View source for 682 Hagar

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 682 Hagar
 | background      = #D6D6D6
 | image           = 000682-asteroid shape model (682) Hagar.png
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = Modelled shape of ''Hagar'' from its [[lightcurve]]
 | discovery_ref   = &thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" />
 | discoverer      = [[August Kopff|A. Kopff]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg Obs.]]
 | discovered      = 17 June 1909
 | mpc_name        = (682) Hagar
 | alt_names       = A909 MA{{·}}1943 GK<br />{{mp|1953 VU|3}}{{·}}{{mp|1975 VO|5}}<br />1909 HA
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|'|h|eɪ|g|ɑr}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
 | named_after     = [[Hagar (Bible)|Hagar]] {{small|(Biblical woman)}}<ref name="springer" />
 | mp_category     = [[main-belt]]&thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|middle]])}}<br />[[Eunomia family|Eunomia]]&thinsp;<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret-family" /><ref name="Zappala-family" />
 | orbit_ref       = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 31 May 2020 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459000.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 110.96 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (40,529 d)
 | aphelion        = 3.1105 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 2.1966 AU
 | semimajor       = 2.6536 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.1722
 | period          = 4.32 yr (1,579 d)
 | mean_anomaly    = 225.55[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.2280|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 11.507°
 | asc_node        = 190.78°
 | arg_peri        = 105.08°
 | mean_diameter   = {{val|19|4|ul=km}}<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />
 | rotation        = {{val|4.8503|0.0001|ul=h}}<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />{{efn|name=Lightcurve-plot-Pilcher}}
 | pole_ecliptic_lat= {{plainlist|
* (56.0°, −78.0°) (λ<sub>1</sub>/β<sub>1</sub>)<ref name="Ferret" />
* {{nowrap|(255.0°, −57.0°) (λ<sub>2</sub>/β<sub>2</sub>)<ref name="Ferret" />}}
}}
 | albedo          = {{val|0.057}} {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />
 | spectral_type   = {{plainlist|
* [[S-type asteroid|S]] {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" />
* [[C-type asteroid|C]] {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />
* [[Asteroid color indices|V–R]] {{=}} {{val|0.400|0.040}}<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />
}}
 | abs_magnitude   = {{plainlist|
* 12.2<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
* {{val|12.27|0.07}}<ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />}}
}}

'''682 Hagar''' (''[[Minor planet provisional designation|prov. designation]]:'' {{mp|A909 MA}} ''or'' {{mp|1909 HA}}) is an [[Eunomia asteroid]] from the central regions of the [[asteroid belt]]. It was discovered on 17 June 1909, by German astronomer [[August Kopff]] at the [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory]].<ref name="MPC-object" /> The presumed [[S-type asteroid]] has a short [[rotation period]] of 4.9 hours and measures approximately {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. Possibly inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation "1909 HA", it was named for the biblical woman [[Hagar (Bible)|Hagar]].<ref name="springer" />

== Orbit and classification ==

When applying the [[hierarchical clustering method]] to its [[proper orbital elements]], ''Hagar'' is a core member of the [[Eunomia family]] ({{small|[[FIN tbl#502|502]]}}),<ref name="AstDys-object" /><ref name="Ferret-family" /><ref name="Zappala-family" /> a prominent [[Asteroid family|family]] of stony [[S-type asteroid]]s and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 known members.<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}} It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|central]] main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.1&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 4 months (1,579 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.65&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.17 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 12[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> The body's [[observation arc]] begins at [[Vienna Observatory]] on 28 June 1909, just eleven nights after prior to its official discovery observation by [[August Kopff]] at [[Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory|Heidelberg]].<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Naming ==

This [[minor planet]] was named after the biblical woman [[Hagar (Bible)|Hagar]] from the [[Book of Genesis]]. She was an Ancient Egyptian servant of [[Sarah]] and the mother of [[Abraham]]'s firstborn, [[Ishmael]]. The asteroid's name may have been inspired by the two letters of its provisional designation, "1909 HA".<ref name="springer" /> It is also speculated that the name comes from a list created in 1913 by the [[Astronomisches Rechen-Institut]] (ARI) containing suggestions of female names from history and mythology for the naming of minor planets ([[Astronomische Nachrichten|''AN'']] 196, 137). At the time, the naming process was not well developed and the ARI feared inconsistencies and potential confusion. The list was sent to several German astronomers, including Kopff, with the invitation to name all of their made discoveries up to number 700.<ref name="springer-Rechen" />

== Physical characteristics ==

Based on the overall [[Asteroid spectral type|spectral type]] of the Eunomia family,<ref name="Nesvorny-2014" />{{rp|23}} ''Hagar'' is possibly a common, stony [[S-type asteroid]].<ref name="lcdb" /> However, observations by Pilcher ''(see below)'' found a [[Asteroid color indices|V–R color index]] of {{val|0.400|0.040}}, which rather suggest a low albedo of a carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid]].<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />

=== Rotation period ===

In August 2013, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of ''Hagar'' was obtained from nine nights of [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations by [[Frederick Pilcher]] at the Organ Mesa Observatory {{Obscode|G50}} in Arizona. Analysis gave a well-defined, classically shaped bimodal lightcurve with a [[rotation period]] of ({{val|4.8503|0.0001}}) hours and a high brightness variation of {{val|0.52|0.03}} [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" />{{efn|name=Lightcurve-plot-Pilcher}} At the same time, Alexander Kurtenkov at Sofia University, and a team of Bulgarian students obtained a concurring period of {{val|4.854|0.011}} hours with an amplitude of {{val|0.49|0.03}} magnitude ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="Kurtenkov-2014a" /> In July 2017, French and Swiss astronomers [[René Roy (astronomer)|René Roy]] and [[Raoul Behrend]] confirmed the period measuring a nearly identical rotation of ({{val|4.8516|0.0003}}) hours and an amplitude of {{val|0.51|0.02}} magnitude ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3]]}}).<ref name="geneva-obs" />

