the idea of deploying ''Ghazi'' in total absence of seaport that stray away from their original plans.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> Many senior commanders had felt that the deployment of Ghazi was highly dangerous and impossible to achieve by sending an obsolete submarine behind enemy lines but deployment came with it became apparent that the war was inevitable.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" />

Prior to her deployment, ''Ghazi'' continued to experience equipment failures and reportedly had aging issues. Because it was the only submarine that had the range capability to undertake operations in the distant waters under control of the enemy, it was pressed into operation to destroy or damage the ''Vikrant''.<ref name="autogenerated179">Till, Geoffrey (2004). Seapower: a guide for the twenty-first century. Great Britain: Frank Cass Publishers. p. 179. ISBN 0-7146-8436-8. Retrieved 2010-05-28.</ref> On 14 November 1971, she quietly sailed off to 3,000 miles (4,828[[kilometres|km]]) around the Indian peninsula from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]] under the command of [[Zafar Muhammad Khan|Zafar Muhammad]] who was commanding a submarine the first time, with 10 officers and 82 sailors.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> ''Ghazi'' had two-fold mission: the primary goal was to [[Seek and destroy|locate and sink]] ''Vikrant'' with secondary objective to be accomplished with or without the primary, was to mine India's eastern seaboard.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

==Fate==

The mysterious sinking of ''Ghazi'' took place somewhere around 4&nbsp;December 1971 during its hunt to assault the ''Vikrant'' and/or [[naval mine|mine]]-laying mission on [[Visakhapatnam Port]], [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="autogenerated179"/>

On 16 November, she was in contact with the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] and Commander [[Zafar Muhammad Khan|Khan]] chartered the [[Coordinate system|coordinates]] that reported that she was 400[[kilometers|km]] off [[Bombay]].{{rp|82}}<ref name="Beacon Press, Zakaria">{{cite book|last1=Zakaria|first1=Rafia|title=The Upstairs Wife: An Intimate History of Pakistan|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=9780807080467|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C7DaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|accessdate=20 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> On 19 November, she was off to [[Sri Lanka]] and entered in [[Bay of Bengal]] on 20 November 1971.{{rp|82}}<ref name="Beacon Press, Zakaria"/> Around this time, the [[Top Secret]] files were open as instructed and the hunt for ''Vikrant'' began on 23 November off to [[Madras]] but she was 10&nbsp;days late and the ''Vikrant'' was actually somewhere near the Andaman islands.{{rp|82}}<ref name="Beacon Press, Zakaria"/><ref>{{cite book|title=In Quest of Freedom: The War of 1971 - Personal Accounts by Soldiers from India and Bangladesh|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9789386141668|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0r2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285&dq=PNS+Ghazi+vikrant+island&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA2vPf97fQAhXGv1QKHQ4zAGMQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=PNS%20Ghazi%20vikrant%20island&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> Unable to detect her target, ''Ghazi's'' commanders became [[Delusional intuition|delusional]] from their hunt for ''Vikrant'' and turned back to [[Visakhapatnam]] to started laying [[Naval mines|mines]] off the harbour in a confidence that it will take its swipe at the "''Vikrant'' or at least bottle up the Indian Navy's heavy units clustered in this major Indian naval base in the night of 2–3 December 1971."<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" />

On 1 December 1971, [[Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] briefed Captain Inder Singh, commanding officer of INS ''Rajput'', that a Pakistani submarine had been sighted off Sri Lanka and was absolutely certain that the submarine would be somewhere around either Madras or Vishakapatnam.<ref name="br" /> He made it clear that once ''Rajput'' had completed refueling, she must leave the harbor with all navigational aids switched off.<ref name="br" />

According to Indian claims, at 23:40 on 3 December 1971, taking on board a pilot, ''Rajput'' moved through the channel to the exit from Vishakhapatnam.<ref name="br" /><ref name="al" />

Exactly at midnight, shortly after passing the entrance buoy, starboard lookout reported breaker on the surface of the water right on the nose. According to the Indian Navy's claims, Captain Singh, changing the course at full speed across the specified point and ordered to loose two depth charges, which was done.<ref name="br" /> The explosions were "stunning", and the ''Rajput'' suffered a serious material concussion to its structure. However, visible results of this attack are not given.<ref name="br" /> ''Rajput'' for some time surveyed the area dumping bombs, no longer found any contact — either visual or acoustic. A few minutes later, the destroyer continued on her way to the coast of East Pakistan.<ref name="br" /><ref name="al" />

