View source for 1993 Auckland mid-air collision

{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
|name    = 1993 Auckland mid-air collision
|occurrence_type = Accident
|image   = 1993 Auckland mid-air collision Piper Archer wreckage.jpg
|caption = Fire crews attending the Piper Archer wreckage
|date    = 26 November 1993
|type    = [[Mid-air collision]]
|site    = [[Auckland]], New Zealand
|coordinates  = {{coord|-36.8583|174.7583|region:NZ-AUK_type:event|display=inline,title}}
|total_injuries   = 1 on ground
|total_fatalities = 4 (all)
|total_survivors  = 0 (none)
|plane1_image      = 
|plane1_caption    = 
|plane1_type       = [[Eurocopter AS355|Aérospatiale AS 355 F1]]
|plane1_name       = Police Eagle
|plane1_operator   = Airwork (NZ), contracted to the [[New Zealand Police]]
|plane1_tailnum    = ZK-HIT 
|plane1_origin     = [[Mechanics Bay Heliport]]
|plane1_destination = 
|plane1_crew       = 3
|plane1_fatalities = 3 (all)
|plane2_image      = 
|plane2_caption    = 
|plane2_type       = [[Piper Archer|Piper PA 28-181]]
|plane2_name       = 
|plane2_operator   = Airwork (NZ), contracted to the New Zealand Police
|plane2_tailnum    = ZK-ENX
|plane2_origin     = [[Ardmore Aerodrome]]
|plane2_destination = 
|plane2_crew       = 1
|plane2_fatalities = 1 (all)
}}

The '''1993 Auckland mid-air collision''' was an aircraft accident in New Zealand.<ref name="TAIC">{{cite web |title=Aerospatiale AS 355 F1 ZK-HIT and Piper PA 28-181 ZK-ENX, mid-air collision, Auckland City, 26 November 1993 |url=http://www.taic.org.nz/AviationReports/tabid/78/ctl/Detail/mid/482/InvNumber/1993-020/Page/19/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103149/http://www.taic.org.nz/AviationReports/tabid/78/ctl/Detail/mid/482/InvNumber/1993-020/Page/19/Default.aspx |archive-date=2011-10-03 |accessdate=2009-05-06 |publisher=Transport Accident Investigation Commission |id=Investigation 93-020}}</ref>{{Rp|page=2}} It occurred on 26 November 1993, when two aircraft operated by [[Airwork]], under contract to the [[New Zealand Police]], collided and crashed in central [[Auckland]].  The mid-air collision of the [[Eurocopter AS355|Aérospatiale TwinStar]] helicopter and [[Piper Archer]] aeroplane resulted in the deaths of all four occupants &ndash; a civilian Airwork pilot on each aircraft and two New Zealand Police officers on the helicopter.<ref name="ODTp1">{{cite news|title=Four killed in mid-air collision|date=27 November 1993 |publisher=Otago Daily Times|pages=1}}</ref> The accident occurred in daylight with excellent visibility,<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=5}} in [[uncontrolled airspace]] (class G), with both aircraft flying under [[visual flight rules]]. Both the helicopter and aeroplane were operated by Airwork (NZ), and working under contract to the New Zealand Police at the time of the accident.

The [[Transport Accident Investigation Commission]] investigation found the accident occurred because neither pilot saw the other aircraft.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=20}}

==Aérospatiale aircraft==
[[File:Aerospatiale AS-355N Twin Squirrel front.jpg|thumb|left|An Aérospatiale TwinStar, similar to the crash helicopter]]
The Aérospatiale TwinStar AS 355 F1, registration ZK-HIT, was using call signs "Police One" with air traffic control and "Eagle" with police control. It was operating out of [[Mechanics Bay|Mechanics Bay Heliport]], the base of the police Air Support Unit, 1 NM east of the central city. The helicopter performed ''ad hoc'' missions around the city, usually at 1,000 feet [[Height above mean sea level|AMSL]], and on 26 November was being piloted by Ross Jeffree Harvey (aged 41), with Police Air Support Unit officers Sergeant Lindsay Eion "Lou" Grant (39) and Constable Alastair Alan Sampson (27). At 4:22 pm it returned to the heliport after a routine mission for a break of about an hour, and was logged taking off again at 5:33 pm. It departed to the north over [[Waitematā Harbour]] and shortly afterwards made a turn to the left to a southwest heading. It flew this course, climbing, for about 1 minute before making a 30° turn to the left, continuing climbing through 1,200 feet until the accident 18 seconds later.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=3}}

==Piper aircraft==
[[File:ZK-ENX non.jpg|thumb|right|Piper Archer ZK-ENX, the crash aeroplane]]
The Piper Archer 28-181, registration ZK-ENX, call sign "Pact 1" (Police Airborne Control of Traffic) was flying a regular weekday traffic patrol, piloted by Allan Anthony Connors (aged 27). The patrols were normally conducted at 1,500 feet. It left [[Ardmore Aerodrome]] at 3:59 pm, and reported on several traffic incidents. Shortly after 5:32 pm, the aircraft flew south from the [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]] to a road accident on the [[Auckland Southern Motorway]] near the Symonds Street on-ramp. It flew southeast past the road accident, and began a turn to the left around the accident site. The aircraft turned through about 270° and was turning through a southwest heading when the collision occurred. The accident interrupted a report the pilot was making to Police Control over the radio.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=3}}

