View source for Attack on Mers-el-Kébir

{{About|the WWII British naval raid|other uses|Battle of Mers El-Kebir (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|1940 British attack on the French Navy}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image       = File:Croiseur de bataille Strasbourg 03-07-1940.jpg
| image_size  = 250px
| caption     = The battleship {{ship|French battleship|Strasbourg||2}} under fire
| partof      = the [[Battle of the Mediterranean]] during the [[Second World War]]
| date        = 3 July 1940
| place       = Off [[Mers El Kébir]], [[French Algeria]], [[North Africa]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|35|43|10|N|0|41|20|W|type:landmark_scale:50000_region:DZ|display=inline,title}}
| result      = See aftermath<!--See [[Template:Infobox military conflict]] for allowed terms here, "X victory" or "Inconclusive" only or the field can be omitted -->
| combatant1  = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| combatant2  = {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}
| commander1  = {{ubl|[[James Somerville]]|[[Dudley Pound]]}}
| commander2  = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Marcel-Bruno Gensoul]]}}|[[François Darlan]]}}
| strength1   = {{ubl| 1 [[aircraft carrier]]|2 [[battleship]]s| 1 [[battlecruiser]]| 2 [[light cruiser]]s| 11 [[destroyer]]s| At least 23 aircraft{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell|2011|pp=21–22}} }}
| strength2   = {{ubl| 4 battleships| 6 destroyers| 1 [[aviso]]| 1 [[seaplane tender]]| 42 aircraft{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell|2011|p=20}} }}
| casualties1 = {{ubl| 2 aircrew killed| 2 sailors wounded| 3 [[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]]| 2 [[Blackburn Skua|Skuas]]{{sfn|Marder|2015|p=256}} }}
| casualties2 = {{ubl| 1,297 killed| 350 wounded| 1 battleship sunk| 2 battleships damaged| 2 destroyers damaged| 1 seaplane tender damaged| 1 destroyer grounded| 1 [[tugboat]] destroyed{{sfn|Playfair|1959|p=137}}| 3 aircraft damaged{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell|2011|pp=21–22}} }}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign}}{{Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II}}
| conflict    =
}}
The '''attack on Mers-el-Kébir''' ('''Battle of Mers-el-Kébir''') on 3 July 1940, during the [[Second World War]], was a British naval attack on [[French Navy]] ships at the naval base at [[Mers El Kébir]], near [[Oran]], on the coast of [[French Algeria]].{{sfn|Marder|2015|p=256}}{{efn|The French war fleet was "neutral", as required by the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940]] between Vichy France and Germany.{{sfn|Armistice 1940}}{{sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=643–670}}{{sfn|Holman|Kelly|2000}} }} The attack was the main part of '''Operation Catapult''', a British plan to neutralise or destroy French ships to prevent them from falling into German hands after the Allied defeat in the [[Battle of France]]. The British bombardment of the base killed 1,297 French servicemen, sank a [[French battleship Bretagne#Loss|battleship]] and damaged five other ships, for a British loss of five aircraft shot down and two crewmen killed. The attack by air and sea was conducted by the [[Royal Navy]], after France had signed armistices with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], coming into effect on 25 June.

Of particular significance to the British were the five battleships of the {{sclass|Bretagne|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Richelieu|battleship|4}}es and the two [[fast battleship]]s of the {{sclass|Dunkerque|battleship|4}}, the second largest force of [[capital ships]] in Europe after the Royal Navy. The British [[Churchill war ministry|War Cabinet]] feared that the ships would fall into Axis hands. Admiral [[François Darlan]], commander of the French Navy, assured the British, even after the French [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|armistices]] with Germany and Italy that the fleet would remain under French control. [[Winston Churchill]] and the War Cabinet judged that the risk was too great. Darlan repeatedly refused British requests to place the fleet in British custody or move it to the [[French West Indies]], out of German reach.

The British attack was condemned in France as an attack on a neutral nation and resentment festered for years over what was considered betrayal by a former ally.{{sfn|Chin|2022|p=103}} The French thought that their assurances were honourable and should have been sufficient. Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]], who was appointed the Prime Minister of France on 16 June, [[Foreign relations of Vichy France#United Kingdom|severed diplomatic relations]] with the [[United Kingdom]] on 8 July.

French aircraft retaliated by [[Military history of Gibraltar during World War II#Vichy French attacks: 1940|bombing Gibraltar]] and French ships exchanged fire several times with British ships, before a [[wikt:tacit|tacit]] truce was observed in the western Mediterranean. On 27 November 1942, after the beginning of [[Operation Torch]], the Allied invasion of French North Africa, the French Navy foiled [[Case Anton]], a German and Italian operation to capture its ships at Toulon, by [[Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon|scuttling them]]. In 1997, Martin Thomas wrote that the British attack at Mers-el Kébir remains controversial but that other historians have written that it demonstrated to the world that Britain would fight on.{{sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=643–670}}

==Background==
===French–German armistice===
{{Main|Armistice of 22 June 1940}}

After the [[Fall of France]] in 1940 and the armistice between France and [[Nazi Germany]], the British War Cabinet was apprehensive about control over the French navy. The French and German navies combined could alter the balance of power at sea, threatening British imports over the Atlantic and communications with the rest of the [[British Empire]]. In Article 8, Paragraph 2 of the Armistice terms, the German government "solemnly and firmly declared that it had no intention of making demands regarding the French fleet during the peace negotiations" and there were similar terms in the armistice with Italy but they were considered by the British to be no guarantee of the neutralisation of the French fleet. On 24 June, Darlan assured [[Winston Churchill]] against such a possibility.{{sfn|Butler|1971|p=218}} Churchill ordered that a demand be made that the [[French Navy]] ({{lang|fr|Marine nationale}}) should either join with the [[Royal Navy]] or be neutralised in a manner guaranteed to prevent the ships falling into Axis hands.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=57}}

