View source for Burkholderia

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| image = Burkholderia pseudomallei 01.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on a [[Agar plate#Blood agar|blood agar plate]].
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Betaproteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Burkholderiales]]
| familia = [[Burkholderiaceae]]
| genus = '''''Burkholderia'''''
| genus_authority = Yabuuchi ''et al''. 1993<ref name=Yabuuchi1>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y, Oyaizu H, Yano I, Hotta H, Hashimoto Y, Ezaki T, Arakawa M |title= Proposal of ''Burkholderia'' gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus ''Pseudomonas'' homology group II to the new genus, with the type species ''Burkholderia cepacia'' <small>Palleroni and Holmes 1981</small> comb. nov.|journal=Microbiol Immunol |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251–1275 |year=1992 |pmid=1283774 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x/abstract;jsessionid=037C7D60607DF131E07715F5A04FC067.f04t02}}</ref><ref name=Yabuuchi2>{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=Validation of the publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSB—List No. 45 |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=43 |pages=298–399 |year=1993 |doi=10.1099/00207713-43-2-398}}</ref>
| type_species = ''Burkholderia cepacia''
| type_species_authority = (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) Yabuuchi ''et al''. 1993
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
}}

'''''Burkholderia''''' is a genus of [[Proteobacteria]] whose pathogenic members include the [[Burkholderia cepacia complex]] which attacks humans and ''[[Burkholderia mallei]]'', responsible for [[glanders]], a disease that occurs mostly in [[horse]]s and related animals; ''[[Burkholderia pseudomallei]]'', causative agent of [[melioidosis]]; and ''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]'', an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with [[cystic fibrosis]] (CF).<ref name=WP2006>{{cite book | authors = Woods DE, Sokol PA. | year = 2006 | chapter = The genus ''Burkholderia'' | editors = Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer K-H, Stackebrandt E. | title = The Prokaryotes—A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria | edition = 3 | pages = 848–860 | publisher = Springer–Verlag | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-387-25495-1 | doi = 10.1007/0-387-30745-1_40}}</ref>

The ''Burkholderia'' (previously part of ''[[Pseudomonas]]'') genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous [[Gram-negative]], [[obligate aerobe|obligately aerobic]], [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]] bacteria that are [[motility|motile]] by means of single or multiple polar [[flagella]], with the exception of ''[[Burkholderia mallei]]'' which is nonmotile. Members belonging to the genus do not produce sheaths or prosthecae and are able to utilize [[polyhydroxybutyrate|poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate]] (PHB) for growth. The genus includes both animal and plant [[pathogens]], as well as some environmentally important species. In particular, ''B. xenovorans'' (previously named ''Pseudomonas cepacia'' then ''B. cepacia'' and ''B. fungorum'') is renowned for being catalase positive (affecting patients with [[chronic granulomatous disease]]) and its ability to degrade chlororganic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls ([[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]]). The conserved RNA structure [[Anti-hemB RNA motif]] is found in all known bacteria in this genus.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z |title=Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=35 |issue=14 |pages=4809–19 |year=2007 |pmid=17621584 |pmc=1950547 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkm487 |url=|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

Due to their [[antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] and the high mortality rate from their associated diseases, ''[[Burkholderia mallei|B. mallei]]'' and ''[[Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' are considered to be potential [[biological warfare]] agents, targeting livestock and humans.

==History==
The genus was named after [[Walter H. Burkholder]], plant pathologist at [[Cornell University]]. The first species to receive membership to the genus were transfers from the Pseudomonas genus, on the basis of various biochemical tests.<ref name=Yabuuchi1/><ref name=Yabuuchi2/>

Until recently, the genus ''Burkholderia'' was inclusive of all ''[[Paraburkholderia]]'' species.<ref name=Validationlist>{{cite journal |vauthors=Oren A, Garrity GM |title= List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=65 |pages=2017–2025 |year=2015 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.000317}}</ref> However, the genus ''[[Paraburkholderia]]'' is phylogenetically distinct, and can be distinguished from all ''Burkholderia'' species on the premise of molecular signatures that are uniquely found for each genus.<ref name=Sawana>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sawana A, Adeolu M, Gupta RS |title=Molecular signatures and phylogenomic analysis of the genus ''Burkholderia'': Proposal for division of this genus into the emended genus ''Burkholderia'' containing pathogenic organisms and a new genus ''Paraburkholderia'' gen. nov. harboring environmental species |journal= Front Genet |volume= 5 |pages=429 |year=2014 |pmid=25566316 |pmc=4271702 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2014.00429 |url=http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fgene.2014.00429/full}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== 
''Burkholderia species'' form a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] group within the ''[[Burkholderiales]]'' order of the ''[[Betaproteobacteria]]''. There are currently 48 validly named species that can be distinguished from neighbouring genera (i.e. ''[[Paraburkholderia]]'') and all other bacteria by [[conserved signature indels]] in a variety of proteins.<ref name=Sawana/> These indels represent exclusive common ancestry shared among all ''Burkholderia'' species.

