View source for Talk:Biological theories of dyslexia

{{WikiProject Dyslexia|class=Start}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Dyslexia/Navigation}}

<!-- Please add content below -->

== PMID research review papers ==

[Role of the cerebellum in cognitive and behavioural control: scientific basis and investigation models]
Bugalho P, Correa B, Viana-Baptista M.
Acta Med Port. 2006 May-Jun;19(3):257-67. Epub 2006 Sep 7. Review. Portuguese.
*{{PMID|17234089}}
Converging evidence for triple word form theory in children with dyslexia.
Richards TL, Aylward EH, Field KM, Grimme AC, Raskind W, Richards AL, Nagy W, Eckert M, Leonard C, Abbott RD, Berninger VW.
Dev Neuropsychol. 2006;30(1):547-89. Review.
*{{PMID|16925475}} 
Cerebellar disorders in childhood: cognitive problems.
Steinlin M.
Cerebellum. 2008;7(4):607-10. Epub 2008 Dec 5. Review.
*{{PMID|19057977}}
Dyslexia and the anchoring-deficit hypothesis.
Ahissar M.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Nov;11(11):458-65. Epub 2007 Nov 5. Review.
*{{PMID|17983834}}
On the use of metacontrast to assess magnocellular function in dyslexic readers.
Skottun BC.
Percept Psychophys. 2001 Oct;63(7):1271-4. Review.
*{{PMID|11766950}}
Cerebellum and reading.
Vlachos F, Papathanasiou I, Andreou G.
Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2007;59(4):177-83. Review.
*{{PMID|17627126}}
Developmental dyslexia, learning and the cerebellum.
Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ.
J Neural Transm Suppl. 2005;(69):19-36. Review.
*{{PMID|16355601}}
Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis.
Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Dean P.
Trends Neurosci. 2001 Sep;24(9):508-11. Review.
*{{PMID|11506881}}
A few remarks on relating reaction time to magnocellular activity.
Skottun BC, Skoyles JR.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007 Nov;29(8):860-6. Epub 2007 Feb 14. Review.
*{{PMID|17852604}} 
On the prevalence of magnocellular deficits in the visual system of non-dyslexic individuals.
Skoyles J, Skottun BC.
Brain Lang. 2004 Jan;88(1):79-82. Review.
*{{PMID|14698733}}
The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia.
Stein J.
Dyslexia. 2001 Jan-Mar;7(1):12-36. Review.
*{{PMID|11305228}}
Coherent motion, magnocellular sensitivity and the causation of dyslexia.
Skottun BC, Skoyles JR.
Int J Neurosci. 2008 Jan;118(1):185-90. Review.
*{{PMID|18041615}}
The cerebellum and language: the story so far.
De Smet HJ, Baillieux H, De Deyn PP, Mariën P, Paquier P.
Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2007;59(4):165-70. Review.
*{{PMID|17627124}}
Cerebellar neurocognition: insights into the bottom of the brain.
Baillieux H, De Smet HJ, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, Mariën P.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008 Sep;110(8):763-73. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Review.
*{{PMID|18602745}}

There are more review papers included [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/collections/public/1Ny_fS7CVkcjezU4vuqQR0r/ in my collection, "Dyslexia and Cognitive Nuerology, Neurobiology" from NCBI]. And in the future will add more collections on [[User:Dolfrog]] later. [[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 20:12, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

== new citation system:- citations required ==

found some of the missing citations

no 67 wittion et al 
Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers.
PMID: 9663387 

no 49 eden et al 1996
The visual deficit theory of developmental dyslexia.
PMID: 9345535 

no 11 Geschwind and Galaburda, 1985 
Biological Mechanisms, Associations, and Pathology: I. A Hypothesis and a Program for Research
Arch Neurol. 1985;42(5):428-459. 
[http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/summary/42/5/428?ijkey=4956624811ef1614b3a08eaad8c8b97a06db2ee0&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Norman Geschwind, MD; Albert M. Galaburda, MD]

