View source for .400/360 Nitro Express

{{Notability|Product|date=February 2022}} 
{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
|name= .400/360 Westley Richards
|image=
|caption=
|origin=[[United Kingdom]]
|type= Rifle
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[Westley Richards]]
|design_date=1900
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=
|parent=
|case_type=[[Rim (firearms)#Rimmed|Rimmed]], bottlenecked
|bullet=.358
|neck=.375
|shoulder=.437
|base=.470
|rim_dia=.590
|rim_thick=
|case_length=2.75
|length=3.59
|rifling=
|primer=
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics=
|bw1=314
|btype1=[[Soft-point bullet|SP]]
|vel1=1900
|en1=2520
|bw2=
|btype2= 
|vel2=
|en2=
|bw3=
|btype3=
|vel3=
|en3=
|bw4=
|btype4=
|vel4=
|en4=
|bw5=
|btype5=
|vel5=
|en5=
|test_barrel_length=28
|balsrc=Cartridges of the World<ref name=Barnes>Barnes.</ref> & Kynoch.<ref name=Kynoch>Kynoch.</ref>
}}
{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
|name= .400/360 Purdey
|image=
|caption=
|origin=
|type=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[James Purdey & Sons]]
|design_date=1900
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=
|parent=
|case_type=[[Rim (firearms)#Rimmed|Rimmed]], bottlenecked
|bullet=.367
|neck=.389
|shoulder=.417
|base=.470
|rim_dia=.520
|rim_thick=
|case_length=2.75
|length=3.59
|rifling=
|primer=
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics=
|bw1=300
|btype1=SP
|vel1=1950
|en1=2537
|test_barrel_length=28
|balsrc=Cartridges of the World<ref name=Barnes/> & Kynoch.<ref name=Kynoch/>
}}
{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
|name= 9x70mm Mauser
|image=
|caption=
|origin=
|type=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[Mauser]]
|design_date=1900
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=
|parent=.400/360 Westley Richards
|case_type=
|bullet=
|neck=
|shoulder=
|base=
|rim_dia=
|rim_thick=
|case_length=
|length=
|rifling=
|primer=
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics=
|bw1=217
|btype1=SP
|vel1=2477
|en1=2970
|test_barrel_length=
|balsrc=Cartridges of the World.<ref name=Barnes/> 
}}
The '''.400/360 Nitro Express (2{{frac|3|4}}-inch)''' cartridges are a number of very similar, but not interchangeable, [[Centerfire ammunition|centerfire]] rifle [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s developed by [[James Purdey & Sons]], William Evans, [[Westley Richards]] and Fraser of Edinburgh, all at the beginning of the 20th century.
 
==Design==
The .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges are all [[Rim (firearms)|rimmed]], bottlenecked cartridges designed for use in [[Single-shot rifle|single shot]] and [[double rifle]]s. Whilst almost identical in appearance there were slight variations in both the cartridge dimensions, bullet weights and, with the Purdey cartridge, calibre.

As is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, each .400/360 Nitro Express cartridge was offered in only one loading.

===.400/360 Evans===
The '''.400/360 Evans''' fires a {{convert|.358|in|mm|abbr=on}} calibre, {{convert|300|gr|g|abbr=on}} bullet at a velocity of {{convert|1950|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Barnes/>
 
===.400/360 Fraser===
The '''.400/360 Fraser''' fires a {{convert|.358|in|mm|abbr=on}} calibre, {{convert|289|gr|g|abbr=on}} bullet.<ref name=Barnes/>
 
===.400/360 Purdey===
The '''.400/360 Purdey''' fires a {{convert|.367|in|mm|abbr=on}} calibre, {{convert|300|gr|g|abbr=on}} bullet at a velocity of {{convert|1950|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. These cartridges were usually marked ''.400/.360P'' or ''.400/.360B''.<ref name=Barnes/><ref name=Kynoch/>
 
===.400/360 Westley Richards===
The '''.400/360 Westley Richards''' fires a {{convert|.358|in|mm|abbr=on}} calibre, {{convert|314|gr|g|abbr=on}} bullet at a velocity of {{convert|1900|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. Westley Richards also produced a rimless version of this cartridge, also firing a 314 gr bullet.<ref name=Barnes/><ref name=Kynoch/>
 
===9x70mm Mauser===
The '''9×70mm Mauser''' is a German version of the Westley Richards cartridge which fires a lighter {{convert|.358|in|mm|abbr=on}} calibre, {{convert|217|gr|g|abbr=on}} bullet at a faster velocity of {{convert|2477|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}.  The 9×70mm Mauser can be fired through rifles designed for the .400/360 Westley Richards, although this is rarely satisfactory as these rifles are usually regulated for a different loading.<ref name=Barnes/>
 
==History==
All versions of .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and were initially very popular for use in [[Africa]] and [[India]].<ref name=Cartridgecollector>Cartridgecollector.</ref> 
 
The .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges gradually declined in popularity with the increased popularity of the magnum-lengthed [[Gewehr 98]] [[bolt-action]] rifles, being supplanted by such cartridges as the [[.350 Rigby]] and the [[.375 H&H Magnum]], whilst in European rifles, the 9×70mm Mauser was superseded by the [[9.3×74mmR]].<ref name=Barnes/>
 
The .400/360 Purdey and the .400/360 Westley Richards cartridges can still be sourced today by manufacturers such as [[Kynoch]].<ref name=Kynoch/>
 
==Use==
All versions of the .400/360 Nitro Express are suitable for use for hunting medium-sized game.

In his ''African Rifles and Cartridges'', [[John "Pondoro" Taylor]] wrote that the .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges "all killed game, but failed to satisfy."<ref name="pondoro">Taylor.</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Nitro Express]]
* [[List of rifle cartridges]]
* [[9 mm caliber#Rifle cartridges|9 mm rifle cartridges]]
 
==References==
 
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}
 
===Bibliography===
* Barnes, Frank C., ''Cartridges of the World'', 15th ed, Gun Digest Books, Iola, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-4402-4642-5}}.
* [http://www.cartridgecollector.net/400360-nitro-express-2-%C2%BE Cartridgecollector, "400/360 Nitro Express 2{{frac|3|4}} inch", ''cartridgecollector.net''], retrieved 28 April 2017.
* [http://www.kynochammunition.co.uk/cartridge%20collection.html Kynoch, "Big game cartridges", ''kynochammunition.co.uk''], retrieved 28 April 2017.
* Taylor, John, ''African rifles and cartridges'', Sportsman's Vintage Press, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-940001-01-2}}.
 
==External links==
* [http://www.ammo-one.com/400360NEWR.html Ammo-One, "400/360 Nitro Express", ''ammo-one.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907074114/http://www.ammo-one.com/400360NEWR.html |date=2019-09-07 }}, retrieved 28 April 2017.
* [http://www.municion.org/Westley/400-360Purdey.htm Municion, ".400/.360 Purdey.", ''municion.org''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627054257/http://www.municion.org/Westley/400-360Purdey.htm |date=2017-06-27 }}, retrieved 28 April 2017.
* [http://www.municion.org/Westley/400-360Westley.htm Municion, ".400/.360 Westley Richards N.E.", ''municion.org''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627044659/http://www.municion.org/Westley/400-360Westley.htm |date=2017-06-27 }}, retrieved 28 April 2017.

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[[Category:Pistol and rifle cartridges]]
[[Category:British firearm cartridges]]
[[Category:James Purdey & Sons cartridges]]
[[Category:Westley Richards cartridges]]