Within the genus, there are three distinct [[monophyly|monophyletic]] clusters. One group consists of all species belonging to the [[Burkholderia cepacia complex]], another clade comprises ''[[Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' and closely related species, and the last clade encompasses of most of the [[phytopathology|phytogenic]] species within the genus, including ''[[Burkholderia glumae|B. glumae]]'' and ''[[Burkholderia gladioli|B. gladioli]] ''.<ref name=Sawana/> [[Conserved signature indels]] have also been discovered that are specific for each of these subgroups within the genus that aid in demarcating members of this extremely large and diverse genus.<ref name=Sawana/><ref name=pmid27279642>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gupta RS |title=Impact of genomics on the understanding of microbial evolution and classification: the importance of Darwin's views on classification |journal= FEMS Microbiol Rev |volume=40|issue=4|pages=520–53 |date=2016|pmid=27279642 |doi=10.1093/femsre/fuw011 |url=http://femsre.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/07/femsre.fuw011.abstract}}</ref>

==Species==
List of species:<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.net|title=List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
<!-- Burkholderia acidipaludis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia acidipaludis -->
*''[[Burkholderia alpina]]''
*''[[Burkholderia ambifaria]]''
<!-- Burkholderia andropogonis was reclassified as Robbsia andropogonis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia anthina]]''
<!-- Burkholderia arationis was reclassified as Caballeronia arationis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia arboris]]''
<!-- Burkholderia arvi was reclassified as Caballeronia arvi. -->
<!-- Burkholderia aspalathi was reclassified as Paraburkholderia aspalathi. -->
<!-- Burkholderia bannensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia bannensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia bryophila was reclassified as Paraburkholderia bryophila. -->
<!-- Burkholderia caballeronis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia caballeronis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia caledonica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia caledonica. -->
<!-- Burkholderia calidae was reclassified as Caballeronia calidae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia caribensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia caribensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia caryophylli was reclassified as Paraburkholderia caryophylli. -->
<!-- Burkholderia catudaia was reclassified as Caballeronia catudaia. -->
*''[[Burkholderia cenocepacia]]''
*''[[Burkholderia cepacia]]''
<!-- Burkholderia choica was reclassified as Caballeronia choica. -->
<!-- Burkholderia cocovenenans was reclassified as Burkholderia gladioli. -->
<!-- Burkholderia concitans was reclassified as Caballeronia concitans. -->
*''[[Burkholderia contaminans]]''
<!-- Burkholderia cordobensis was reclassified as Caballeronia cordobensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia denitrificans was reclassified as Paraburkholderia denitrificans. -->
<!-- Burkholderia diazotrophica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia diazotrophica. -->
*''[[Burkholderia diffusa]]''
<!-- Burkholderia dilworthii was reclassified as Paraburkholderia dilworthii. -->
<!-- Burkholderia dipogonis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia dipogonis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia dolosa]]''
<!-- Burkholderia eburnea was reclassified as Paraburkholderia eburnea. -->
<!-- Burkholderia endofungorum was reclassified as Paraburkholderia endofungorum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia ferrariae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia ferrariae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia fortuita was reclassified as Caballeronia fortuita. -->
<!-- Burkholderia fungorum was reclassified as Paraburkholderia fungorum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia ginsengisoli was reclassified as Paraburkholderia ginsengisoli. -->
<!-- Burkholderia ginsengiterrae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia ginsengiterrae. -->
*''[[Burkholderia gladioli]]''
<!-- Burkholderia glathei was reclassified as Caballeronia glathei. -->
<!-- Burkholderia glebae was reclassified as Caballeronia glebae. -->
*''[[Burkholderia glumae]]''
<!-- Burkholderia graminis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia graminis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia grimmiae was reclassified as Caballeronia grimmiae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia heleia was reclassified as Paraburkholderia heleia. -->
<!-- Burkholderia hospita was reclassified as Paraburkholderia hospita. -->
<!-- Burkholderia humi was reclassified as Caballeronia humi. -->
<!-- Burkholderia humisilvae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia humisilvae. -->
*''[[Burkholderia humptydooensis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia hypogeia was reclassified as Caballeronia hypogeia. -->
<!-- Burkholderia insulsa was reclassified as Paraburkholderia insulsa. -->
<!-- Burkholderia jiangsuensis was reclassified as Caballeronia jiangsuensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia jirisanensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia jirisanensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia kirstenboschensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia kururiensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia kururiensis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia lata]]''