On 4 December 1971, ''Ghazi'' sank with all 92 men on board due to the unknown and mysterious{{rp|157}}<ref name="autogenerated179"/><ref name="Psychology Press, Till"/> circumstances off to the Vishakapatnam coast, allowing the Indian Navy to effect a naval blockade of then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).{{rp|157}}<ref name="Psychology Press, Till">{{cite book|last1=Till|first1=Geoffrey|title=Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780714655420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQVQ_dTVVzwC&pg=PA157&dq=pns+ghazi+lost&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAz4W-gbjQAhXCwVQKHbdgCkYQuwUIQzAH#v=onepage&q=pns%20ghazi%20lost&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

===Intelligence and deception===
{{Main article|Military deception}}
According to [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Indian DNI]]'s director Rear-Admiral Mihir K. Roy, its existence was revealed when a signal addressed to naval authorities in [[Chittagong]] was intercepted, requesting information on a lubrication oil only used by submarines and minesweepers.<ref name="autogenerated179"/><ref name="roy">Mihir K. Roy (1995) War in the Indian Ocean, Spantech & Lancer. ISBN 978-1-897829-11-0</ref>

Indian Navy intelligence tracked ''Ghazi'' with a codename issued as ''[[Kali Devi]]'',<ref name="Defence Journal, Azam"/> and Indian Navy began to realize that the Pakistanis would inevitably be forced to send their submarine ''Ghazi'' to the Bay of Bengal, as the sole ship which could operate in these waters.<ref name="Defence Journal, Azam">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Commander Azam|title=Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal, Azam|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] of [[Eastern Naval Command]] had maintained that it was pretty clear that Pakistan would have deployed the ''Ghazi'' in the Bay of Bengal and a part of its plan was an attempt to sink the Indian aircraft carrier ''Vikrant''.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> At the same time concerted action was taken to disseminate [[Misinformation effect|misinformation]] designed to mislead the enemy about the true location of the aircraft carrier, and to foster confidence that the carrier was stationed at Visakhapatnam.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="br">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-2/harry.html |title=Bharat Rakshak Monitor: Volume 4(2) September–October 2001 |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref>

All these activities were apparently successful in deceiving the ''Ghazi'' when on 25 November 1971, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] [[Communication with submarines|communicated]] with ''Ghazi'' that stated: "INTEL INDICATES CARRIER IN PORT VISHAKAPATNAM".<ref name="al">{{cite web|url=http://www.almanacwhf.ru/?no=4&art=6 |title=Войны, история, факты. Альманах |publisher=Almanacwhf.ru |accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

On 26 November 1971, ''Ghazi'' was expected to [[Communication with submarines|communicate]] with the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] to submit its mission report but did not communicate with its base.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi">{{cite web|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|title=Operations in the Bay of Bengal: The Loss of PNS/M Ghazi«  PakDef Military Consortium|url=http://pakdef.org/operations-in-the-bay-of-bengal/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> The [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] repeatedly made frantic efforts to establish the communication and anxiety grew day pass for her return to the base.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/> Before the [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971|naval hostilities]] broke out, officers commanding had worried about the ''Ghazi's'' fate and had already began to agitate their minds but the Navy NHQ senior command had replied to their junior officers that several reasons could, however, be attributed to the failure of the submarine to communicate.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/>

On December 9, Indian Navy strangely issued a statement about the fate of ''Ghazi'' when the first indication of ''Ghazi'''s tragic fate came when a message from the Indian NHQ, claiming sinking of ''Ghazi'' on the night of 3 December, was intercepted.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/> The Indian NHQ issued the statement a few hours before the loss of [[INS Khukri (1958)|INS ''Khukri'']], and prior to launch of [[Operation Python|second missile attack]] on [[Karachi port]].<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/>

===Indian version===

After the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|ceasefire]] in 1971, [[Government of India]] undertook an investigation into the incident and immediately claimed that the submarine was sunk following the series of [[Anti-submarine warfare|maneuvers]] by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/>  A submarine rescue vessel, INS&nbsp;''Nishtar'' was sent to check the debris and India later built a "Victory Memorial" on the coast near where the ''Ghazi'' was sunk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vizag.metromela.com/Victory+at+Sea,+a+war+memorial/article/3984|title=Victory at Sea memorial at Vizag}}</ref> India credits the [[HMS Rotherham (H09)|INS ''Rajput'']] for sinking the ''Ghazi'' and her crew were honored with the [[Padma Shri|gallantry awards]] for this event, but the actual details of ''Ghazi's'' sinking soon began to emerge after the war.<ref name="Register" />