[[File:French-ships-africa.png|thumb|upright=.75|{{centre|French ships based in Africa, June 1940}}]]
At Italian suggestion, the armistice terms were amended to permit the French fleet temporarily to stay in North African ports, where they might be seized by Italian troops from Libya. The British made a contingency plan, Operation Catapult, to eliminate the French fleet in mid-June, when it was clear that [[Philippe Pétain]] was forming a government with a view to ending the war and it seemed likely that the French fleet might be seized by the Germans.{{sfn|Lacouture|1991|pp=246–247}} In a speech to Parliament, Churchill repeated that the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940]] was a betrayal of the Allied agreement not to make a separate peace. Churchill said, "What is the value of that? Ask half a dozen countries; what is the value of such a solemn assurance?{{nbsp}}... Finally, the armistice could be voided at any time on any pretext of non-observance...".<ref>Hansard, [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/jun/25/war-situation ''War Situation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182636/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1940/jun/25/war-situation |date=14 July 2014 }}, 25 June 1940, [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/jun/25/war-situation#column_304 304–05] </ref>

The French fleet had seen little fighting during the Battle of France and was mostly intact. By tonnage, about 40 per cent was in [[Toulon]], near [[Marseilles]], 40 per cent in [[French North Africa]] and 20 per cent in Britain, [[Alexandria]] and the [[French West Indies]]. Although Churchill feared the fleet would be used by the Axis, the need to man, maintain and arm the French ships with items that were incompatible with German and Italian equipments made this unlikely.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=56}} The {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}} and [[Benito Mussolini]] made overtures but [[Adolf Hitler]] feared that an attempted take-over would provoke the French fleet into defecting to the British. Churchill and Hitler viewed the fleet as a potential threat; the French leaders used the fleet (and the possibility of its rejoining the Allies) as a bargaining counter against the Germans to keep them out of unoccupied France (the {{lang|fr|[[zone libre]]}}) and French North Africa. The armistice was contingent on the French right to man their vessels and the French Navy Minister, Admiral [[François Darlan]], had ordered the Atlantic fleet to Toulon and to demobilise, with orders to [[scuttling|scuttle]] the ships if the Germans tried to take them.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=56}}

===British–French negotiations===
The British tried to persuade the French authorities in North Africa to continue the war or to hand over the fleet to British control. A British admiral visited Oran on 24 June, and [[Duff Cooper]], [[Minister of Information]], visited Casablanca on 27 June.{{sfn|Lacouture|1991|p=247}} The French Atlantic ports were in German hands and the British needed to keep the German surface fleet out of the Mediterranean, confine the Italian fleet to the Mediterranean and to blockade ports still under French control. The Admiralty was against an attack on the French fleet in case the ships were not sufficiently damaged, France declared war and the French colonies would be less likely to defect. The Royal Navy lacked the ships permanently to blockade the French naval bases in North Africa and keep the Atlantic approaches open, which made the risk of the Germans or the Italians seizing the French capital ships too great. Because the fleet in Toulon was well guarded by shore artillery, the Royal Navy decided to attack the base in North Africa.{{sfn|Bell|1997|pp=19–20}}

==Ultimatum==
[[File:Sur le mont murjajou 1.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Modern view of the harbour at [[Mers-el-Kébir]]}}]]
The most powerful group of French warships was commanded by Admiral [[Marcel-Bruno Gensoul]] at [[Mers-el-Kébir]] in [[French Algeria]], comprising the old battleships {{Ship|French battleship|Provence||2}} (commander of the 2nd Battleship Division, Rear-Admiral {{ill|Jacques Bouxin|fr}}, embarked) and {{Ship|French battleship|Bretagne||2}} (Captain {{ill|Le Pivain|fr}}), the newer ''[[Force de Raid]]'' battleships {{Ship|French battleship|Dunkerque||2}} (Captain {{ill|Barois|fr}}) and {{Ship|French battleship|Strasbourg||2}} (Captain  {{ill|Louis Collinet|fr}}), the [[seaplane tender]] {{Ship|French seaplane carrier|Commandant Teste||2}} (Captain Lemaire), a flotilla of six destroyers comprising ''Mogador'', ''Volta'', ''Tigre'', ''Lynx'', ''Kersaint'' and ''Le Terrible'' (Rear-Admiral {{ill|Émile-Marie Lacroix|fr}}) and a gunboat {{ship|French aviso|Rigault de Genouilly||2}} ({{ill|Louis Georges Emile Frossard|fr}}).{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}} Admiral [[James Somerville]], commander of [[Force H]], based in [[Gibraltar]], was ordered to deliver an ultimatum to the French, the terms of which were contrary to the German–French armistice.{{sfn|Lacouture|1991|p=247}}{{efn|{{blockquote|It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that our common enemy is Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and [[Oran]] shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives;

(a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans.

(b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment.

If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile.

(c) Alternatively, if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|Armistice]], then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the [[West Indie]]s—[[Martinique]] for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated.

