View source for Perushim

{{short description|Disciples of the Vilna Gaon}}
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{{For|the forerunners of rabbinical Judaism|Pharisees}}
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The '''''perushim''''' ({{lang-he-n|פרושים}}) were disciples of the [[Vilna Gaon]], Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, who left [[Lithuania]] at the beginning of the 19th century to settle in the [[Land of Israel]], which was then part of [[Ottoman Syria]] under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]]. They were from the section of the community known as ''[[mitnagdim]]'' (opponents of the [[Hasidic Judaism|Chassidic movement]]) in Lithuania.

The name ''perushim'' comes from the verb {{Hebrew|פרש}} ''parash'', meaning "to separate". The group sought to separate themselves from what they saw as the impurities of the society around them in Europe, and the name literally means 'separated (individuals)'. Coincidentally this was the same name by which the [[Pharisees]] of antiquity were known. However the latter-day ''perushim'' did not make any claim to be successors of the Pharisees. In the generations prior to their departure for Israel, the term ''perushim'' (spelled in Hebrew {{Hebrew|פירושים}}) referred to commentaries in the ''sifrei kodesh'' (holy books). It was later applied to the Vilna group, alluding to their practice of studying biblical commentaries, not just the Talmud and later commentaries.

Influenced by the [[Vilna Gaon]], who had wanted to go to the [[Land of Israel]] but was unable to do so, a large group of his ''perushim'' disciples and their families, numbering over 500, with a few dozen younger earlier scouts, were inspired to follow his vision. Enduring great hardships and danger, they traveled to and settled in the Holy Land, where they had a profound effect on the future history of the [[Yishuv haYashan]]- the Old Yishuv. Most of the ''perushim'' settled in [[Safed]], [[Tiberias]], [[Jaffa]] and in [[Jerusalem]], setting up what were known as the ''Kollel Perushim'', and forming the basis of the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] communities there.

Thus the ''perushim'' were one of the only groups of religious Jews that did not face the [[Holocaust]] in Lithuania and Estonia, and the only major established group of poor Lithuanian and Estonian Jews that did not experience the Holocaust. Most of these people, although they influenced the State of Israel especially through the creation of crafts, newspapers and daycare for Jews, left in the 1930s. Like most deeply religious poor Jews, they were very hesitant to serve in any army or militia. The majority of their descendants established themselves in middle-class neighborhoods of [[United States|America]] and [[Australia]]. The phenomenon of [[Haredi]] refusal to serve in the Israeli military remains a divisive issue in modern Israel.

==Journey to the Holy Land==
The ''perushim'' began their journey from the city of [[Shklov]], about 300 kilometers southeast of [[Vilnius, Lithuania|Vilna]] in Lithuania. The organization they formed was called ''Chazon Tzion'' ("Prophecy/Vision [of] [[Zion]]"), and was based on three main principles:{{cn|date=May 2018}}
# Rebuild Jerusalem as the acknowledged [[Torah]] center of the world,
# Aid and speed the ingathering of the Jewish exile, and
# Expand the currently settled areas of the Land of Israel.

The ''perushim'' migrated in three groups. The first group left in 1808 led by Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel of Shklov]], and the following two in 1809, led by Rabbi [[Sa'adya Ben Rabbi Noson Nota]] of Vilna, and Rabbi [[Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov]]. 

They traveled via [[Constantinople]] on foot and by horse and wagon, and then sailed by boat to [[Akko|Acre]]. The trips lasted about fifteen months, and the travelers suffered many hardships, including starvation. The journey was made all the more dangerous because of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] that were raging across Europe.

===Safed===
{{Yishuv haYashan}}
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
Reaching the shores of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], however, was not the end of their journey. When the ''perushim'' first arrived, they faced a ban on Ashkenazi Jews settling in Jerusalem. The ban had been in effect from the early 18th century when, as a result of outstanding debts, the Ashkenazi [[synagogue]]s of the [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old City]] had been forcibly closed and many Ashkenazim were forced out of the city and barred from returning.