no 12 Paulesu et al., 1996 
Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning.
Eraldo Paulesu1,5, Uta Frith2,3,, Margaret Snowling4, Alison Gallagher2, John Morton2,3, Richard S. J. Frackowiak1 and Christopher D. Frith1,3
Oxford Journals Medicine Brain
Volume 119, Number 1 Pp. 143-157
http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/119/1/143?ijkey=28df67689c4e0cb71f9f618c1aa3eba4d38c7d90&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

no 13 Paulesu et al., 2001
Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity. 
Science 16 March 2001:
Vol. 291. no. 5511, pp. 2165 - 2167
DOI: 10.1126/science.1057179

no 14 
Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks.
Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, Mencl WE, Constable RT, Naftolin F, Palter SF, Marchione KE, Katz L, Shankweiler DP, Fletcher JM, Lacadie C, Keltz M, Gore JC.
JAMA. 1999 Apr 7;281(13):1197-202.PMID: 10199429 

no 19 Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, et al. 
Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. 
Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jul 15;52(2):101-10.PMID: 12114001


[[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 10:40, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

:Thanks. I fixed 19, 49 and 67 the way you commented. 12, 13 and 14 were already fixed. For 11, why should it be part 1? parts 2 & 3 were also in the same year. See {{PMID|3994562}}, {{PMID|3994562}} and {{PMID|3874617}}.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 11:14, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

no 18 Neuroreport. 2001 Feb 12;12(2):299-307.
Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study.
Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, Deutsch GK, Tallal P, Merzenich MM, Gabrieli JD.
PMID: 11209939

no 24
Brain Lang. 1980 Mar;9(2):182-98.
Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children.
Tallal P. PMID: 7363063

no 30 Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: current issues and recommendations.
McArthur GM, Bishop DV. Dyslexia. 2001 Jul-Sep;7(3):150-70. Review.PMID: 11765982

no 55 Lancet. 1998 Jun 20;351(9119):1849-52.
Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Rae C, Lee MA, Dixon RM, Blamire AM, Thompson CH, Styles P, Talcott J, Richardson AJ, Stein JF.
PMID: 9652669 
[[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 11:38, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

:thanks. fixed 18, 24, 30 and 55 from the PMIDs in your comment.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 12:36, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

==WP:MEDRS==
Just a reminder - and this has been previously raised with Dolfrog - the [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources (medicine-related articles)]] guideline stresses the use of secondary sources:
:''Ideal sources for biomedical material include general or systematic reviews in reliable, third-party, published sources, such as reputable medical journals, widely recognised standard textbooks written by experts in a field, or medical guidelines and position statements from nationally or internationally reputable expert bodies.''
The article, however, appears to be sourced largely from isolated primary papers. [[User:Gordonofcartoon|Gordonofcartoon]] ([[User talk:Gordonofcartoon|talk]]) 13:19, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

:yes, but a larger concern right now is verification. there are a lot of citations i've tagged with {{t1|vs}} until i can find complete bibliographic information. feel free to tag the sources you don't feel are reliable with {{t1|rs}}.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 14:01, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
::I don't see it as a larger concern. It's not that the sources are unreliable; it's that they're primary data points, and we've no idea if the overall picture is supported by anything secondary. The sourcing of the article is completely uncompliant with [[WP:MEDRS]], and this piling-in of primary sources needs to stop in favour of finding secondary ones. [[User:Gordonofcartoon|Gordonofcartoon]] ([[User talk:Gordonofcartoon|talk]]) 22:33, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
:::well, yesterday i wouldn't have been able to say whether half the sources met medrs or not because all that was there was stuff like "Temple et al. 2001" without any further bibliographic info or links or anything. now that i've found the bibliographic info for most of the sources we can start deciding which ones aren't any good.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 23:43, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

:and actually, it seems like the sources you don't think meet medrs should be tagged with {{t1|MEDRS}} instead of {{t1|rs}}.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 23:57, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