The claim of sinking ''Ghazi'' has been a center of controversy between the responsible Indian authors, giving doubts in their theories of mysterious sinking of the submarine.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi"/> With Commodore Ranjit Roy testifying that "very loud explosions effects were heard at the beach that came from underwater."<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi" /> Commodore Roy also concluded that "...at that time, how the ''Ghazi'' was sunk remained unclear as it does today."<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi" />

The official history of Indian Navy: ‘''Transition to Triumph''’, authored by retired Vice-Admiral G.M. Hiranandani, gave exhaustive account of the sinking of the ''Ghazi'' and quoted that the naval records and top naval officials who commanded operations on the eastern seafront as saying that INS&nbsp;''Rajput'' was sent from [[Visakhapatnam]] to track down ''Ghazi''. The book also noted that the time of dropping of the charges, the explosion which was heard by the people of [[Visakhapatnam]] and that of a clock recovered from ''Ghazi'', matched.<ref>Vice-Admiral (Retd) G M Hiranandani, ''Transition to Triumph: Indian Navy 1965–1975''. ISBN 1-897829-72-8</ref> However, Admiral Hiranandani maintained that the submarine almost certainly suffered an internal explosion but its causes are debatable.<ref name="India Today, 2003" />

Admiral Roy of India states: "The theories propounded earlier by some who were unaware of the ''[[ruse de guerre]]'' (attempt to fool the enemy in wartime) leading to the sinking of the first submarine in the Indian Ocean gave rise to smirks from within our own (Indian) naval service for an operation which instead merited a ''[[Bravo Zulu]]'' (flag hoist for Well Done)".<ref name="roy" />

Admiral [[S.M. Nanda|S. M. Nanda]], [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] of Indian Navy during the conflict, stated : "In narrow channels, ships, during an emergency or war, always throw depth charges around them to deter submarines. One of them probably hit the ''Ghazi''. The blow-up was there, but nobody knew what it was all about until the fisherman found the lifejacket".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd)  'Does the US want war with India?' |last=Sengupta|first=Ramananda|date=22 January 2007|work=Interview|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 March 2010|location=India}}</ref>

In 2003, Indian Navy again sent its divers to overlooks its investigations and the divers recovered some items including the [[War diary|war logs]], officials [[Backup validation|backup]] [[VHS|tapes]] from her computers, and mission files that were displaced in [[Eastern Naval Command]] of Indian Navy, but the divers who studied the wreckage confirmed that the submarine must have suffered an internal explosion which blew up its mines and torpedoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020721/spectrum/main2.htm |title=Naval museums give glimpse of maritime history |author=Trilochan Singh Trewn | date= July 21, 2002 |publisher=The ''Tribune'' |accessdate=May 16, 2007 }}</ref> Another theory that they suggests an explosion of [[hydrogen gas]]es violently built up inside the submarine while its batteries were being charged underwater.<ref name="India Today, 2003" />

In 2010, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[JFR Jacob|J.F.R Jacob]] of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]] opined an article and maintained that: "''Ghazi'' had met an accidental end and the [[Indian Navy]] had nothing to do with its sinking, hence the destruction of the records.<ref name="The Express Tribune, 2012 Mulki">{{cite news|last1=Mulki|first1=Muhammad Abid|title=Warriors of the waves|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/383024/warriors-of-the-waves/|accessdate=23 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|agency=The Express Tribune|publisher=The Express Tribune, 2012 Mulki|date=27 May 2012}}</ref> There were many opinions from authors of the Indian side who also share this scepticism of the Indian Navy’s official stance.<ref name="The Express Tribune, 2012 Mulki"/>

In 2011, former Indian naval chief, Admiral [[Arun Prakash]] quoted in the national security conference that [''Ghazi''] had sunk in mysterious circumstances, "not by INS Rajput as originally claimed."<ref name="News X">{{cite news|title=Ghazi sank due to internal explosion: Ex-Navy Chief|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGztly-lEvg|accessdate=23 November 2016|agency=News X|publisher=News X|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

===Pakistani military oversights===
[[File:Mark 14 torpedo side view and interior mechanisms, Torpedoes Mark 14 and 23 Types, OP 635, March 24 1945.jpg|300px|thumb|The sideview of [[Mark 14 torpedo|Mk.14]] torpedoes deployed in ''Ghazi''.]]
In 1972, the [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]] (HRC) never carried out the investigations into the incident despite it was formed to assessed the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|military and political failures]] of the country in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war]] in 1971.<ref>http://www.pppusa.org/Acrobat/Hamoodur%20Rahman%20Commission%20Report.pdf</ref>