While some managed to evade the ban by entering Jerusalem disguised as [[Sephardi Jews]], most of the ''perushim'' journeyed on to [[Safed]], where they joined a strong Sephardi community that was already there. Besides the Sephardim, the community included many [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]], with whom the ''perushim'' had an [[Schisms among the Jews#Hasidim and Mitnagdim|ongoing feud]]. However, the two groups set aside their ideological differences and worked hand in hand to settle the land and develop their community and eventually intermarried. 

Because flourishing agriculture was seen as a sign of Redemption, the immigrants had brought agricultural implements with them, so that they could observe the [[Mitzvah|biblical commandments]] connected to working the soil in the Holy Land. 

Safed in the first quarter of the 19th century was a bustling town of over five thousand Jewish inhabitants, but was still struggling to recover from the devastating [[Near East earthquakes of 1759]]. The physical and economic conditions under which its inhabitants lived were extremely harsh. The community was nearly destroyed by a horrific plague in 1812, and they continued to suffer murderous attacks by [[Arab]]s and [[Druze]]. The community was further diminished by the catastrophic [[Galilee earthquake of 1837]], which killed thousands of people throughout the region. It leveled the city of Safed and seriously damaged [[Tiberias]]. Over 4,000 people perished, including about 2000 Jews and 200 members of the ''perushim'' community in Safed.

===Jerusalem===
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2018}}
Believing that the catastrophe was a direct product of their neglect of Jerusalem, the surviving members of the ''perushim'' community in Safed decided that the only hope for their future in the Land of Israel would be to reestablish themselves in Jerusalem. However, entrance to the Jerusalem could only be gained once the decree against Ashkenazim had been annulled. The ''perushim'' could then reclaim ownership of the [[Hurva Synagogue]] and its surrounding courtyard and homes, sites that were historically Ashkenazi property. 

The refugees succeeded in renewing the Ashkenazi presence in Jerusalem, after nearly a hundred years of banishment by the local Arabs. The arrival of the ''Perushim'' encouraged an Ashkenazi revival in Jerusalem, which until that time had been mostly Sephardi. 

By 1857, the ''perushim'' community in Jerusalem had grown to 750 people. Rabbi [[Yisroel of Shklov]], who had moved to Jerusalem in 1815, became one of the leaders of the new community. In the interests of strengthening the ''[[Yishuv]]'' ("settlement") and its economic base, Rabbi Yisroel corresponded with and met [[Moses Montefiore]] regarding the establishment and funding of agricultural settlements in the vicinity of Jerusalem. As a result, members of the ''perushim'' community were among the first to settle in the new neighborhoods of [[Nahalat Shiv'a]] and [[Mishkenot Sha'ananim]], the first Jewish areas established outside the old walls of Jerusalem.

==Influence==
The ''[[aliyah]]'' of the ''perushim'' had a widespread and ongoing effect on the [[Palestinian Jews|Jews in Palestine]]. They spread the teachings of the Vilna Gaon, which had a considerable influence on Jewish thought and religious practice amongst the Ashkenazi community. They also set up several [[kollel]]s, founded the first dozen or so neighborhoods in the New City of Jerusalem, including the neighborhood of [[Mea Shearim]], and were instrumental in rebuilding the [[Hurva Synagogue]], which had lain in neglected ruin for 140 years.

==See also==
* [[Edah HaChareidis]]
* [[Haredi Judaism]]
* [[Neturei Karta]]
* [[Hastening Redemption]]
* [[Avraham Wolfensohn]]

==References==
* ''Encyclopedia Lechaluts Hayishuv Uvonav: Demuyot Utemunot'', by David Tidhar (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Rishonim, 1947–1971).
* Morgenstern, Arie: ''[[Hastening Redemption]]: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel''. Published in Hebrew, 1997, Jerusalem, Ma'or; Published in English, 2006, Oxford University Press.
*''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'', Ya'ari, Avraham. Talmidei Hagra Vehishtarshutam Ba'aretz.
* Berman, S. ''Mishpakhot K"K Shklov''. Shklov, 1936. (H)

[[Category:Haredi Judaism in Israel]]
[[Category:Jews in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman Palestine]]
[[Category:Forerunners of Zionism]]
[[Category:Judaism in Lithuania]]