These research papers included are cited as references by as part of my the main references papers for this article. Obviously GordonofCartoon has no idea how research papers authors cite other research papers. And he continually fails to recognise the leading dyslexia researchers. I am not sure I really knows what he is talking about , but is only carrying out a personal vendetta against me. If he were to bothered to read the 300 or more research paper in my Online PubMed Research paper collections 26 regarding dyslexia on my [[user:dolfrog]] or provide some alternative research. He appears to have his own private agenda  [[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 01:39, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

== Sources still to be verified ==

I've found complete bibliographic info for most of the sources, but there are still three that I need help with:
#"Geschwind and Galaburda, 1985" could be one of three journal articles (or maybe all three?):
#*{{cite journal |author=Geschwind N, Galaburda AM |title=Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=428–59 |year=1985 |month=May |pmid=3994562 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1985.04060050026008}}
#*{{cite journal |author=Geschwind N, Galaburda AM |title=Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=521–52 |year=1985 |month=June |pmid=3890812 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1985.04060060019009}}
#*{{cite journal |author=Geschwind N, Galaburda AM |title=Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: III. A hypothesis and a program for research |journal=Archives of Neurology |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=634–54 |year=1985 |month=July |pmid=3874617 |doi=10.1001/archneur.1985.04060070024012}}
#"Farmer and Klein, 1995" could be one of two articles:
#*{{cite journal |author=Farmer ME, Klein RM |title=The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review |journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=1995 |month=December |pages=460-93 |url=http://www.iapsych.com/iqclock2/LinkedDocuments/farmer1995.pdf}}
#*{{cite journal |author=Klein RM, Farmer ME |title=Dyslexia and a temporal processing deficit: A reply to the commentaries |journal=Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=515-26 |url=http://www.iapsych.com/iqclock2/LinkedDocuments/klein1995.pdf}}
#"Lovegrove et al., 1980" could be one of two articles:
#*{{cite journal |author=Lovegrove WJ, Heddle M, Slaghuis W |title=Reading disability: spatial frequency specific deficits in visual information store |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=111–5 |year=1980 |pmid=7366819}}
#*{{cite journal |author=Lovegrove WJ, Bowling A, Badcock D, Blackwood M |title=Specific reading disability: differences in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency |journal=Science |volume=210 |issue=4468 |pages=439–40 |year=1980 |month=October |pmid=7433985 |doi=10.1126/science.7433985}}
#:Less likely possibilities are:
#*{{cite journal |author=Lovegrove W, Evans P |title=Color-selective adaptation in contrast thresholds for detecting the form but not the motion in moving gratings |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=585–7 |year=1980 |month=June |pmid=7393710}}
#*{{cite journal |author=Lovegrove W, Heddle M |title=Visual persistence as a function of spatial frequency and age |journal=Perception |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=529–32 |year=1980 |pmid=7443390}}
There should be some good reasons for deciding which ones are correct.&nbsp;&nbsp;—[[User:Chris_Capoccia |Chris Capoccia]]  <sup>[[User talk:Chris_Capoccia|T]]</sup>&#8260;<sub>[[Special:Contributions/Chris_Capoccia|C]]</sub> 21:35, 23 November 2009 (UTC)


a complete list of references from one one the main sources regarding the various theories of dyslexia

References
Adlard A, Hazan V. Speech perception in children with specific reading difficulties (dyslexia). Q J Exp Psychol 1998; 51A: 153–77.

Ahissar M, Protopapas A, Reid M, Merzenich MM. Auditory processing parallels reading abilities in adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 6832–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Amitay S, Ben-Yehudah G, Banai K, Ahissar M. Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit. Brain 2002; 125: 2272–85.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Baker RJ, Rosen S. Evaluation of maximum-likelihood threshold estimation with tone-in-noise masking. Br J Audiol 2001; 35: 43–52.[Web of Science][Medline]

Bishop DV, Bishop SJ, Bright P, James C, Delaney T, Tallal P. Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42: 155–68.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Bradley L, Bryant PE. Difficulties in auditory organisation as a possible cause of reading backwardness. Nature 1978; 271: 746–7.[CrossRef][Medline]

Brady SA, Shankweiler DP. Phonological processes in literacy. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1991.