If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours.
Finally, failing the above, I have orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German or Italian hands.|Somerville{{sfn|Butler|1971|pp=223–224}}}}}}

Somerville passed the duty of presenting the ultimatum to a French speaker, Captain [[Cedric Holland]], commander of the carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}. Gensoul was affronted that negotiations were being conducted by a less-senior officer and sent his lieutenant, Bernard Dufay, which led to much delay and confusion.{{sfn|Jameson|2004|pp=160–161}} As the negotiations continued, it became clear that agreement was unlikely. The French made preparations for action and 42 aircraft were armed and made ready for take-off.{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell|2011|p=20}} Darlan was at home on 3 July and could not be contacted; Gensoul told the French government that the alternatives were internment or battle but omitted the option of sailing to the French West Indies.{{sfn|Lacouture|1991|p=247}} Removing the fleet to US waters had formed part of the orders given by Darlan to Gensoul in the event that a foreign power should attempt to seize his ships.{{sfn|Butler|1971|pp=224–225}}

==Operation Catapult==

===Plymouth, Portsmouth and Alexandria===

Along with French vessels in metropolitan ports, some had sailed to ports in Britain or to Alexandria in [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]. Operation Catapult was an attempt to take these ships under British control or destroy them. The French ships berthed in [[Plymouth]] and [[Portsmouth]] were boarded without warning on the night of 3 July.{{sfn|Butler|1971|p=222}}{{sfn|Roskill|1957|pp=240, 242}} The submarine {{Ship|French submarine|Surcouf||2}}, the largest in the world, had been at Plymouth for the last month.{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=48}} The crew resisted a boarding party and three Royal Navy personnel, including two officers, were killed, along with a French sailor. Other ships captured included the old [[battleship]]s {{Ship|French battleship|Paris||2}} and {{Ship|French battleship|Courbet|1911|2}}, the [[destroyer]]s {{ship|French destroyer|Le Triomphant||2}} and {{ship|French destroyer|Léopard||2}}, eight [[torpedo boat]]s, five submarines and a number of lesser ships. The French squadron in Alexandria (Admiral [[René-Émile Godfroy]]) including the battleship {{ship|French battleship|Lorraine||2}}, the [[heavy cruiser]] {{ship|French cruiser|Suffren||2}} and three modern [[light cruiser]]s, was neutralised by local agreement.{{sfn|Smith|2010|pp=47–56, 93}}

===Attack on Mers-el-Kébir===

[[File:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir harbor-EN.svg|thumb|{{centre|Diagram of the British attack on Mers-el-Kébir}}]]
The British force comprised the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Hood|51|6}}, the battleships {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}} and {{HMS|Resolution|09|2}}, the aircraft carrier ''Ark Royal'' and an escort of cruisers and destroyers. The British had freedom of manoeuvre, while the French fleet was anchored in a narrow harbour, its crews not expecting an attack. The British [[capital ship]]s had {{cvt|15|in}} guns and fired a heavier [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] than the French battleships. On 3 July, before negotiations were formally terminated, six British [[Fairey Swordfish]] planes escorted by three [[Blackburn Skua]]s from ''Ark Royal'' dropped five [[magnetic mine]]s in the harbour exit. The force was intercepted by five French [[Curtiss H-75]] fighters which shot down a Skua into the sea with the loss of its two crew, the only British fatalities in the action.{{sfnm|1a1=Greene|1a2=Massignani|1y=2002|1p=61|2a1=Melton|2y=2015|2p=190}}

The six {{sclass|La Galissonnière|cruiser|1}}s at [[Algiers]] were summoned but did not reach Mers-El-Kebir in time. The [[Préfet Maritime]] at Toulon ordered two submarine groups, A, consisting of {{ship|French submarine|L'Espoir|Q167|2}}, {{ship|French submarine|Le Conquérant|Q171|2}} and {{ship|French submarine|Archimède|Q142|2}} and B, comprising ''Iris'', ''Vénus'', ''Sultane'', ''Sirène'', ''Pallas'' and ''Cérès'' to assist the French at Oran by attacking British ships, ''Hood'' in particular.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}} After receiving orders on 3 July to form a north–south patrol line in the Mediterranean for a distance of {{cvt|20|nmi}} east of [[Alboran Island]] and south of [[Cape Palos]] during the night of 6/7 July to protect Oran and attack British ships, the French submarines ''Archimède'', ''Le Conquérant'' and ''L'Espoir'' got underway from Toulon at 2:45 a.m. on 4 July bound for their patrol area at {{cvt|15|kn}}. No contacts were made and the boats were recalled on 5 July when it was discovered that the British ships had returned to Gibraltar. Gensoul ordered the four submarines at Oran, {{ship|French submarine|Ariane|Q122|2}}, {{ship|French submarine|Danaé|Q131|2}}, {{ship|French submarine|Diane|NN4|2}} and {{ship|French submarine|Eurydice|Q130|2}} to take post off the port.  The orders to the four French submarines were quickly decoded and London ordered Somerville to act; the boats were unable to close with Force H.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}} Churchill ordered the British ships to open fire at the same time and the British commenced at 5:57 p.m. from {{cvt|17500|yd|nmi+mi+km}}.{{sfn|Brown|2004|p=198}}