It was only on February 10 of 1972, when the incident was officially recognized by [[Government of Pakistan]] and then-[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Zulfikar Bhutto]] met with the families and loved ones of the officers and sailors who served in ''Ghazi'', and told them that they may have all perished due to this incident as many of the slain family members were [[Transfer of Population Under the Terms of Delhi Agreement|pushing for repatriation]] to the [[Government of Pakistan]] as they were keeping the hope alive that they may have survived and rescued by India.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi" />

The [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|Naval Intelligence]] conducted its own investigations and its military oversights stated that the ''Ghazi'' sank, when the mines it was laying, were accidentally detonated.<ref name="Navy ISPR Investigations">{{cite web|last1=Navy ISPR|title=Pakistan Navy Official Website|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/submarine_Force.html|website=www.paknavy.gov.pk|publisher=Navy ISPR Investigations|accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref> Pakistani military oversights into this incidents were not immediate instead, the Naval Intelligence took time to conclude its investigations that went on over the several years.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> Over the decades, the military oversights were kept hidden and was not known to the public until [[:Category:1990s in Pakistan|1990s]] when the Navy made an announcement over the completion of its insights into this incident.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> Following this announcement, Pakistan addresses the problems connecting the [[Mechatronics|electromechanical]] failures, computer problems, and [[Mark 14 Torpedo|Mk.14]] torpedoes' "circular deep running" once launched from the firing ship.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

Pakistan never accepted the theory from [[Indian Navy]] but provided its alternative insights into this disaster based on the investigations on the [[Mark 14 torpedo#Problems|Mark 14]]  torpedoes and other vintage military equipment installed in the ''Ghazi''.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /> According to Pakistan Navy's investigation, there were two probable reasons connecting to this [[Mishappenings|mishappening]]:
* *''[[Magnetic pistol|Magnetic Exploder]]/[[Hydrogen explosion]]'': A [[USS Sargo (SS-188)|Sargo-type]] [[lead-acid battery]] may have over-produced the [[Hydrogen gas]] during their charging of submarine's batteries that may have led the violent internal explosion.<ref name="Defence Journal, Azam" /> 
* *''Detonation of a mine inside the submarine'': This was often cited by the [[Pakistan Navy]] as the [[World War II]]-era [[Mark 10 torpedo|Mk.10]]/[[Mark 14 torpedo|Mk.14]] torpedoes may have deep "circular" run, failing to straighten its run once set on its prescribed [[Gyroscopic control|gyro-angle setting]]{{dn|date=December 2016}}, and instead, to run in a large circle, thus returning to strike the firing ship.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /><ref name="Navy ISPR Investigations" /><ref>The event was visualized in telefilm, ''Ghazi Shaheed'' in 1998 during the climax of its script.</ref><ref name="Pakistan Navy">{{cite web|title=PNS Ghazi Shaheed - Last footage|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2m5wr4|website=Dailymotion|publisher=Pakistan Navy|accessdate=23 November 2016|date=9 April 2015}}</ref>

Another more plausible theory from foreign experts, also favored by Pakistan, is that the [[Explosion|explosive]] [[shock wave]]s from one of the [[depth charge]]s set off the [[torpedo]]es and mines (some of which may have been armed for laying) stored aboard the submarine.<ref name="br" /><ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi" /> The [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] counter-argued: the ''Ghazi'' itself may have inadvertently passed over the mines during the mine laying operations; patrolling Indian vessels or Indian depth charges may also have tripped the count mechanism of one or more mines.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, loss of Ghazi" /> Credibility is added to this story by the later discovery by [[Indian Coast Guard]] divers in 2003, that the damaged parts of the submarine had been blown inside out.<ref name="br" /><ref>Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975 By G. M. Hiranandani</ref>

In addition, the [[Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)|NI]]'s investigations also exposed the ill-considered deployment of ''Ghazi'' when it was indicated that there was no indication that ''Ghazi's'' crew had ever practiced with mines.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" />

In 2006, Pakistan, citing their evidences, vehemently rejected India's claim of sinking ''Ghazi'' and termed the claims as  "false and utterly absurd".<ref name="Times of India, 2006">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|title=India did not sink Ghazi: Pak commander - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-did-not-sink-Ghazi-Pak-commander/articleshow/914230.cms|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=The Times of India|agency=Times of India|publisher=Times of India, 2006|date=24 December 2006}}</ref>

