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JOJOBA-

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I am 62 Yo: resident of Tucson, Arizona, for the last teen years; I eat a cup full of JOJOBA, fresh seeds every month. I have never had any problem eating the nuts, or got ill; The JOJOBA, oil is help me to clear my system from THC, (more work need to be done) smoking Marijuana, and pass the drug test. Great nut to rost and add to my "Musle" (Granola) every morning: (10:00AM = Usre: Adam A Karu August/31/2010 ) sefsfeesfse — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.52.38.221 (talk) 12:30, 22 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Jojoba as an ingredient in cosmetics and toiletries

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To be correct, entries regarding jojoba's specific use in cosmetics and toiletries should be posted on Jojoba oil or Jojoba esters instead of jojoba. Istvan 13:00, 20 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]

not really an oil

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I remember reading somewhere that Jojoba oil isn't really an oil. Is this true? (Come to think of it, what makes something an oil, is it just something that is "oily", or does it have to do with some narrolwly defined properties or chemical structure?)Brentt 21:09, 19 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]

Oil has a pretty good definition. Stan 18:02, 20 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]
It's an oil in that sense. When it's described as 'not really an oil', this probably means 'not a triglyceride'. Most oils of plant or animal origin are triglycerides; jojoba oil is a wax ester.27.252.226.243 (talk) 06:01, 13 December 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Is Jojoba Edible?

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So is any part of the plant at all edible?24.83.178.11 10:40, 16 May 2007 (UTC)BeeCier[reply]

Jojoba oil says it's edible but that it can't be digested, and will make humans sick. Badagnani (talk) 02:24, 20 June 2008 (UTC)[reply]

Jojoba seeds in the wild are edible and quite delicious. i am the son of Tom S. Janca who began bringing jojoba to commercial interest in the early 1970's in the US and around the world. I know I shipped seed and oil packets around the world as a child. I have actually eaten quite a few Jojoba seeds during harvest and while making oil and never took ill. T. R. Janca

Jojoba oil article

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The head of this article should mention the related article about Jojoba_oil, but I don't know how to do that in the proper way. Anyone else? --95.88.31.146 (talk) 13:21, 25 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]

done. István (talk) 15:03, 25 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Spelling

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I find the mixture of US and UK spelling conventions somewhat disconcerting, eg centimetres, color. Dawright12 (talk) 18:04, 18 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Per WP:RETAIN, I've added a US English template to the talk page. The [earliest version of the article], was written in US English ("mosturizer", not "mosturiser"), by an editor residing in the US. I will change the spelling of "metre" to "meter". Plantdrew (talk) 21:09, 3 December 2013 (UTC)[reply]


changes suggested

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I would like to make some changes in this article. This is part of my agriculural studies in ETH Zürich.Changes will be done in chapter "Cultivation and Uses" and "References":Yield, Production Conditions, technical utilisation and References.

changes suggested

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I (student in agricultural sciences at the federal institute of technology zürich, switzerland) would like to make some changes of this article, in particular:

-add a section on the origin of the jojoba plant

-add a section on the composition of jojoba wax

-change the structure of the section "description" by adding two subsections: 1)vegetative characteristics and 2)generative characteristics

Fdubach (talk) 12:45, 6 November 2013 (UTC)fdubach[reply]

Clarification Requested

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Jojoba#Contemporary_uses --> Jojoba oil is interesting for the industry because it is odorless and it has a viscosity which is temperature-independent, where as [[1]] mentions; | viscosity || 48 cSt at 99 °C[1] 127 cSt at 37.8 °C[1].

Any clarifications? 50.89.240.137 (talk) 18:05, 23 June 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Wikibooks

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Any wikibooks linkt about how to make (DIY) Jojoba oil?. --Lagoset (talk) 12:33, 4 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]

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this is helpful

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I did not know this about jojoba. I just thought it was an ordinary househeld item. thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.237.111.36 (talk) 01:33, 19 September 2019 (UTC)[reply]

suggesting changes

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I would suggest some additions to the cultivation section:

Cultivation

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--> belongs to the cultivation section, no changes but additions

Jojoba grows best in young, coarse soils with minimal profile development. These soils, primarily derived from acid igneous materials, are typically found on slopes exceeding 3 up to over 30 percent. On north-facing slopes is the moisture retention often better and can thus be preferred of the jojoba especially for the youth development [2].