[[File:Mers el kebir ON005.jpg|thumb|{{center|French photograph of the bombardment}}]]
''Provence'' began its reply within 90 seconds of the British opening fire but the main armament of ''Dunkerque'' and ''Strasbourg'' was forward of the [[superstructure]] and could not immediately be brought to bear because they were tied up at the mole, with their sterns facing the sea.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}} The third British salvo hit ''Bretagne'' and detonated a magazine, the ship sinking with 977 of her crew at {{nowrap|6:09 p.m.}} After thirty salvoes, the French ships ceased fire; Force H altered course to avoid return fire from the French coastal forts but ''Provence'' was badly damaged by several hits, ''Dunkerque'' was hit by three shells, severely damaged and run aground to avoid sinking, the destroyer {{Ship|French destroyer|Mogador||2}} lost its stern and two other destroyers were damaged; their crews running them aground to prevent them from sinking. Four French [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]] fighters arrived, outnumbering the British Skuas. Another nine French fighters were spotted at {{nowrap|7:10 p.m.}} and a dogfight ensued in which a Curtiss H-75 and an M.S.406 were damaged. Three more Curtiss fighters appeared and there was another engagement.{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell2011|p=21}}

[[File:Cuirassé Bretagne 03-07-1940.jpg|thumb|{{centre|''Bretagne'' on fire, still under bombardment}}]]
''Strasbourg'', three destroyers and one gunboat managed to avoid the mines and escape from the port under attack from a flight of Swordfish bombers from ''Ark Royal''. The French ships shot down two Swordfish, the crews being rescued by the destroyer {{HMS|Wrestler|D35|2}}; a French [[flying boat]] also bombed a British destroyer.{{sfn|Sutherland|Canwell2011|p=22}} As the British bombing had little effect, at {{nowrap|6:43 p.m.}} Somerville ordered his ships to pursue. The {{ship|French aviso|Rigault de Genouilly}}, en route to Oran, met Force H at {{nowrap|7:33 p.m.}} and steamed towards ''Hood'', only to come under fire from the light cruisers {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} and {{HMS|Enterprise|D52|2}} at {{cvt|12000|and|18000|yd|nmi+mi+km}} respectively. ''Hood'' also fired several 15-inch shells at ''Rigault de Genouilly'' and the French ship replied with nineteen {{cvt|14|cm|order=flip}} shells before being hit by ''Enterprise'' and withdrawing.{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=24}} A British aircraft had sighted ''Danaé'' and ''Eurydice'' shortly before 8:00 p.m. and dropped illuminated [[Float (nautical)|floats]] to guide a British destroyer to them. The destroyer [[Depth charge|depth-charged]] the two submarines but they escaped without damage.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}}

''Valiant'' and ''Resolution'' fell behind ''Hood''. Somerville had received information that the French naval force from Algiers, four heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and several destroyers, was steering to rendezvous with ''Strasbourg''. Without ''Valiant'' and ''Resolution'', Somerville concluded that by the time his ships came within gunnery range of ''Strasbourg'', shortly after {{nowrap|9:00 p.m.,}} he would be outnumbered by the combined French force and ill deployed for a night engagement, silhouetted against the evening twilight, giving an advantage to the French gunners. At {{nowrap|8:20 p.m.}}, when ''Hood'' had closed to {{cvt|25|nmi}} from ''Strasbourg'', Somerville called off the pursuit. After another ineffective Swordfish attack at {{nowrap|8:55 p.m.,}} ''Strasbourg'' reached Toulon on 4 July.{{sfnm|1a1=Greene|1a2=Massignani|1y=2002|1pp=59–60|2a1=Melton|2y=2015|2pp=190, 195}} The French cruiser force from Algiers missed its rendezvous with ''Strasbourg'' but arrived at Toulon on 4 July.{{sfn|Melton|2015|p=195}} During the night of 3/4 July 1940, ''Ariane'', ''Danaé'', ''Diane'' and ''Eurydice'' patrolled on the surface off Oran in a north–south patrol line and they remained on patrol off Oran until 8:00 p.m. on 4 July, before returning to Oran.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}} On 4 July, the British submarine {{HMS|Pandora|N42|2}} encountered ''Rigault de Genouilly'' off the Algerian coast, mistook her for a [[cruiser]] and sank her.{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=24}}  The [[Vichy French Air Force|French Air Force]] ({{lang|fr|Armée de l'Air}}) made reprisal raids on Gibraltar, including a small night attack on 5 July, when many bombs landed in the sea.{{sfnm|1a1=Playfair|1y=1959|1p=142|2a1=Greene|2a2=Massignani|2y=2002|2pp=94–95}}

===Actions of 8 July===

The British believed that the damage inflicted on ''Dunkerque'' and ''Provence'' was not serious and on the morning of 8 July raided Mers-el-Kébir again in Operation Lever, with Swordfish aircraft from ''Ark Royal''. A [[torpedo]] hit the patrol boat ''Terre-Neuve'', moored alongside ''Dunkerque'', full of depth charges. ''Terre-Neuve'' quickly sank and the depth charges went off, causing serious damage to the battleship.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|pp=60–61}} Another attack took place on 8 July, when aircraft from the carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95|2}} attacked the [[French battleship Richelieu#British attack on 8 July 1940 and repairs|''Richelieu'']] at [[Dakar]], seriously damaging it.{{sfnm|1a1=Playfair|1y=1959|1p=142|2a1=Greene|2a2=Massignani|2y=2002|2pp=94–95}} When word of the events at Dakar reached Oran, the French submarines ''Ariane'', ''Diane'', and ''Eurydice'' got back underway on 8 July to form a patrol line off Cape Falcon, Algeria, in case of another British attack on Oran, which did not occur.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=31}}