==Collision==
[[File:1993 Auckland mid-air collision map.svg|thumb|right|Map of the flight paths over central Auckland, red is the Aérospatiale TwinStar helicopter, blue the Piper Archer]]
The collision occurred at 5:34:48 pm, near the intersection of [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] and [[Karangahape Road]], at an altitude of about 1,400 feet. The left wing of the Archer separated, and the aircraft rolled, dived steeply, and crashed into the elevated carriageway on the [[Central Motorway Junction]] between the Northern and Southern Motorways. The wing landed on a church roof.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=|pages=3–4}} The TwinStar lost the main rotor and transmission, and rear tail boom, vertical stabiliser, and rear rotor.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=4|pages=}} It fell onto the Grafton Road on-ramp to the [[Northwestern Motorway]], under Symonds Street Bridge, and a severe fire broke out, fuelled by 700 litres of kerosene.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=7|pages=}} The main rotor and tail section fell into a cemetery by Karangahape Road.

Helicopter debris caused moderate facial burns to the driver of a car, who was taken to [[Auckland City Hospital]].<ref name="ODTp1"/> The accident created substantial traffic congestion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aucklandoperationalsupport.org.nz/history_responses.html|title=Our History|publisher=Auckland Operational Support|accessdate=2011-10-30}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which hampered emergency services responding to the scene.<ref name="ODTp1"/> A witness at [[Mount Eden]], 1.3 NM south of the site, caught the accident on video (after the collision).<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=11|pages=}}

==Investigation==
[[File:1993 Auckland mid-air collision view from Upper Queen St bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Wreckage of the Aérospatiale TwinStar on the Northwestern Motorway link]]
The Transport Accident Investigation Commission was notified of the accident at 6:20 pm, and appointed J J Goddard Investigator in Charge. He began a field investigation later that evening.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=2|pages=}} The wreckage was moved to a storage site prior to inspection, as it was causing a serious obstruction to major public highways.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=7|pages=}} The wreckage inspection found the outboard {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} of the left wing had been cut off the Archer, and found matching damage on one rotor blade of the helicopter, including paint similar to the airplane primer.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=7|pages=}}

The U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]] conducted a cockpit field of view survey for the Commission. The relative angular position was plotted on the diagram from each aircraft, for 28 seconds prior to the collision. It showed the helicopter would have been visible to the Archer pilot, appearing for about ten seconds in the lower centre windscreen, before being obscured by the engine nose around 18 seconds before the accident. The diagram also showed the low position of the sun may have affected the pilot's ability to see the helicopter.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=11|pages=}} For the TwinStar pilot, the aeroplane would have been visible only for a few seconds in the top left corner of the windscreen. The two observers in the helicopter, sitting in the left front and rear, had no obstruction preventing them seeing the approaching Archer.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=11|pages=}}

The Commission found the Airwork (NZ) Operations Manual specifically addressed collision avoidance between these two aircraft:<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=13|pages=}}
{{cquote|5 Police Traffic Patrol<br />
4. Heights at which the patrol is to be carried out at.<br />
:4.1. 1500' or lower depending on
:—weather conditions
:—required by ATC
:—or in accordance with Reg 38 of the Civil Aviation Regulations
:4.2. NB The Police Eagle Helicopter also operates in the same areas, and the pilots have agreed to carry out their operations at 1000' where possible
12. Miscellaneous<br />
:12.4 Under no circumstances is the Traffic Patrol aircraft to operate in close proximity to the Eagle Helicopter while the Helicopter is engaged on an incident. A good lookout is imperative and shall be maintained at all times.}}

Discussions with other pilots of the aircraft and police crew found they were familiar with the normal operating altitudes of 1,500 feet for the Police Traffic Patrol and 1,000 feet for the Police Eagle.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=13|pages=}}

The Commission found the accident occurred because neither pilot saw the other aircraft. Contributing factors were the helicopter not levelling at the agreed altitude, the helicopter did not establish mutual position by radio, and the helicopter crew did not see the traffic in time. It also cited the inherent limitations with the "see and avoid" method as a causal factor. The Commission recommended the [[Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand|Director of Civil Aviation]] promulgate a single advisory radio frequency for aircraft in the uncontrolled airspace between Auckland and Whenuapai Control Zones, which he did.<ref name="TAIC" />{{Rp|page=20|pages=}}
==Aftermath==
Helicopter owner Vertical Flight successfully sued Airwork for damages of $1.5 million due to the loss of the helicopter, with the decision being upheld on appeal.<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/court-upholds-15m-fatal-helicopter-crash-damages/25K6NJUTBVG3XL4NBSK7AXFTBM/ Court upholds $1.5m fatal helicopter crash damages]. ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]'' 30 June 2000</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|New Zealand|Aviation|Modern history}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.taic.org.nz/AviationReports/tabid/78/ctl/Detail/mid/482/InvNumber/1993-020/Page/19/Default.aspx|title=Investigation 93-020|publisher=Transport Accident Investigation Commission|accessdate=2009-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003103149/http://www.taic.org.nz/AviationReports/tabid/78/ctl/Detail/mid/482/InvNumber/1993-020/Page/19/Default.aspx|archive-date=2011-10-03|url-status=dead}}
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1993}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in New Zealand}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Auckland mid-air collision, 1993}}
[[Category:1993 in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in New Zealand]]
[[Category:1990s in Auckland]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions involving general aviation aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-air collisions involving helicopters]]
[[Category:November 1993 events in New Zealand]]