Jojoba can endure extreme temperature, with summer temperatures up to 46 °C. However, they can on the other hand experience leaf damage in cold conditions. The seedlings are more vulnerable, suffering damage or death at temperatures between three to nine degrees below freezing [3]. Factors such as drought, freezing conditions, and biotic pressures can significantly impact seedling survival. Jojoba thrives at various elevations, ranging from sea level to lower mountain slopes. In Arizona's Sonoran Desert, it is commonly found between 600 and 1300 m. This elevation range provides an ideal environment for jojoba, characterized by well-drained, dry slopes or along wadis, where water runoff can support plant growth[4].

Jojoba is well-suited for areas with low annual precipitation, typically flourishing where it exceeds 355mm annually. But it is possible to grow and survive for jojoba with an precipitation below 100mm. The optimal range for precipitation is between 450 and 500mm, which provides the necessary moisture for growth. But during the seed development a sufficient water availability is necessary[5].

By selecting appropriate elevations and ensuring proper water management, farmers can establish successful jojoba plantations that yield high-quality oil. As interest in sustainable agriculture grows, jojoba represents a promising crop for arid regions, providing economic benefits while thriving in challenging environments[6]. Ines.Schertenleib (talk) 16:10, 27 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Suggested changes

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Jojoba

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Production

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The United States is the largest producer of jojoba oil, followed by Mexico. Due to its economic potential, the plant has been cultivated for over 30 years in several countries. Jojoba oil production has increased significantly and is expected to continue growing due to rising demand, particularly in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Jojoba has no significance in the global food system, as it is a non-edible plant with no notable nutritional value. Various cultivars such as 'Benzioni' and 'Hazerim' are available, known for their high yields.[7]

Additions to Uses

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Jojoba oil is highly valued in the cosmetics industry due to its similarity to human sebum. Consistent use of jojoba oil is thought to help regulate the skin’s oil production. Additionally, it has a longer shelf life than other natural oils, making it a durable ingredient in skincare products.

Medically, jojoba oil can relieve headaches, throat inflammation, and treat wounds. It has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties.

After oil extraction, the leftover jojoba meal can be used as a low-cost livestock feed. Jojoba leaves also contain antioxidant flavonoids, which have been studied for their potential in treating asthma, inflammation, and cancer.[8]

Processing technology

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Jojoba oil is traditionally extracted by mechanically pressing the seeds, often with the use of hexane to maximize yield, resulting in a typical oil extraction of 35–43%. Other methods using organic solvents like chloroform or isopropanolcan increase the yield to up to 55%.

A more environmentally friendly, but more expensive, method is supercritical CO2 extraction. This method can be enhanced by adding co-solvents such as ethanol.

Transesterification is used to convert jojoba oil into biodiesel, where the oil reacts with alcohol (e.g., methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., sodium hydroxide). Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts can be used, as well as enzymatic catalysts, which are more environmentally friendly but costlier.[9]

Additions to Cultivation

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Research continues on options to further increase yields. There are already findings on the types of pruning techniques for the bushes, which are expected to make a difference in yields. Ihuerlimann (talk) 10:45, 28 November 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Planned edits to the article

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Below are the edits I am planning to make in the Jojoba article, in the context of a lecture at ETHZ. I would be glad if you have any feedback.

1.1 In the introduction section (the one with no title): replace "a shrub" with "an evergreen, dioecious shrub"

1.2 In the same section as 1.1, replace "native to the Southwestern United States." by "native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico."

1.3 Still in the same section, replace "Jojoba is grown commercially to produce jojoba oil, a liquid wax ester extracted from its seed." by : "Jojoba is grown commercially in its area of origin and in other (semi-)arid regions to produce jojoba oil, a liquid wax ester extracted from its seeds."

2. In the source code of the introduction section comes the following source : "[10]" Replace it by the following very slightly different code: "[10]" The source is exactly the same, except for the page range which is broader, as I took "new" information from same source

3. In the section "description" replace: "The leaves are opposite, ovalish in shape, 2–4 centimeters (0.79–1.57 in) long and 1.5–3 centimeters (0.59–1.18 in) broad, thick, waxy, and glaucous gray-green in color.