==Aftermath==

===Analysis===

[[File:Mogador 03-07-1940.jpg|thumb|{{centre|[[French destroyer Mogador]] running aground, after having been hit by a 15-inch shell}}]]
Churchill wrote, "This was the most hateful decision, the most unnatural and painful in which I have ever been concerned."{{sfn|Lacouture|1991|p=246}} Relations between Britain and France were severely strained for some time and the Germans enjoyed a [[propaganda]] coup. Somerville said that it was "the biggest political blunder of modern times and will rouse the whole world against us{{nbsp}}... we all feel thoroughly ashamed..."{{sfn|Smith|2010|pp=86, 88}} The attack revived [[Anglophobia]] in France, demonstrated British resolve to continue the war and rallied the British Conservative Party around Churchill ([[Neville Chamberlain]], Churchill's predecessor as prime minister, was still party leader). The British action showed the world that defeat in France had not reduced the determination of the government to fight on and ambassadors in Mediterranean countries reported favourable reactions.{{sfn|Playfair|1959|p=142}}

The French ships in Alexandria under the command of Admiral [[René-Emile Godfroy]], including the old battleship ''Lorraine'' and four cruisers, were blockaded by the British on 3 July and offered the same terms as at Mers-el-Kébir. After delicate negotiations, conducted on the part of the British by Admiral [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Andrew Cunningham]], Godfroy agreed on 7 July to disarm his fleet and stay in port until the end of the war.{{sfn|Playfair|1959|pp=140–141}} Some sailors joined the Free French while others were repatriated to France; the ships at Alexandria went on to be used by the Free French after May 1943. The British attacks on French vessels in port increased tension between Churchill and [[Charles de Gaulle]], who was recognised by the British as the leader of the [[Free French Forces]] on 28 June 1940.{{sfnm|1a1=Auphan|1a2=Mordal|1y=1976|1pp=124–126|2a1=Butler|2y=1971|2p=230}}

[[Eric Seal]], Churchill's [[Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister|principal private secretary]], wrote "[Churchill] was convinced that the Americans were impressed by ruthlessness in dealing with a ruthless foe; and in his mind the American reaction to our attack on the French fleet in Oran was of the first importance". On 4 July, Roosevelt told the French ambassador that he would have done the same.{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=92}} [[Jean Lacouture]], in a biography of De Gaulle, blamed the tragedy mainly on miscommunication; if Darlan had been in contact on the day or if Somerville had possessed a more diplomatic character, a deal might have been done. Lacouture accepted that there was a danger that the French ships might have been captured by German or more likely Italian troops, given the ease with which the British seized French ships in British ports or the Germans seized French ships in [[Bizerte]] in Tunisia in November 1942.{{sfnm|1a1=Lacouture|1y=1991|1p=249|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2p=404}}

In 2004, David Brown wrote that foreign opinion was generally favourable to Operation Catapult and that the demonstration of British determination had succeeded.{{sfn|Brown|2004|pp=204–205}} In 2010, Colin Smith wrote that the attack was the first big triumph of Churchill's premiership and that they had been received favourably by the governments of the US, Turkey, Greece and Brazil, with condemnation from Spain and Switzerland. Count [[Galeazzo Ciano]], the Italian foreign minister, made a diary entry that the Royal Navy retained the "ruthlessness of the captains and pirates of the C16th".{{sfn|Smith|2010|pp=94, 93}}

In 2015, George Melton offered a dissenting opinion, and argued that much of the historiography of the attack represented a "Churchillian perspective" that ignored how the British attack on Mers el-Kébir had been a "tactical failure". Melton wrote that the attack was unnecessary, because the French Navy had pledged and planned to scuttle its ships as a matter of honour rather than see them fall into German or Italian hands. The results of the attack were the opposite of what the British intended because it had sunk or put out of action very little of the French fleet, rather than ensure that the fleet was neutralised; prompted French ships that had been dispersed to remote bases in French North Africa, where they were beyond the reach of the Axis, to concentrate at Toulon, where they formed a powerful striking force and were in far greater danger of seizure by Axis forces. The attack united the French Navy and French people in hostility to the British.{{sfn|Melton|2015|pp=197, 170–171, 174, 177, 200, 195}}

The British lost access to the [[French colonial empire|French Empire]] and French leaders other than Charles de Gaulle and an undeclared Anglo-French conflict over the next few months made the British strategic situation worse. Melton called it a "myth" that the attack had demonstrated British resolve to the United States, something British decision-makers did not discuss prior to the attack and which he wrote could have been more convincingly achieved through an attack on the Italian fleet or a large bombing raid against Germany. Melton suggested that Churchill's anger at France for its capitulation to the Axis and his "obsession" with seizing or sinking the four modern French battleships (''Jean Bart'', ''Richelieu'', ''Dunkerque'', and ''Strasbourg'') was largely responsible for the attack.{{sfn|Melton|2015|pp=202–206}}