Brady S, Shankweiler D, Mann V. Speech perception and memory coding in relation to reading ability. J Exp Child Psychol 1983; 35: 345–67.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Brainard DH. The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spat Vis 1997; 10: 433–6.[Web of Science][Medline]

Brown TE. Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation, 1996.

Brown WE, Eliez S, Menon V, Rumsey JM, White CD, Reiss AL. Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia. Neurology 2001; 56: 781–3.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Brunswick N, McCrory E, Price CJ, Frith CD, Frith U. Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: a search for Wernicke’s Wortschatz? Brain 1999; 122: 1901–17.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Carrell TD, Bradlow AR, Nicol TG, Koch DB, Kraus N. Interactive software for evaluating auditory discrimination. Ear Hear 1999; 20: 175–6.[Web of Science][Medline]

Cestnick L. Cross-modality temporal processing deficits in developmental phonological dyslexics. Brain Cogn 2001; 46: 319–25.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Cornelissen P, Munro N, Fowler S, Stein J. The stability of binocular fixation during reading in adults and children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35: 777–87.[Web of Science][Medline]

Cornelissen P, Richardson A, Mason A, Fowler S, Stein J. Contrast sensitivity and coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls. Vision Res 1995; 35: 1483–94.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Cornelissen PL, Hansen PC, Gilchrist I, Cormack F, Essex J, Frankish C. Coherent motion detection and letter position encoding. Vision Res 1998; 38: 2181–91.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Demb JB, Boynton GM, Best M, Heeger DJ. Psychophysical evidence for a magnocellular pathway deficit in dyslexia. Vision Res 1998; 38: 1555–9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Denckla MB, Rudel RG, Chapman C, Krieger J. Motor proficiency in dyslexic children with and without attentional disorders. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 228–31.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dow RS, Moruzzi G. The physiology and pathology of the cerebellum. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1958.

Eden GF, Stein JF, Wood HM, Wood FB. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vision Res 1994; 34: 1345–58.[Web of Science][Medline]

Eden GF, VanMeter JW, Rumsey JM, Maisog JM, Woods RP, Zeffiro TA. Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging. Nature 1996; 382: 66–9.[CrossRef][Medline]

Everatt J, Bradshaw MF, Hibbard PB. Visual processing and dyslexia. Perception 1999; 28: 243–54.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Farmer ME, Klein RM. The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonom Bull Rev 1995; 2: 460–93.

Farrag AF, Khedr EM, Abel-Naser W. Impaired parvocellular pathway in dyslexic children. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 359–63.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI. The Dyslexia Screening Test. London: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI. Dyslexia: the role of the cerebellum. In: Fawcett AJ, editor. Dyslexia: theory and good practice. London: Whurr; 2001. p. 89–105.

Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI, Dean P. Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks. Ann Dyslex 1996; 46: 259–83.[CrossRef]

Frederickson N, Frith U, Reason R. Phonological Assessment Battery. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1997.

Friston KJ, Büchel C. Attentional modulation of effective connectivity from V2 to V5/MT in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7591–6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Galaburda AM, Sherman GF, Rosen GD, Aboitiz F, Geschwind N. Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 222–33.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Galaburda AM, Menard MT, Rosen GD. Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8010–3.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Gathercole SE, Baddeley AD. The Children’s Test of Nonword Repetition. London: Psychological Corporation; 1996.

Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research. Arch Neurol 1985; 42: 428–59.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Grant AC, Zangaladze A, Thiagarajah M, Sathian K. Tactile perception in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37: 1201–11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Guttorm TK, Leppänen PHT, Richardson U, Lyytinen H. Event-related potentials and consonant differentiation in newborns with familial risk for dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 2001; 34: 534–44.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Hari R, Renvall H. Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia. Trends Cogn Sci 2001; 5: 525–32.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Hari R, Renvall H, Tanskanen T. Left minineglect in dyslexic adults. Brain 2001; 124: 1373–80.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Hazan V, Barrett S. The development of phonemic categorisation in children aged 6 to 12. J Phonet 2000; 28: 377–96.[CrossRef]