The flowers are small and greenish-yellow, with 5–6 sepals and no petals. The plant typically blooms from March to May.[11]"

by the following code:

" The leaves are opposite, ovalish in shape, 2–4 centimeters (0.79–1.57 in) long and 1.5–3 centimeters (0.59–1.18 in) broad, thick, waxy, and glaucous gray-green in color.[12] Jojoba is an evergreen, but it sometimes shed its leaves as a response to severe droughts.[10]

The flowers are small and greenish-yellow, with 5–6 sepals and no petals. The plant typically blooms from March to May.[12] "

4. In the chapter "reproduction", after the sentence "Each plant is dioecious, with hermaphrodites being extremely rare.", add "In the wild, the sexes appear in the ratio of 5 males for 1 female.[13]Agrawal, V., Sharma, K., Gupta, S. et al. Identification of sex in Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) using RAPD markers. Plant Biotechnol Rep 1, 207–210 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11816-007-0031-6</ref>"

5. Still in the chapter "reproduction": after the sentence "Jojoba leaves have an aerodynamic shape, creating a spiral effect, which brings wind-borne pollen from the male flower to the female flower.", add: "Even though the male flowers are attractive for bees and are a pollen source, jojoba is anemophilous because its female flowers are not attractive to pollinators.[14]"

6. In the chapter "reproduction": erase the sentence "Somatic cells of jojoba are tetraploid; the number of chromosomes is 2n = 4x = 52.[15]" (the sentence will be used in point 7)

7. in the chapter "Genetics" replace: "The jojoba genome was sequenced in 2020 and reported to be 887-Mb, consisting of 26 chromosomes (2n = 26), and is predicted to have 23,490 protein-coding genes.[6]" by "The jojoba genome was sequenced in 2020 and reported to be 887-Mb, consisting of 26 chromosomes and is predicted to have 23,490 protein-coding genes.[16] Somatic cells of jojoba are tetraploid; the number of chromosomes is 2n = 4x = 52.[17]"

The following sentence will finally not be added as someone else is already going to add a chapter on molecular breeding: 

A RAPD marker has been developped, which enables to determinates the sex of the plants early and is working in at least four different cultivars.[14]"

Molecular breeding

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Jojoba is a dioecious plant, which brings one of its main challenges. Only the female bushes bear seeds that can be used for jojoba oil production. The sex of the plant is only visible to the eye after flowering (3-4 years after planting) [18]. A proportion of 10% male plants is required in a field for efficient production. About 50% of the plants grown from seed are male. This genetic heterogeneity makes commercial cultivation questionable. Therefore, vegetative propagation is preferred to ensure homogeneous and high-yielding genotypes. To differentiate between male and female plants, several Molecular marker have been developed [19].

Agrawal et al. (2007) [13] identified the sex-specific Random amplification of polymorphic DNA Genetic marker OPG-5, a base segment of 1400 bp, which only occurs in male plants. Agarwal et al. (2011) [20] found additional markers at approximately 525 bp and 325 bp, specific to male plants, using the Amplified fragment length polymorphism method and the primers EcoRI-GC/MseI-GCG and EcoRI-TAC/MseI-GCG. Additionally, a female-specific marker was found at approximately 270 bp with the primers EcoRI-TAC/MseI-GCG. Gender-specific Microsatellite markers were also discovered.

Over the past two decades, a number of Genetic marker have been developed that help determine the sex of the plant, thereby reducing the risk for farmers by ensuring more accurate propagation of female plants [19].