===Casualties===
[[File:Mers el Kebir Memorial at Toulon, France.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Memorial on the coast path at Toulon to the 1,297 French seamen killed at Mers El Kebir}}]]
{| align="centre" class="wikitable"
|+ Numbers killed at Mers-el-Kébir{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=19}}
! Officers !! Petty<br />officers !! Sailors,<br /> marines !! Total
|-
! {{Ship|French battleship|Bretagne||2}}
| align="right" | 36
| align="right" | 151
| align="right" | 825
| align="right" | 1012
|-
! {{Ship|French battleship|Dunkerque||2}}
| align="right" | 9
| align="right" | 32
| align="right" | 169
| align="right" | 210
|-
! {{Ship|French battleship|Provence||2}}
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 3
|-
! {{Ship|French battleship|Strasbourg||2}}
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" | 3
| align="right" | 5
|-
! {{Ship|French destroyer|Mogador||2}}
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 3
| align="right" | 35
| align="right" | 38
|-
! {{Ship|French aviso|Rigault de Genouilly||2}}
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 3
| align="right" | 9
| align="right" | 12
|-
! ''Terre Neuve''
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 6
| align="right" | 8
|-
! ''Armen''
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 3
| align="right" | 3
| align="right" | 6
|-
! ''Esterel''
| align="right" | 1
| align="right" | 5
| align="right" |—
| align="right" | 6
|-
! Total
| align="right" | '''48'''
| align="right" | '''202'''
| align="right" | '''1,050'''
| align="right" | '''1,300'''
|-
! Fleet Air Arm{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=61}}
| align="right" | —
| align="right" | —
| align="right" | —
| align="right" | '''2'''
|}

===Subsequent events===

====British–Vichy hostilities====
Following the 3 July operation, Darlan ordered the French fleet to attack Royal Navy ships wherever possible; Pétain and his foreign minister [[Paul Baudouin]] over-ruled the order the next day. Military retaliation was conducted by ineffective [[Military history of Gibraltar during World War II#Vichy French attacks: 1940|air raids on Gibraltar]] but Baudouin noted, "the attack on our fleet is one thing, war is another". As sceptics had warned, there were also complications with the French empire; when French colonial forces defeated de Gaulle's Free French Forces at the [[Battle of Dakar]] in September 1940, Germany responded by permitting [[Vichy France]] to maintain its remaining ships armed, rather than demobilised.{{sfnm|1a1=Playfair|1y=1959|1pp=142–143|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2p=99}} On 24 September Gibraltar was bombed by sixty Vichy French aircraft which dropped {{cvt|45|LT|ST+t}} of bombs and that night, 81 bombers dropped {{cvt|60|LT|ST+t}} of bombs. The French 2nd Destroyer Division comprising {{Ship|French destroyer|Fougueux||2}}, {{Ship|French destroyer|Frondeur||2}}, {{Ship|French destroyer|Épée|1938|2}} and {{Ship|French destroyer|Fleuret|1938|2}} had sailed from Casablanca on 24 September and in the early hours of 25 September encountered the destroyer {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}} patrolling off Gibraltar. ''Épée'' opened fire but its {{cvt|13|cm}} guns broke down after firing fourteen shells, ''Fleuret'' did not open fire because it could not get on target and the other French destroyers fired six shots between them. ''Hotspur'' returned fire but this was not reported by the French ships.{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=56}}

On 27 September Force H stayed at sea after receiving "a charming message [that] the whole of the Toulon fleet was coming out to have a scrap with us" but the two navies adhered to a tacit understanding that the British did not attack more powerful French forces at sea or ships in port but intercepted other French ships,

{{Blockquote|Though British commanders had precise instructions regarding the interception of French shipping, discretion might prove the better part of valour if Vichy escorts were liable to inflict serious loss.{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=56}}}}

In the autumn, the French sent a convoy through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] untroubled, a state of affairs that rarely changed during the Mediterranean Campaign.{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=56}}

====Gibraltarian civilians====

{{Main|Military history of Gibraltar during World War II|Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II}}

In early June 1940, about 13,500 civilians had been evacuated from Gibraltar to [[Casablanca]] in [[French Morocco]]. Following the capitulation of the French to the Germans and the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, the Vichy government found their presence an embarrassment. Later in June, 15 British cargo vessels arrived in Casablanca under Commodore Crichton, repatriating 15,000 French servicemen who had been rescued from Dunkirk. Once the French troops had disembarked, the ships were interned until the Commodore agreed to take away the evacuees, who, reflecting tensions generated after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, were escorted to the ships at bayonet point, minus many of their possessions.{{sfn|Bond|2003|p=98}}

====Case Anton====

{{Main|Case Anton}}

On 19 November 1942, the Germans tried to capture the French fleet based at Toulon, against the armistice terms, as part of Case Anton, the military occupation of Vichy France by Germany. All ships of any military value were [[Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon|scuttled]] by the French before the arrival of German troops, notably ''Dunkerque'', ''Strasbourg'' and seven (four heavy and three light) modern cruisers. For many in the French Navy this was a final proof that there had never been a question of their ships ending up in German hands and that the British action at Mers-el-Kébir had been unnecessary.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=61}} Darlan was true to his promise in 1940, that French ships would not be allowed to fall into German hands. Godfroy, still in command of the French ships neutralised at Alexandria, remained aloof for a while longer but on 17 May 1943 joined the Allies.{{sfn|Roskill|1962|pp=338, 444}}