Heath SM, Hogben JH, Clark CD. Auditory temporal processing in disabled readers with and without oral language delay. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 637–47.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Heim S, Freeman RB Jr, Eulitz C, Elbert T. Auditory temporal processing deficit in dyslexia is associated with enhanced sensitivity in the visual modality. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 507–10.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Hill NI, Bailey PJ, Griffiths YM, Snowling MJ. Frequency acuity and binaural masking release in dyslexic listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 1999; 106: L53–8.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Ivry RB, Keele SW. Timing functions of the cerebellum. J Cogn Neurosci 1989; 1: 136–52.[CrossRef]

Johannes S, Kussmaul CL, Munte TF, Mangun GR. Developmental dyslexia: passive visual stimulation provides no evidence for a magnocellular processing defect. Neuropsychologia 1996; 34: 1123–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Klatt DH. Software for a cascade/parallel formant synthesizer. J Acoust Soc Am 1980; 67: 971–95.[CrossRef]

Kronbichler M, Hutzler F, Wimmer H. Dyslexia: verbal impairments in the absence of magnocellular impairments. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 617–20.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Kujala T, Myllyviita K, Tervaniemi M, Alho K, Kallio J, Näätänen R. Basic auditory dysfunction in dyslexia as demonstrated by brain activity measurements. Psychophysiology 2000; 37: 262–6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Lamme VA, Roelfsema PR. The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing. [Review]. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: 571–9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Lee BB, Smith VC, Pokorny,J, Kremers J. Rod inputs to macque ganglion cells. Vision Res 1997; 37: 2813–28.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Legge GE. Sustained and transient mechanisms in human vision: temporal and spatial properties. Vision Res 1978; 18: 69–81.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Leonard CM, Eckert MA, Lombardino LJ, Oakland T, Kranzler J, Mohr CM, et al. Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11: 148–57.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Leppanen PH, Pihko E, Eklund KM, Lyytinen H. Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia: II. Group effects. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 969–73.[Web of Science][Medline]

Levitt H. Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. J Acoust Soc Am 1971; 49 Suppl 2: 467–76.

Liberman AM, Mattingly IG. The motor theory of speech perception revised. Cognition 1985; 21: 1–36.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Livingstone MS, Rosen GD, Drislane FW, Galaburda AM. Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7943–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lorenzi C, Dumont A, Füllgrabe C. Use of temporal envelope cues by children with developmental dyslexia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2000; 43: 1367–79.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lovegrove WJ, Bowling A, Badcock B, Blackwood M. Specific reading disability: differences in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency. Science 1980; 210: 439–40.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Manis FR, Mcbride-Chang C, Seidenberg MS, Keating P, Doi LM, Munson B, et al. Are speech perception deficits associated with developmental dyslexia? J Exp Child Psychol 1997; 66: 211–35.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Marshall CM, Snowling MJ, Bailey PJ. Rapid auditory processing and phonological ability in normal readers and readers with dyslexia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2001; 44: 925–40.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Martin F, Lovegrove W. Flicker contrast sensitivity in normal and specifically disabled readers. Perception 1987; 16: 215–21.[Web of Science][Medline]

McAnally KI, Stein JF. Auditory temporal coding in dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Science USA 1996; 263: 961–5.

McArthur GM, Bishop DVM. Auditory perceptual processing in people with reading and oral language impairments: Current issues and recommendations. [Review]. Dyslexia 2001; 7: 150–70.[CrossRef][Medline]

McArthur GM, Hogben JH. Auditory backward recognition masking in children with a specific language impairment and children with a specific reading disability. J Acoust Soc Am 2001; 109: 1092–100.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

McCrory E. A neurocognitive investigation of phonological processing in dyslexia. London PhD: University College London; 2001.