References

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  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bassam168 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Brooks, William H. (September 1978). "Jojoba—A North American desert shrub; its ecology, possible commercialization, and potential as an introduction into other arid regions". Journal of Arid Environments. 1 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31725-7.
  3. ^ Al-Obaidi, Jameel R.; Halabi, Mohammed Farouq; AlKhalifah, Nasser S.; Asanar, Shanavaskhan; Al-Soqeer, Abdulrahman A.; Attia, M. F. (December 2017). "A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant". Biological Research. 50 (1). doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0131-x. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  4. ^ Brooks, William H. (September 1978). "Jojoba—A North American desert shrub; its ecology, possible commercialization, and potential as an introduction into other arid regions". Journal of Arid Environments. 1 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31725-7. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  5. ^ Agarwal, Swati; Kumari, Sonu; Khan, Suphiya (2023). "Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)". Neglected and Underutilized Crops: 757–779. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-90537-4.00014-4. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  6. ^ Tietel, Zipora; Kahremany, Shirin; Cohen, Guy; Ogen-Shtern, Navit (29 January 2021). "Medicinal properties of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)". Israel Journal of Plant Sciences. 68 (1–2): 38–47. doi:10.1163/22238980-bja10023. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  7. ^ Perry, Aviad; Tel-Zur, Noemi; Dag, Arnon (2021-05-01). "Vegetative and Reproductive Response to Fruit Load in Two Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Cultivars". Agronomy. 11 (5): 889. doi:10.3390/agronomy11050889. ISSN 2073-4395.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Al-Obaidi, Jameel R.; Halabi, Mohammed Farouq; AlKhalifah, Nasser S.; Asanar, Shanavaskhan; Al-Soqeer, Abdulrahman A.; Attia, M. F. (2017-12-01). "A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant". Biological Research. 50 (1). doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0131-x. ISSN 0717-6287. PMC 5571488. PMID 28838321.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Sánchez, Marcos; Avhad, Mangesh R.; Marchetti, Jorge M.; Martínez, Mercedes; Aracil, José (2016-12-01). "Jojoba oil: A state of the art review and future prospects". Energy Conversion and Management. 129: 293–304. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.038.
  10. ^ a b c Phillips, Steven J.; Comus, Patricia Wentworth, eds. (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press. pp. 256–57. ISBN 0-520-21980-5. Cite error: The named reference "desertmuseum" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Simmondsia chinensis". Jepson eFlora (TJM2). The Jepson Herbarium.
  12. ^ a b "Simmondsia chinensis". Jepson eFlora (TJM2). The Jepson Herbarium.
  13. ^ a b Agrawal, V., K. Sharma, S. Gupta, R. Kumar, and M. Prasad. 2007. Identification of sex in *Simmondsia chinensis* (Jojoba) using RAPD markers. *Plant Biotechnology Reports* 1:207–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-007-0031-6.
  14. ^ a b Buchmann, S. L. (1987). Floral biology of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), an anemophilous plant. repository.arizona.edu
  15. ^ Tobe, Hiroshi; Yasuda, Sachiko; Oginuma, Kazuo (December 1992). "Seed coat anatomy, karyomorphology, and relationships of Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae)". The Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 105 (4): 529–538. doi:10.1007/BF02489427. S2CID 31513316.
  16. ^ Sturtevant, Drew; Lu, Shaoping; Zhou, Zhi-Wei; Shen, Yin; Wang, Shuo; Song, Jia-Ming; Zhong, Jinshun; Burks, David J.; Yang, Zhi-Quan; Yang, Qing-Yong; Cannon, Ashley E. (March 2020). "The genome of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds". Science Advances. 6 (11): eaay3240. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.3240S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay3240. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7065883. PMID 32195345.
  17. ^ Tobe, Hiroshi; Yasuda, Sachiko; Oginuma, Kazuo (December 1992). "Seed coat anatomy, karyomorphology, and relationships of Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae)". The Botanical Magazine Tokyo. 105 (4): 529–538. doi:10.1007/BF02489427. S2CID 31513316.
  18. ^ Al-Soqeer, A., M. I. Motawei, M. Al-Dakhil, R. El-Mergawi, and N. Al-Khalifah. 2012. Genetic Variation and Chemical Traits of Selected New Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) Genotypes. *Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society* 89:1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2034-x.
  19. ^ a b Al-Obaidi, J. R., M. F. Halabi, N. S. AlKhalifah, S. Asanar, A. A. Al-Soqeer, M. F. Attia, J. R. Al-Obaidi, M. F. Halabi, N. S. AlKhalifah, S. Asanar, A. A. Al-Soqeer, and M. F. Attia. 2017. A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant. *Biological Research* 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-017-0131-x.
  20. ^ Agarwal, M., N. Shrivastava, and H. Padh. 2011. Development of sex-linked AFLP markers in *Simmondsia chinensis*. *Plant Breeding* 130:114–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01749.x.

Mknoeri (talk) 19:31, 1 December 2024 (UTC)[reply]

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