==Orders of battle==
===British ships===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Fleet Air Arm squadrons embarked in ''Ark Royal''{{sfn|Sturtivant|Ballance|1984|pp=155, 198, 237}}
|-
! scope="col" width="140px"  |Name
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Flag
! scope="col" width="60px"  |Type
! |Notes
|-
|align="left"|[[800 Naval Air Squadron]]
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[Blackburn Skua|Skua]]
|align="left"|Two shot down{{sfn|Marder|2015|p=256}}
|-
|align="left"|[[810 Naval Air Squadron]]
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]]
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|[[818 Naval Air Squadron]]
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]]
|align="left"|
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Force H{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|pp=19–20}}
|-
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Name
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Flag
! scope="col" width="180px"  |Type
! |Notes
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[Aircraft carrier]]
|align="left"|[[Force H]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Hood|51|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{sclass2|Admiral|battlecruiser}}
|align="left"|[[Force H]] (Flagship)
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Resolution|09|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Revenge|battleship}}
|align="left"|[[Force H]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship}}
|align="left"|[[Force H]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Arethusa|26|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Arethusa|cruiser|||1934}}
|align="left"|[[Force H]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Enterprise|D52|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Emerald|cruiser}}
|align="left"|[[Force H]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Active|H14|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[A- and B-class destroyer|A-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[13th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Escort|H66|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Faulknor|H62|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Fearless|H67|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Foresight|H68|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Forester|H74|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Foxhound|H69|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[E and F-class destroyer|F-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[8th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Keppel|D84|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[Thornycroft type destroyer leader|Thorneycroft destroyer leader]]
|align="left"|[[13th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Vidette|D48|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[V and W-class destroyer|V-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[13th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Vortigern|D37|6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[V and W-class destroyer|V-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[13th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|align="left"|{{HMS|Wrestler||6}}
|align="left"|{{navy|UKGBI}}
|align="left"|[[V and W-class destroyer|W-class destroyer]]
|align="left"|[[13th Destroyer Flotilla]]
|-
|}

===French ships at Oran===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+{{lang|fr|Marine Nationale}}{{sfn|O'Hara|2009|p=19}}
|-
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Name
! scope="col" width="100px"  |Flag
! scope="col" width="180px"  |Type
! |Notes
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French battleship|Dunkerque||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Dunkerque|battleship}}
|align="left"|1st line division {{lang|fr|[[Force de Raid]]}} (Flagship)
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French battleship|Strasbourg||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Dunkerque|battleship}}
|align="left"|1st line division {{lang|fr|[[Force de Raid]]}}
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French battleship|Bretagne||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bretagne|battleship}}
|align="left"|2nd line division {{lang|fr|[[Force de Raid]]}}
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French battleship|Provence||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bretagne|battleship}}
|align="left"|2nd line division {{lang|fr|[[Force de Raid]]}}
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French seaplane carrier|Commandant Teste||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|[[Seaplane tender|Large seaplane tender]]
|align="left"|Aircraft transporter
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Bordelais||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|L'Adroit|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 8th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Boulonnais||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|L'Adroit|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 5th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Brestois||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|L'Adroit|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 5th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Kersaint|1931|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Vauquelin|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 10th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|La Bayonnaise||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|La Melpomène|torpedo boat}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 13th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|La Poursuivante||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|La Melpomène|torpedo boat}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 13th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Le Terrible||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Le Fantasque|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 9th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Lynx||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Chacal|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 4th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Mogador||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Mogador|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 6th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Rigault de Genouilly||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bougainville|aviso}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Tigre||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Chacal|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 4th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Tornade||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bourrasque|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 7th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Tramontane||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bourrasque|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 7th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Trombe||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bourrasque|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 8th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{ship|French destroyer|Typhon||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Bourrasque|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 7th Destroyer Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French destroyer|Volta||2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Mogador|destroyer}}
|align="left"|2nd Light Squadron, 6th Scout Division
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French submarine|Ariane|Q122|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Ariane|submarine}}
|align="left"|2nd Submarine Squadron
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French submarine|Danaé|Q131|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Ariane|submarine}}
|align="left"|2nd Submarine Squadron
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French submarine|Diane|NN4|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Diane|submarine|||1930}}
|align="left"|2nd Submarine Squadron
|-
|align="left"|{{Ship|French submarine|Eurydice|Q130|2}}
|align="left"|{{navy|France}}
|align="left"|{{sclass|Ariane|submarine}}
|align="left"|2nd Submarine Squadron
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
* [[Battle of Taranto]]
* [[Naval Battle of Casablanca]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Auphan |first1=Gabriel |author-link1=Gabriel Auphan |last2=Mordal |first2=Jacques |author-link2=Jacques Mordal |title=The French Navy in World War II |year=1976 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-8371-8660-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=P. M. H. Bell |title=France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation |year=1997 |publisher=Longman |location=London |isbn=978-0-582-28920-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Bond |first=Peter |title=300 Years of British Gibraltar: 1704–2004 |year=2003 |publisher=Peter-Tan Ltd for Government of Gibraltar |location=Gibraltar |oclc=1005205264}}
* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=D. |series=Cass: Naval Policy and History No. 20 |title=The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940 |year=2004 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-5461-4}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/grandstrategy02butl |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |last=Butler |first=J. R. M. |series=[[History of the Second World War]] United Kingdom Military Series |title=Grand Strategy: September 1939 – June 1941 |volume=II |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1971 |orig-year=1957 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-11-630095-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chin |first=Rachel |title=War of Words: Britain, France and Discourses of Empire during the Second World War |year=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-00-918101-3}}
* {{cite book |title=The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 |last1=Greene |first1=J. |last2=Massignani |first2=A. |year=2002 |orig-year=1998 |publisher=Chatham |location=Rochester |edition=pbk. |isbn=978-1-86176-190-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Jameson |first=William |title=Ark Royal: the Life of an Aircraft Carrier at War 1939-41 |orig-year=1957 |edition=2nd |date=2004 |publisher=Periscope Publishing |location=Penzance |isbn=1-904381-27-8}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/degaullerebel18900laco |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |last=Lacouture |first=Jean |title=De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 |year=1991 |orig-year=1984 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=London |edition=Eng trans. |isbn=978-0-393-02699-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Holman |first1=Valerie |last2=Kelly |first2=Debra |title=France at war in the twentieth century: Propaganda, myth and metaphor |date=2000 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-57181-701-3 |pages=69–76}}
* {{cite book |last=Marder |first=A. |author-link=Arthur Marder |title=From the Dardanelles to Oran: Studies of the Royal Navy in War and Peace 1915–1940 |year=2015 |orig-year=1974 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |edition=repr. Seaforth Publishing (Pen & Sword Books) Barnsley |lccn=2015938192 |isbn=978-1-84832-252-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Melton |first=George E. |title=From Versailles to Mers el-Kébir: The Promise of Anglo-French Naval Cooperation 1919–1940 |year=2015 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-1-61251-879-4}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Hara |first=Vincent P. |year=2009 |title=Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-1-59114-648-3}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|1959}} |first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=G. M. S. |last2=Stitt |first3= C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1959 |orig-year=1954 |edition=3rd impr. |oclc=494123451 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html |access-date=24 November 2017 |display-authors=1 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928214201/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Med-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=978-1-86176-257-3}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021618/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |series=[[History of the Second World War]]: The War at Sea 1939–1945 |title=The Period of Balance |volume=II |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |year=1962 |orig-year=1956 |edition=3rd impression |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html |oclc=174453986 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306064640/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=C. |title=England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940–1942 |year=2010 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |edition=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-7538-2705-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sturtivant |first1=Ray |last2=Ballance |first2=Theo |title=The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm |year=1984 |publisher=Air Britain |location=Tonbridge |isbn=0-85130-120-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sutherland |first1=Jon |last2=Canwell |first2=Diane |title=Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II |year=2011 |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84884-336-3}}

