View source for User:Wolfdog/sandbox2

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="{{{style|width: 75%; text-align: center;}}}"
|+ class="nowrap" | {{navbar|/æ/ raising in North American English|mini=y|style=float: left;}}{{IPAc-en|æ}} raising in [[North American English]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|authorlink1=William Labov|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|authorlink3=Charles Boberg|title=The Atlas of North American English|location=Berlin|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=2006|page=182|isbn=3-11-016746-8}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Environment
! colspan="2" | Phonemic systems
! colspan="5" | Non-phonemic (continuous) systems
|-
! Consonant after {{IPA|/æ/}}
! Example words
! [[New York City English|New York City]] & [[New Orleans English|New Orleans]]
! [[Mid-Atlantic American English|Baltimore & Philadelphia]]
! [[General American|General US]], [[Florida]], [[Midland American English|Midland US]], [[New England English|New England]], & [[Western American English|Western US]]
! [[Canadian English|Canadian]], [[Pacific Northwest English|Northwest US]], & [[North-Central American English|Upper Midwest US]]
! [[Southern American English|Southern US]] & [[African American Vernacular English|Black Vernacular]]
! [[Inland North|Great Lakes US]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/m, n/}}
| '''[[Checked and free vowels|Checked]]:''' ''aunt, fan, ham, pants, plan, lamb, understand,''<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref> etc.{{efn|In Philadelphia, ''began, ran,'' and ''swam'' alone remain lax.<ref>Labov, 2006, p. 238.</ref>}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, p. 173.</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[iə]}}{{efn|Exact allophones vary by region's or even individual's participation in a nasal or continuous system.}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə~æ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə~eə]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[eə]}}
|-
| '''Free:''' ''animal, ceramic, manatee, Montana, planet, Spanish,''<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref> etc.{{refn|group=note|name=Family|The tenseness of the word ''family'' varies by speaker.<ref>Trager, George L. (1940) ''One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two: The Case of 'Short A''' in ''American Speech'': 3rd ed. Vol. 15: Duke UP. 256. Print.</ref>}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, p. 173.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| '''Checked:''' ''bag, drag, tag,''<ref>Labov, 2006, p. 174.</ref> etc.
| {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[æ]}}{{efn|Exact allophones vary by a region's or even individual's participation in either a nasal or continuous system. The nasal system has a high vowel [eə] for n; mid vowel [ɛə] before b, g, d, dzh; p. 174; and lax [æ] elsewhere. It appears in Nova Scotia, scattered in the south Midland (175), throughout NEE and WPA, scattered in the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and scattered in the Western US (182)}}
| rowspan="2" | continuous {{IPA|[eʲ]}}
| rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[ɛ(j)ə~æ]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɛə~æ]}}
|-
| '''Free:''' ''agate, dragon, magazine,'' etc.
| {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
|-
| {{IPA|/b, d, dʒ, ʃ/}}
| '''Checked:''' ''bad, flash, glad, grab, mad, sad'',<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref> etc.{{efn|In Philadelphia, ''bad, mad,'' and ''glad'' alone in this set become tense.}}
| {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
| rowspan="3" | continuous {{IPA|[æ]}}
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[eə~ɛə]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/f, s, θ/}}
| '''Checked:''' ''ask, bath, calf, half, glass,''<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref> etc.
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[eə]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173.</ref>
|-
| Others
| ''as, back, frank, happy, locality'';<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref> etc.
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[æ]}}<ref>Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.</ref>
|-
| colspan="14" | For the phoneme /æ/, [eə] represents a tense pronunciation and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) pronunciation. The term "continuous" refers to a system without a decisive phonemic split of /æ/, followed by whichever [[allophone]] predominates in the given context.
|-
| colspan="14" | 
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
{{hidden|Footnotes|expanded=y|
*Nearly all American English speakers pronounce {{IPA|/æŋ/}} somewhere between {{IPA|[æŋ]}} and {{IPA|[eɪŋ]}}, though [[Western American English|Western speakers]] specifically favor {{IPA-all|eɪŋ|}}.
*The Great Lakes dialect traditionally tenses {{IPA|/æ/}} in all cases to at least some degree, but reversals of that tensing before non-nasal consonants (while often maintaining some of the other vowel shifts of the region) has been observed recently where it has been studied (in [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] and [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]).
*In American phonology, {{IPA|/æ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}} is often transcribed as {{IPA|/ɛ/}} due to the prevalence of the [[Mary-marry merger|''Mary–marry'' merger]]. However, a distinct {{IPA|/æ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}} remains in much of the Northeastern U.S. (strongest in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore) and some of the Southern U.S.
|headerstyle=text-align: left;}}
|}<noinclude>
[[Category:North America language templates]]
</noinclude>

TENSE": magic, imagine,

checked /b, d, dʒ/ or any old /b, d, ʃ, v, z/?

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ class="nowrap" | A chart of the pronunciation of stressed {{IPAc-en|ɒr}} and {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} before a vowel
! colspan=2| ''represented by the [[diaphoneme]] {{IPA|/ɒr/}}''
! colspan=2| ''represented by the [[diaphoneme]] {{IPA|/ɔr/}}''
|-
! colspan=2| pronounced {{IPA-all|ɒɹ|}} in [[Received Pronunciation|mainstream England]]
! pronounced {{IPA-all|ɔːɹ|}} in mainstream England
|- 
! colspan=2 | pronounced {{IPA-all|ɒɹ|}} in [[Boston English|Boston]] 
! pronounced {{IPA-all|ɔɹ|}} in Boston
|-
! colspan=3 | pronounced {{IPA-all|ɔɹ|}} in [[Canadian English|Canada]]
|-
! colspan=2 | pronounced {{IPA-all|ɒɹ~ɑɹ|}} in New York City 
! pronounced {{IPA-all|ɔɹ|}} in New York City
|-
! pronounced {{IPA-all|ɑɹ|}} in the [[General American English|mainstream United States]] 
! colspan=2 | pronounced {{IPA-all|ɔɹ|}} in the mainstream United States
|-
| these five words only: <br/>''borrow, morrow,<br />sorry, sorrow,<br />tomorrow''
| ''corridor, euphoric,<br/>foreign, forest,<br/>Florida, historic,<br/>horrible, majority,<br/>minority, moral,<br/>orange, Oregon,<br />origin, porridge,<br />priority, quarantine,<br>quarrel, sorority,<br/>warranty, warren,<br />warrior'' (etc.)
| ''aura, boring,<br/>choral, deplorable, <br/>flooring, flora,<br/>glory, hoary, <br/>memorial, menorah, <br/> orientation, Moorish,<br/>oral, pouring,<br/>scorer, storage,<br/> story, Tory,<br/>warring'' (etc.)
|}