=== Poles ===

Two lightcurves, published in 2016, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD) and other sources, gave a concurring sidereal period of ({{val|4.850417|0.000001}}) and ({{val|4.85042|0.00005}}) hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two [[Poles of astronomical bodies|spin axes]] of (93.0°, −71.0°) and (277.0°, −35.0°), as well as (56.0°, −78.0°) and (255.0°, −57.0°) in [[Ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (λ,&thinsp;β), respectively.<ref name="Durech-2016" /><ref name="Hanus-2016a" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

American photometrist Frederick Pilcher also determined a diameter of {{val|19|4}} kilometers based on a visual [[absolute magnitude]] of {{val|12.27|0.07}}, and an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.057 derived from its measured V–R color index ''(see above)''.<ref name="Pilcher-2014b" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' adopts Pilcher's albedo of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 19.57 kilometers.<ref name="lcdb" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=Lightcurve-plot-Pilcher|1=[http://aslc-nm.org/682Hagar.jpg Lightcurve plot of (682) Hagar], by Frederick Pilcher (2013) at the Organ Mesa Observatory {{Obscode|G50}} in Arizona. Rotation period {{val|4.8503|0.0001}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val|0.52|0.03}} mag. Quality code is 3. Summary figures at the [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=682 LCDB] and [http://aslc-nm.org/Pilcher.html ASLC website].}}

}} <!-- end of notelist -->

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2020-06-03 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 682 Hagar (A909 MA)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000682
  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
  |title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  |chapter    = (682) Hagar
  |pages      = 66–67
  |date       = 2007
  |doi        = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_683
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3}}</ref>

<ref name="springer-Rechen">{{cite book
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  |chapter    = (579) Sidonia 
  |pages      = 59–60
  |date       = 2007
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3
  |doi        = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_580}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
  |title      = 682 Hagar (A909 MA)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=682
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (682) Hagar
  |last       = Behrend |first = Raoul
  |publisher  = Geneva Observatory
  |url        = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page2cou.html#000682
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
  |title      = LCDB Data for (682) Hagar
  |publisher  = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
  |url        = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=682
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Pilcher-2014b">{{cite journal
 |last1        = Pilcher
 |first1       = Frederick
 |last2        = Franco
 |first2       = Lorenzo
 |date         = January 2014
 |title        = Rotation Period and H-G Parameters of 682 Hagar
 |journal      = [[Minor Planet Bulletin]]
 |volume       = 41
 |issue        = 1
 |pages        = 35–36
 |url          = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-1.pdf
 |bibcode      = 2014MPBu...41...35P
 |issn         = 1052-8091
 |access-date  = 21 July 2020
 |archive-date = 21 July 2020
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721145646/http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-1.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name="Kurtenkov-2014a">{{cite journal |last1      = Kurtenkov |first1      = Alexander |last2      = Teneva |first2      = Deana |last3      = Todorov |first3      = Lachezar |last4      = Stoyanov |first4      = Stanislav |date      = January 2014 |title      = Rotation Period Determination for 682 Hagar |journal      = Minor Planet Bulletin |volume      = 41 |issue      = 1 |page      = 36 |url      = http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-1.pdf |bibcode      = 2014MPBu...41...36K |issn      = 1052-8091 |access-date      = 21 July 2020 |archive-date      = 21 July 2020 |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721145646/http://www.minorplanet.info/MPB/issues/MPB_41-1.pdf |url-status      = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Durech-2016">{{cite journal
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  |last3      = Oszkiewicz |first3 = D.
  |last4      = Vančo |first4 = R.
  |date       = March 2016
  |title      = Asteroid models from the Lowell photometric database
  |journal    = Astronomy and Astrophysics
  |volume     = 587
  |page       = A48
  |bibcode    = 2016A&A...587A..48D
  |issn       = 0004-6361
  |doi        = 10.1051/0004-6361/201527573
  |arxiv      = 1601.02909|s2cid = 118427201
 }}</ref>

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<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 682 Hagar
  |work       = Small Bodies Data Ferret
  |url        = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=682+Hagar
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret-family">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 682 Hagar – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
  |work       = Small Bodies Data Ferret
  |url        = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=682+Hagar#Asteroid%20682%20HagarEAR-A-VARGBDET-5-NESVORNYFAM-V3.0
  |access-date = 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 682 Hagar – Proper Elements
  |publisher  = AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site
  |url        = https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.6&n=682
  |access-date= 21 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Zappala-family">{{cite journal
  |last1      = Zappalà |first1 = V.
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<ref name="Nesvorny-2014">{{Cite book
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  |doi        = 10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016
  |arxiv      = 1502.01628
  |isbn       = 9780816532131|s2cid = 119280014
 }}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php Lightcurve Database Query] (LCDB), at ''www.minorplanet.info''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – ''[[Geneva Observatory]]'', [[Raoul Behrend]]
* [http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|682}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |681 Gorgo |number=682 |683 Lanzia}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hagar}}
[[Category:Eunomia asteroids|000682]]
[[Category:Discoveries by August Kopff]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1909|19090617]]
[[Category:Hagar]]