===Neutral witnesses and assessments===

An independent testimony stems from an [[Egyptian Navy]] officer, who claimed that the Indian ships were docked at the Visakhapatnam harbour when the explosions from the supposed Indian sinking of ''Ghazi'' occurred, and that "it was not until about an hour after the explosion, that two Indian naval ships were observed leaving harbour".<ref name=egyptianwitness>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Ken|title=PNS Ghazi|journal=Hooter Hilites|issue=December 2007|page=6|url=http://ussseaowl.com/PDFFolder/Newsletter12-2007.pdf|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

Many independent writers and investigators maintained the ''Ghazi'' was sunk mysteriously not by two depth charges alone– ''Ghazi'' many have sunk could sunk either by the hydrogen explosion produced when the batteries were chargings, or could be the detonation of a mine, or either by the sea floor impact while trying to avoid the depth charge released by the INS ''Rajput''.<ref name="wwiiafterwwii" /><ref name="India Today, 2003" /><ref name="Defence Journal, Azam" />

In 2012, Pakistani [[Investigative journalism|investigative journalists]] from ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' who were affiliated with the [[Express News (Pakistan)|Express News USA]] based in the [[Washington D.C.]] were able to get in touch with ''Diablo's''' retired and now-aged former [[United States Navy|US Navy]] crewmembers who were allowed to study the sonar pictures and sketches of the sunken vessel where they believed that: "an explosion in the Forward Torpedo Room (FTR) destroyed the Ghazi."<ref name="The Express Tribune, 2012 Mulki" /> This view is also shared by Indian journalist Sandeep Unnithan, who specialises in military and strategic analysis.<ref name="The Express Tribune, 2012 Mulki" />

===Recovery of sunken vessel===

In 1972, both the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] offered to raise the submarine to the surface at their own expense.<ref name=roy /> The [[Government of India]], however, rejected these offers and allowed the submarine to sink further into the mud off the fairway [[buoy]] of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=roy />

In 2003, [[Indian Navy]] [[MARCOS|divers]] recovered few items from the submarine and brought up six bloated bodies of Pakistani servicemen when they blasted their way into the submarine.<ref name="India Today, 2003" /> All six servicemen were given military honorary burial by the Indian Navy. Items recovered were the back-up tapes of the radar [[Military computer|computers]], [[War diary|war logs]], broken [[Porthole|windshield]], top secret files, as well as recovering the one of the bodies of a [[Petty officer|Petty Officer]] [[Mechanical Engineer]] (POME) who had a wheel spanner tightly grasped in his fist.<ref name="India Today, 2003" />  Another sailor had in his pocket a [[Love letter|poignant letter]] written in [[Urdu]] by his [[fiancé]].<ref name="India Today, 2003" />

In 2003, there were additional photos were released by the Indian Navy of the vessel.<ref name="India Today, 2003" />

==Legacy==

===In memory===

In 1972, ''Ghazi'' and her serving officers as well as crew members were honored with the [[Military awards of pakistan|gallantry awards]] by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref name="pakdef.org">{{cite web|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|title=List of Gallantry Awardees – PN Officers/CPOs/Sailors «  PakDef Military Consortium|url=http://pakdef.org/list-of-gallantry-awardees-pn-officerscpossailors/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=pakdef.org|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Navy ISPR">{{cite web|last1=Navy ISPR|title=Untold Stories of PNS Ghazi & PNS Hangor - Video Dailymotion|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x31ojeb|website=Dailymotion|publisher=Navy ISPR|accessdate=22 November 2016|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> After the war, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Richard Nixon]] forgave the remaining debt of ''Ghazi'' to Pakistan when the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s [[Chief of Naval Operations|CNO]] Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt]]  visited Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] in [[Chittagong]] in 1972.{{rp|219–226}}<ref name="roy" /> In addition, she remained the first and yet to-date only U.S.-built submarine to be served in Pakistan Navy, although in successive years, only [[Surface combatant|surface warships]] had been acquired through transfers from the [[United States]] as Pakistan worked towards building its own long-range submarines, the [[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 90B]], through a [[technology transfer]] from [[France]].<ref name="Defence Journal, General Lodhi">{{cite web|last1=Lodhi|first1=Lieutenant-General S.F.S.|title=An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Defence Journal, General Lodhi|accessdate=22 November 2016|date=January 2000}}</ref>