*''[[Burkholderia latens]]''
*''[[Burkholderia mallei]]''
<!-- Burkholderia megalochromosomata was reclassified as Caballeronia megalochromosomata. -->
<!-- Burkholderia megapolitana was reclassified as Paraburkholderia megapolitana. -->
*''[[Burkholderia metallica]]''
<!-- Burkholderia metalliresistens was reclassified as Paraburkholderia metalliresistens. -->
<!-- Burkholderia mimosarum was reclassified as Paraburkholderia mimosarum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia monticola was reclassified as Paraburkholderia monticola. -->
*''[[Burkholderia multivorans]]''
<!-- Burkholderia nodosa was reclassified as Paraburkholderia nodosa. -->
<!-- Burkholderia norimbergensis was reclassified as Pandoraea norimbergensis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia oklahomensis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia oxyphila was reclassified as Paraburkholderia oxyphila. -->
<!-- Burkholderia panaciterrae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia ginsengiterrae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia pedi was reclassified as Caballeronia pedi. -->
<!-- Burkholderia peredens was reclassified as Caballeronia peredens. -->
<!-- Burkholderia phenazinium was reclassified as Paraburkholderia phenazinium. -->
<!-- Burkholderia phenoliruptrix was reclassified as Paraburkholderia phenoliruptrix. -->
<!-- Burkholderia phymatum was reclassified as Paraburkholderia phymatum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia phytofirmans was reclassified as Paraburkholderia phytofirmans. -->
<!-- Burkholderia pickettii was reclassified as Ralstonia pickettii. -->
*''[[Burkholderia plantarii]]''
*''[[Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''
*''[[Burkholderia pseudomultivorans]]''
<!-- Burkholderia ptereochthonis was reclassified as Caballeronia ptereochthonis. -->
*''[[Burkholderia puraquae]]''
*''[[Burkholderia pyrrocinia]]''
<!-- Burkholderia rhizosphaerae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia rhizosphaerae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia rhizoxinica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica. -->
<!-- Burkholderia rhynchosiae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia rhynchosiae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sabiae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia sabiae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sacchari was reclassified as Paraburkholderia sacchari. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sartisoli was reclassified as Paraburkholderia sartisoli. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sediminicola was reclassified as Paraburkholderia sediminicola. -->
*''[[Burkholderia seminalis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia silvatlantica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia silvatlantica. -->
*''[[Burkholderia singaporensis]]''
*''[[Burkholderia singularis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia solanacearum was reclassified as Ralstonia solanacearum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia soli was reclassified as Paraburkholderia soli. -->
<!-- Burkholderia solisilvae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia solisilvae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sordidicola was reclassified as Caballeronia sordidicola. -->
<!-- Burkholderia sprentiae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia sprentiae. -->
*''[[Burkholderia stabilis]]''
*''[[Burkholderia stagnalis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia susongensis was reclassified as Paraburkholderia susongensis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia symbiotica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia symbiotica. -->
<!-- Burkholderia telluris was reclassified as Caballeronia telluris. -->
<!-- Burkholderia temeraria was reclassified as Caballeronia temeraria. -->
<!-- Burkholderia terrae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia terrae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia terrestris was reclassified as Caballeronia terrestris. -->
<!-- Burkholderia terricola was reclassified as Paraburkholderia terricola. -->
*''[[Burkholderia territorii]]''
*''[[Burkholderia thailandensis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia tropica was reclassified as Paraburkholderia tropica. -->
<!-- Burkholderia tuberum was reclassified as Paraburkholderia tuberum. -->
<!-- Burkholderia turbans was reclassified as Caballeronia turbans. -->
*''[[Burkholderia ubonensis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia udeis was reclassified as Caballeronia udeis. -->
<!-- Burkholderia unamae was reclassified as Paraburkholderia unamae. -->
<!-- Burkholderia vandii was reclassified as Burkholderia plantarii. -->
*''[[Burkholderia vietnamiensis]]''
<!-- Burkholderia xenovorans was reclassified as Paraburkholderia xenovorans. -->
<!-- Burkholderia zhejiangensis was reclassified as Caballeronia zhejiangensis. -->
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[MAEB RNA motif]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=32008 Burkholderia] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
* [http://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Burkholderia/PathemaHomePage.cgi Pathema-''Burkholderia'' Resource]
* [http://www.burkholderia.com ''Burkholderia'' Genome Database]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135239}}

[[Category:Burkholderiales]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]