McCrory E, Frith U, Brunswick N, Price C. Abnormal functional activation during a simple word repetition task: a PET study of adult dyslexics. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12: 753–62.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Mody M, Studdert-Kennedy M, Brady S. Speech perception deficits in poor readers: auditory processing or phonological coding? J Exp Child Psychol 1997; 64: 199–231.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Molfese DL. Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses. Brain Lang 2000; 72: 238–45.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Nagarajan S, Mahncke H, Salz T, Tallal P, Roberts T, Merzenich MM. Cortical auditory signal processing in poor readers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 6483–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Neale MD. Neale Analysis of Reading Ability Revised. 2nd ed. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1997.

Nelson HE. National Adult Reading Test. 2nd ed. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1991.

Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ. Automaticity: a new framework for dyslexia research? Cognition 1990; 35: 159–82.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Dean P. Time estimation deficits in developmental dyslexia: evidence of cerebellar involvement. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995; 259: 43–7.[Medline]

Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Berry EL, Jenkins IH, Dean P, Brooks DJ. Association of abnormal cerebellar activation with motor learning difficulties in dyslexic adults. Lancet 1999; 353: 1662–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Nicolson R, Fawcett AJ, Dean P. Dyslexia, development and the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2001; 24: 515–6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Nittrouer S. Do temporal processing deficits cause phonological processing problems? J Speech Lang Hear Res 1999; 42: 925–42.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

O’Connor DH, Fukui MM, Pinsk MA, Kastner S. Attention modulates responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nat Neurosci 2002; 5: 1203–9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Paulesu E, Frith U, Snowling M, Gallagher A, Morton J, Frackowiak RSJ, et al. Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning. Brain 1996; 119: 143–57.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Paulesu E, Démonet J-F, Fazio F, McCrory E, Chanoine V, Brunswick N, et al. Dyslexia: cultural diversity and biological unity. Science 2001; 291: 2165–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Pelli DG. The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming number into movies. Spat Vis 1997; 10: 437–42.[Web of Science][Medline]

Pihko E, Leppanen PH, Eklund KM, Cheour M, Guttorm TK, Lyytinen H. Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia: I. Age effects. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 901–5.[Web of Science][Medline]

Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Fulbright RK, Constable RT, et al. The angular gyrus in developmental dyslexia: task-specific differences in functional connectivity within posterior cortex. Psychol Sci 2000; 11: 51–6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Purpura K, Kaplan E, Shapley RM. Background light and the contrast gain of primate P and M retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4534–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Rae C, Lee MA, Dixon RM, Blamire AM, Thompson CH, Styles P, et al. Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 1998; 351: 1849–52.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Ramus F. Dyslexia. Talk of two theories. Nature 2001; 412: 393–5.[CrossRef][Medline]

Ramus F, Pidgeon E, Frith U. The relationship between motor control and phonology in dyslexic children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. In press 2003.

Raymond J, Sorenson R. Visual motion perception in children with dyslexia: normal detection but abnormal integration. Visual Cogn 1998; 5: 389–404.

Reed MA. Speech perception and the discrimination of brief auditory cues in reading disabled children. J Exp Child Psychol 1989; 48: 270–92.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Richardson U, Leppänen PHT, Leiwo M, Lyytinen H. Speech perception differs in infants at familial risk for dyslexia as early as six months of age. Dev Neuropsychol. In press 2003.

Rosen S, Manganari E. Is there a relationship between speech and nonspeech auditory processing in children with dyslexia? J Speech Lang Hear Res 2001; 44: 720–36.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Ruff S, Cardebat D, Marie N, Demonet JF. Enhanced response of the left frontal cortex to slowed down speech in dyslexia: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 2002; 13: 1285–9.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Schulte-Körne G, Deimel W, Bartling J, Remschmidt H. Auditory processing and dyslexia: evidence for a specific speech processing deficit. Neuroreport 1998a; 9: 337–40.[Web of Science][Medline]

Schulte-Körne G, Deimel W, Bartling J, Remschmidt H. Role of auditory temporal processing for reading and spelling disability. Percept Mot Skills 1998b; 86: 1043–7.[Web of Science][Medline]

Serniclaes W, Sprenger-Charolles L, Carré R, Démonet J-F. Perceptual discrimination of speech sounds in developmental dyslexia. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2001; 44: 384–99.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Share DL, Jorm AF, MacLean R, Matthews R. Temporal processing and reading disability. Read Writ Interdisciplin J 2002; 15: 151–78.

Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Pugh KR, Fulbright RK, Constable RT, Mencl WE, et al. Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 2636–41.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Pugh KR, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Skudlarski P, et al. Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 101–10.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Skottun BC. The magnocellular deficit theory of dyslexia: the evidence from contrast sensitivity. [Review]. Vision Res 2000; 40: 111–27.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Slaghuis WL, Ryan JF. Spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity, coherent motion, and visible persistence in developmental dyslexia. Vision Res 1999; 39: 651–68.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Snowling MJ. Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia. Psychol Res 1981; 43: 219–34.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Snowling MJ. Dyslexia. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2000.

Snowling MJ, Stothard SE, McLean JM. Graded non-word reading test. Bury St. Edmunds (UK): Thames Valley Test Company; 1996.

Spinelli D, De Luca M, Judica A, Zoccolotti P. Crowding effects on word identification in developmental dyslexia. Cortex 2002; 38: 179–200.[Web of Science][Medline]

Stein JF, Fowler MS. Unstable binocular control in children with specific reading retardation. J Res Read 1993; 16: 30–45.[CrossRef]

Stein J, Walsh V. To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 147–52.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Stein J, Talcott J, Witton C. The sensorimotor basis of developmental dyslexia. In: Fawcett AJ, editor. Dyslexia: theory and good practice. London: Whurr; 2001. p. 65–88.

Stoodley CJ, Talcott JB, Carter EL, Witton C, Stein JF. Selective deficits of vibrotactile sensitivity in dyslexic readers. Neurosci Lett 2000; 295: 13–6.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Stringer R, Stanovich KE. On the possibility of cerebellar involvement in reading disability. In: 4th conference of the Society for Scientific Studies of Reading. San Diego; 1998.

Stuart GW, McAnally KI, Castles A. Can contrast sensitivity functions in dyslexia be explained by inattention rather than a magnocellular deficit? [Review]. Vision Res 2001; 41: 3205–11.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Talcott JB, Witton C, McLean MF, Hansen PC, Rees A, Green GG, et al. Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children’s word decoding skills. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 2952–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tallal P. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang 1980; 9: 182–98.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Tallal P, Miller S, Fitch RH. Neurobiological basis of speech: a case for the preeminence of temporal processing. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 682: 27–47.[Web of Science][Medline]

Temple E, Poldrack RA, Protopapas A, Nagarajan S, Salz T, Tallal P, et al. Disruption of the neural response to rapid acoustic stimuli in dyslexia: evidence from functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 13907–12.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, Deutsch GK, Tallal P, Merzenich MM, et al. Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 299–307.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

van Daal V, van der Leij A. Developmental dyslexia: Related to specific or general deficits? Ann Dyslex 1999; 49: 71–104.

van der Lely HK. Specifically language impaired and normally developing children: Verbal passive vs. adjectival passive sentence interpretation. Lingua 1996a; 98: 243–72.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

van der Lely HKJ. The Test of Active and Passive Sentences (TAPS). Available from the author at the Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience. London: University College London; 1996b and http://www.ucl.ac.uk/DLDCN/tests.html.

van der Lely HKJ. Advanced-Syntactic test of Pronominal reference (A-STOP). Available from the author at the Centre for Developmental Language Disorders and Cognitive Neuroscience. London: University College London; UK, 1997 and http://www.ucl.ac.uk/DLDCN/tests.html.

van der Lely HKJ, Stollwerck L. Binding theory and grammatical specific language impairment in children. Cognition 1997; 62: 245–90.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

van Ingelghem M, van Wieringen A, Wouters J, Vandenbussche E, Onghena P, Ghesquière P. Psychophysical evidence for a general temporal processing deficit in children with dyslexia. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 3603–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Vellutino FR. Dyslexia: research and theory. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1979.