At the [[Karachi Naval Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in [[Karachi]], a "Ghazi Monument" was built to perpetuate the memory of the submarine and its 93 men.<ref name="Usman Shabbir, PakDef">{{cite web|last1=Shabbir|first1=Usman|title=Their Name Liveth for Ever More «  PakDef Military Consortium|url=http://pakdef.org/their-name-liveth-for-ever-more/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=Usman Shabbir, PakDef|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> In 1974, the naval base, [[PNS Zafar]], was commissioned and constructed in the memory of Commander [[Zafar Muhammad Khan]] that now serves as headquarter for [[Pakistan Navy Northern Command|Northern Naval Command]].<ref name="Usman Shabbir, PakDef"/> In 1975, the Navy acquired the [[Albacora-class submarine|''Albacora''-class]] submarine from the [[Portuguese Navy]] and was named "''Ghazi (S-134)''", in memory of PNS Ghazi.<ref>See [[Albacora-class submarine]]</ref>

In 1998, the [[Inter-Services Public Relations]] produced and released the [[Television film|telefilm]], ''[[Ghazi Shaheed]]'' that stars [[Shabbir Jan]] as commander of ''Ghazi'', and Mishi Khan as Commander's wife; the telefilm is based on the events involving the ''Ghazi's'' mission and overlooks the lives of men who served in ''Ghazi''.<ref name="Ptv Classics">{{cite web|title=Ghazi Shaheed|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oa8mtR5QnM|publisher=Ptv Classics|accessdate=20 November 2016|date=13 November 2015}}</ref> Another [[Pakistani films of 2015|movie]], ''Untold Stories: Ghazi and Hangor'' was sponsored and released by the ISPR to commemorate the ''Ghazi'' and her martyrs during their missions in 1971.<ref name="Navy ISPR"/>

In 2016, the [[PNS Hameed]] was commissioned where ''Ghazi'' was honored and is namesake of her [[First mate|first officer]], Lt.Cdr Pervez Hameed.<ref>Oversight [[PNS Zafar]]</ref>

===Notable commanders===
*Commander [[Karamat Rahman Niazi]]– later appointed as the [[Four-star admiral|four-star]] rank admiral, commanded from 1964–66.
*Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]]– [[PNS Hangor|Hangor's]] commander in 1971 and later Vice-Admiral, commanded Ghazi from 1966-1969.
*Lieutenant Commander Yousaf Raza– commanded Ghazi from 1969-1971
*Commander [[Zafar Muhammad Khan|Zafar Muhammad]]– the last commander until her sinking in 1971.

===Honors and Awards===

<center>
{|
|align=center|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=PAK Sitara-i-Juraat ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|
|align=center|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Pride of Performance (ribbon).gif||width=103}}
|
|align=center|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Tamgha Jurat Ribbon.gif||width=103}}
|-
|align=center|[[Sitara-e-Jurat]]<br>{{small|(Awarded in 1965 and 1971)}}
|
|align=center|[[Pride of Performance|President's Citation]]<br>{{small|(Citation in 1965)}}
|
|align=center|[[Tamgha-i-Jurat]]<br>{{small|(Awarded in 1965)}}
|}
</center>

==See also==
*[[Pakistan Navy#Submarines|Pakista Navy Submarine Command]]
*[[PNS Hangor]]
*[[Ghazi Shaheed]]–a 1998 Pakistani telefilm based on PNS Ghazi
*[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]– a 2017 Indian film based on PNS Ghazi

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/d/diablo.html}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ussdiablo.com/TheDiabloAdvocatepage11.htm Pictures of the ''Ghazi'']
* [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/1971/Dec05/Art03.htm The PNS ''Ghazi'' incident as described in an article from "The Liberation Times"]
* [http://www.indiadefence.com/navyday05.htm India Defence report on the ''Ghazi'''s sinking]
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22inter.htm rediff news article]
* [http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/02/stories/2006120202090100.htm Hindu E-News paper article]
* [http://www.almanacwhf.ru/?no=4&art=6 Neutral Source from Russian site]
* [http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html Record of kills by Indian Navy in 1971 War]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030824/spectrum/main6.htm Tribune's E-news article]
* [http://orbat.com/site/history/volume4/438/pn_warships_part4A_submarines.htm Orbat article on PNS ''Ghazi'']
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{{Tench class submarine|others}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{1971 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Indian Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazi}}
[[Category:1944 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kittery, Maine]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United States]]
[[Category:Tench-class submarines of the Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Pakistan Navy]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe|P]]
[[Category:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1971]]
[[Category:Lost submarines by country|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:1971 controversies]]
[[Category:Mysteries]]
[[Category:Submarine accidents]]
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