===Journals===
* {{cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Martin |title=After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940–43 |year=1997 |journal=English Historical Review |volume=112 |issue=447 |issn=0013-8266}}

===Primary sources===
* {{citation |date=22 June 1940 |title=Armistice 1940, France Allemagne, signé à Rethondes le 22 juin 1940 |trans-title=Armistice 1940, France Germany, signed at Rethondes on 22 June 1940 |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1940armistice.htm |via=Université de Perpignan |language=fr |chapter=Article 8: La flotte de guerre française |ref={{sfnRef|Armistice 1940}} |id=[Article 8: The French war fleet] |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420190641/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1940armistice.htm |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Collier |first=Paul |title=The Second World War: The Mediterranean 1940–1945 |volume=IV |year=2003 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84176-539-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ehrengardt |first1=Christian-Jacques Ehrengardt |last2=Shores |first2=Christopher J. |series=Grandes batailles de France |title=L'aviation de Vichy au combat: les campagnes oubliées 3 juillet 1940 – 27 novembre 1942 |trans-title=The Vichy Air Force in Combat: The Forgotten Campaigns |year=1985 |volume=I |publisher=C. Lavauzelle |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7025-0092-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=E. H. |title=A History of the French Navy: From its Beginnings to the Present Day |year=1979 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=London |isbn=978-0-356-04196-4}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lasterle |first=Philippe |s2cid=159759345 |title=Could Admiral Gensoul Have Averted the Tragedy of Mers el-Kebir? |year=2003 |journal=Journal of Military History |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=835–844 |issn=0899-3718 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2003.0234}}
* {{cite book |first=R. O. |last=Paxton |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 |year=1972 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-394-47360-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Rankin |first=Nicholas |title=Defending the Rock: How Gibraltar Defeated Hitler |year=2017 |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-30773-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Attack on Mers El Kebir}}
* [http://www.hmshood.org.uk/reference/official/adm234/adm234-317.htm A plan of the Mers-el-Kébir anchorage], hmshood.org.uk
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0366769 ''Mers-El-Kebir''] (1979) a French made-for-TV movie
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023403/http://www.digitalsurvivors.com/archives/churchillsinkingfrenchfleet.php Churchill's Sinking of the French Fleet (3 July 1940)], digitalsurvivors.com
* [http://video.pbs.org/video/1492157105/ Churchill's Deadly Decision], episode of ''Secrets of the Dead'' describing the attack and the events leading up to it
* Kappes, Irwin J. (2003) [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/merselkebir.aspx ''Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle between Friends''], Military History Online
* Waghorne, Richard (2020) [https://thecritic.co.uk/the-most-hateful-decision/ The Most Hateful Decision: Honour, Power, and Will at Mers-el-Kébir], The Critic

{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mers-El-Kebir 1940}}
[[Category:1940 in Algeria]]
[[Category:1940 in France]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1940]]
[[Category:Battle of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military history of Algeria during World War II]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:Naval history of World War II]]
[[Category:France–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:July 1940 events]]
[[Category:History of Mers El Kébir|Attack]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Algeria]]
[[Category:Naval bombing operations and battles]]
[[Category:British violations of the rights of neutral nations during World War II]]