View source for Antimony trisulfide

{{Chembox
| ImageAlt = 
| IUPACName = Antimony(III) sulfide<br>Diantimony trisulfide
| OtherNames = {{ubl|Antimonous sulfide|Antimony sesquisulfide|Antimony sulfide|Antimony vermilion|Black antimony|Sulphuret of antimony}}
| ImageFile1 = Kristallstruktur Stibnit.png
| ImageFile2 = Sulfid antimonitý.JPG
| ImageSize = 
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| PubChem = 16689752
| CASNo = 1345-04-6 
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = F79059A38U
| RTECS = 
| EINECS =
| ChemSpiderID = 17621613
| SMILES = S=[Sb]S[Sb]=S
| InChI = 1S/3O.2Sb
| InChIKey = IHBMMJGTJFPEQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem2|Sb2S3}}
| Sb=2|S=3
| Appearance = Grey or black orthorhombic crystals (stibnite)
| Density = 4.562g cm<sup>−3</sup> (stibnite)<ref name="CRC95ed">{{cite book |editor1-last=Haynes |editor1-first=W. M. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-1-4822-0867-2 |pages=4–48 |edition=95th }}</ref>
| MeltingPtC = 550
| MeltingPt_notes = (stibnite)<ref name="CRC95ed">{{cite book |editor1-last=Haynes |editor1-first=W. M. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=978-1-4822-0867-2 |pages=4–48 |edition=95th }}</ref>
| BoilingPtC = 1150
| Solubility = 0.00017 g/(100 mL) (18 °C)
| RefractIndex = 4.046
| MagSus = −86.0·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol}}
|Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| HeatCapacity = 123.32 J/(mol·K)
| DeltaHf = −157.8 kJ/mol
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = 
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| FlashPt = 
| AutoignitionPt = 
| REL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0036}}</ref>
| PEL = TWA 0.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> (as Sb)<ref name=PGCH/>
| LD50 = > 2000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
 }}
| Section9 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = {{ubl|[[Antimony trioxide]]|[[Antimony triselenide]]|[[Antimony telluride]]}}
| OtherCations = [[Arsenic trisulfide]]<br>[[Bismuth(III) sulfide]]
| OtherFunction = 
| OtherFunction_label = 
| OtherCompounds = [[Antimony pentasulfide]]
  }}
}}

'''Antimony trisulfide''' ({{chem2|Sb2S3}}) is found in nature as the crystalline mineral [[stibnite]] and the amorphous red mineral (actually a mineraloid)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/min-2686.html|title=Metastibnite}}</ref> metastibnite.<ref>SUPERGENE METASTIBNITE FROM MINA ALACRAN, PAMPA LARGA, COPIAPO, CHILE, Alan H Clark, THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST. VOL. 55., 1970</ref> It is manufactured for use in [[safety match]]es, military ammunition, explosives and fireworks. It also is used in the production of ruby-colored glass and in plastics as a flame retardant.<ref name="Greenwood">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=581–582}}</ref> Historically the stibnite form was used as a grey pigment in paintings produced in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book | last = Eastaugh | first = Nicholas | title = Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments | publisher = [[Butterworth-Heinemann]] | year = 2004 | page = 359 | isbn = 978-0-7506-5749-5}}</ref> In 1817, the dye and fabric chemist, [[John Mercer (scientist)|John Mercer]] discovered the [[non-stoichiometric compound]] Antimony Orange (approximate formula {{chem2|Sb2S3*Sb2O3}}), the first good orange pigment available for [[Textile printing|cotton fabric printing.]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Parnell|first=Edward A|title=The life and labours of John Mercer|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|location=London|date=1886|pages=23}}</ref>

Antimony trisulfide was also used as the image sensitive [[photoconductor]] in [[vidicon]] camera tubes. It is a [[semiconductor]] with a direct band gap of 1.8–2.5 eV.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} With suitable doping, [[Extrinsic semiconductor#The two types of semiconductor|p and n type]] materials can be produced.<ref>Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides, Mirtat Bouroushian, Springer, 2010</ref>

== Preparation and reactions ==
{{chem2|Sb2S3}} can be prepared from the elements at temperature 500–900&nbsp;°C:<ref name="Greenwood"/>