Victor JD, Conte MM, Burton L, Nass RD. Visual evoked potentials in dyslexics and normals: failure to find a difference in transient or steady-state responses. Vis Neurosci 1993; 10: 939–46.[Web of Science][Medline]

Watson AB, Pelli DG. QUEST: a Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Percept Psychophys 1983; 33: 113–20.[Web of Science][Medline]

Wechsler D. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. 3rd ed. London: Psychological Corporation; 1998.

Wilkins AJ. Visual stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995.

Wilkinson GS. Wide Range Achievement Test 3. Wilmington (DE): Wide Range; 1993.

Wimmer H, Mayringer H, Landerl K. Poor reading: a deficit in skill-automatization or a phonological deficit? Sci Stud Read 1998; 2: 321–40.[CrossRef]

Wimmer H, Mayringer H, Raberger T. Reading and dual-task balancing: evidence against the automatization deficit explanation of developmental dyslexia. J Learn Disabil 1999; 32: 473–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Witton C, Talcott JB, Hansen PC, Richardson AJ, Griffiths TD, Rees A, et al. Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers. Curr Biol 1998; 8: 791–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

Wolff PH. Impaired temporal resolution in developmental dyslexia. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 682: 87–103.[Web of Science][Medline]

Wolff PH, Michel GF, Ovrut M, Drake C. Rate and timing precision of motor coordination in developmental dyslexia. Dev Psychol 1990; 26: 349–59.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

Wright BA, Lombardino LJ, King WM, Puranik CS, Leonard CM, Merzenich MM. Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children. Nature 1997; 387: 176–8.[CrossRef][Medline]

Yap RL, van der Leij A. Testing the automatization deficit hypothesis of dyslexia via a dual-task paradigm. J Learn Disabil 1994; 27: 660–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

All of which can be found in the reference section of [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/126/4/841 Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults] or [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12615643?dopt=Abstract Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults.]

I hope this helps there are other papers if you need them [[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 01:59, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

==copyright violation==
pretty much this entire article is a copy-paste from a major journal article
==Copyright problem: Theories of dyslexia==
pretty much this entire article is a copy-paste.

oops. actually, it looks like I should have reverted it. [[User:Neuromusic|Neuromusic]] ([[User talk:Neuromusic|talk]]) 15:32, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

I take that back. I don't think it can be reverted, as the early revisions are simply summarized (but still verbatim copying) from Ramus et al, 2003. [[User:Neuromusic|Neuromusic]] ([[User talk:Neuromusic|talk]]) 15:38, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

::I have followed the temporary article link, and created a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Theories_of_dyslexia/Temp copyright free version of this article]. This article was part of a massive re-organisation by Wikipedia dyslexia project last year, when the main dyslexia article was summerised and many sub articles were created to provide more in depth information with regard to some of the more specialised areas. Unfortunately at the same time dyslexia research moved on and the old theories of dyslexia, although important became less significant. Sorry that we did not get back to copy edit this article earlier. [[User:Dolfrog|dolfrog]] ([[User talk:Dolfrog|talk]]) 21:35, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
:::Thank you for the rewrite. Content should never be pasted onto Wikipedia, even if temporarily, unless it comes from a source that is [[Wikipedia:Public domain]] or compatibly licensed. --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] <sup>[[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]]</sup> 20:34, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

== Copyright problem removed ==

One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/126/4/841.full. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, ''unless'' it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see [[Wikipedia:COPYRIGHT#Using_copyrighted_work_from_others|"using copyrighted works from others"]] if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials|"donating copyrighted materials"]] if you are.) For [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|legal reasons]], we cannot accept [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyrighted]] text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of ''information'', but not as a source of ''sentences'' or ''phrases''. Accordingly, the material ''may'' be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original ''or'' [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarize]] from that source. Please see our [[Wikipedia:NFC#Text|guideline on non-free text]] for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. <!-- Template:Cclean --> [[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] <sup>[[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]]</sup> 20:34, 23 October 2010 (UTC)