:{{chem2|2 Sb + 3 S → Sb2S3}}

{{chem2|Sb2S3}} is precipitated when [[hydrogen sulfide|{{chem2|H2S}}]] is passed through an acidified solution of Sb(III).<ref name = "HOWI">{{Holleman&Wiberg|page=765-766}}</ref> This reaction has been used as a gravimetric method for determining antimony, bubbling {{chem2|H2S}} through a solution of Sb(III) compound in hot [[hydrochloric acid|HCl]] deposits an orange form of {{chem2|Sb2S3}} which turns black under the reaction conditions.<ref name = "Vogel">A.I. Vogel, (1951), Quantitative Inorganic analysis, (2d edition), Longmans Green and Co</ref>

{{chem2|Sb2S3}} is readily oxidised, reacting vigorously with oxidising agents.<ref name="Greenwood"/> It burns in air with a blue flame. It reacts with incandescence with cadmium, magnesium and zinc chlorates. Mixtures of {{chem2|Sb2S3}} and chlorates may explode.<ref>Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition, CRC Press, 2003, [[Margaret-Ann Armour]], {{ISBN|9781566705677}}</ref>

In the extraction of antimony from antimony ores the alkaline sulfide process is employed where {{chem2|Sb2S3}} reacts to form thioantimonate(III) salts (also called thioantimonite):<ref name="Anderson2012">{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Corby G.|title=The metallurgy of antimony|journal=Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry|volume=72|year=2012|pages=3–8|issn=0009-2819|doi=10.1016/j.chemer.2012.04.001|bibcode=2012ChEG...72....3A}}</ref>
:{{chem2|3 Na2S + Sb2S3 → 2 Na3SbS3}}

A number of salts containing different thioantimonate(III) ions can be prepared from {{chem2|Sb2S3}}. These include:<ref>Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to Group VIB (O, S, Se, Te, Po) Elements (Part 1) (Volume 5) Ed. A.P, Hagen,1991, Wiley-VCH, {{ISBN|0-471-18658-9}}</ref>
:{{chem2|[SbS3](3−), [SbS2]−, [Sb2S5](4−), [Sb4S9](6−), [Sb4S7](2−) and [Sb8S17](10−)}}

[[Schlippe's Salt|Schlippe's salt]], {{chem2|Na3SbS4*9H2O}}, a thioantimonate(V) salt is formed when {{chem2|Sb2S3}} is boiled with sulfur and sodium hydroxide. The reaction can be represented as:<ref name = "HOWI"/>
:{{chem2|Sb2S3 + 3 S(2−) + 2 S → 2 [SbS4](3−)}}

==Structure==
The structure of the black needle-like form of {{chem2|Sb2S3}}, [[stibnite]], consists of linked ribbons in which antimony atoms are in two different coordination environments, trigonal pyramidal and square pyramidal.<ref name = "HOWI"/> Similar ribbons occur in {{chem2|Bi2S3}} and {{chem2|Sb2Se3}}.<ref>Wells A.F. (1984) ''Structural Inorganic Chemistry'' 5th edition Oxford Science Publications {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}}</ref> The red form, metastibnite, is amorphous. Recent work suggests that there are a number of closely related temperature dependent structures of stibnite which have been termed stibnite (I) the high temperature form, identified previously, stibnite (II) and stibnite (III).<ref>Kuze S., Du Boulay D., Ishizawa N., Saiki A, Pring A.; (2004), X ray diffraction evidence for a monoclinic form of stibnite, Sb2S3, below 290K; American Mineralogist, 9(89), 1022-1025.</ref> Other paper shows that the actual coordination polyhedra of antimony are in fact {{chem2|SbS7}}, with (3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site.{{cln|What on this Earth is a "(3+4) coordination at the M1 site and (5+2) at the M2 site"??? What is a "(3+4) coordination" and "(5+2) coordination"??? What are "M1" and "M2 sites"??? Using jargon without clarification to non-experts in this field is unacceptable!!!|date=December 2022}} These coordinations consider the presence of secondary bonds. Some of the secondary bonds impart cohesion and are connected with packing.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00269-001-0227-1 | volume=29 | issue=4 | title=Low-temperature crystal structures of stibnite implying orbital overlap of Sb 5s 2 inert pair electrons | journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals | pages=254–260|year = 2002|last1 = Kyono|first1 = A.| last2=Kimata | first2=M. | last3=Matsuhisa | first3=M. | last4=Miyashita | first4=Y. | last5=Okamoto | first5=K. | bibcode=2002PCM....29..254K | s2cid=95067785 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Antimony compounds}}
{{Sulfides}}

[[Category:Antimony(III) compounds]]
[[Category:Sesquisulfides]]