View source for Baleen whale

{{short description|Whales that strain food from the water using baleen}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Baleen whales
| fossil_range = {{Temporal range|late Eocene|Present}}
| image = Mysticeti Diversity.png
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[humpback whale]], [[gray whale]], [[North Atlantic right whale]], and [[common minke whale]]
| image_alt = A humpback whale breaching
| taxon = Mysticeti
| authority = {{harvnb|Cope|1891}}
| synonyms = * Mystacoceti
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subgroups]]
| subdivision = *†''[[Borealodon]]''
*†''[[Coronodon]]''
*†[[Llanocetidae]]
*†[[Mammalodontidae]]
*'''Kinetomenta'''
**†[[Aetiocetidae]]
**'''Chaeomysticeti'''
***†[[Eomysticetidae]]
***†[[Pelocetidae]]
***[[Cetotheriidae]]
***[[Balaenopteridae]]
***[[Balaenidae]]
***[[Eschrichtiidae]]
| diversity = 16 species
| diversity_link = List of cetaceans#Mysticeti: baleen whales
}}

'''Baleen whales''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ə|ˈ|l|iː|n}}), also known as '''whalebone whales''', are [[marine mammal]]s of the [[order (biology)|parvorder]] '''Mysticeti''' in the infraorder [[Cetacea]] ([[whale]]s, [[dolphin]]s and [[porpoise]]s), which use [[keratin]]aceous [[baleen]] plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieve [[plankton]]ic creatures from the water. Mysticeti comprises the [[family (biology)|families]] [[Balaenidae]] ([[right whale|right]] and [[Bowhead whale|bowhead]] whales), [[Balaenopteridae]] ([[rorqual]]s), [[Eschrichtiidae]] (the [[gray whale]]) and [[Cetotheriidae]] (the [[pygmy right whale]]). There are currently 16 [[species]] of baleen whales. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from [[Mesonychia|mesonychians]], [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] evidence instead supports them as a [[clade]] of [[even-toed ungulate]]s (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split from [[toothed whale]]s (Odontoceti) around 34 [[mya (unit)|million years ago]].

Baleen whales range in size from the {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} and {{convert|3000|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} [[pygmy right whale]] to the {{convert|31|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} and {{convert|190|MT|ST|abbr=on}} [[blue whale]], the [[Largest organisms|largest known animal]] to have ever existed.<ref name=G.S.Paul2010>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|edition=Second|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PFuzDAAAQBAJ|page=19}}|date=25 October 2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8314-1|page=19}}</ref><ref name=Bortolotti>{{cite book|last=Bortolotti|first=Dan|title=Wild Blue: A Natural History of the World's Largest Animal|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MGq3G2NIgjYC}}|date=14 October 2008|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4299-8777-6}}</ref> They are [[sexually dimorphic]]. Baleen whales can have streamlined or large bodies, depending on the feeding behavior, and two limbs that are modified into [[Flipper (anatomy)|flippers]]. The [[fin whale]] is the fastest baleen whale, recorded swimming at {{cvt|10|m/s|kph mph}}. Baleen whales use their [[baleen|baleen plates]] to filter out food from the water by either [[Aquatic predation#lunge feeding|lunge-feeding]] or skim-feeding. Baleen whales have fused [[cervical vertebrae|neck vertebrae]], and are unable to turn their heads at all. Baleen whales have two [[blowhole (anatomy)|blowholes]]. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or [[blubber]], under the skin to keep warm in the cold water.

Although baleen whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]]. Gray whales are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling [[crustacean]]s. Rorquals are specialized at lunge-feeding, and have a streamlined body to reduce drag while accelerating. Right whales skim-feed, meaning they use their enlarged head to effectively take in a large amount of water and sieve the slow-moving prey. Males typically mate with more than one female ([[Polygyny in nature|polygyny]]), although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. Male strategies for [[reproductive success]] vary between performing [[Courtship display|ritual displays]] ([[whale song]]) or [[lek mating]]. Calves are typically born in the winter and spring months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers [[fasting|fast]] for a relatively long period of time over the period of migration, which varies between species. Baleen whales produce a number of [[infrasound|infrasonic]] [[whale sound|vocalizations]], notably the songs of the [[humpback whale]].

The meat, blubber, baleen, and oil of baleen whales have traditionally been used by the [[Circumpolar peoples|indigenous peoples of the Arctic]]. Once relentlessly [[whaling|hunted]] by commercial industries for these products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. These protections have allowed their numbers to recover. However, the [[North Atlantic right whale]] is ranked critically endangered by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]. Besides hunting, baleen whales also face threats from [[marine pollution]] and [[ocean acidification]]. It has been speculated that [[marine mammals and sonar|man-made sonar]] results in [[cetacean stranding|strandings]]. They have rarely been kept in captivity, and this has only been attempted with juveniles or members of one of the smallest species.

==Taxonomy==
{{See also|List of cetaceans|List of extinct cetaceans}}
Baleen whales are [[cetacean]]s classified under the [[parvorder]] Mysticeti, and consist of four [[extant taxon|extant]] [[family (biology)|families]]: [[Balaenidae]] ([[right whale]]s), [[Balaenopteridae]] (rorquals), [[Eschrichtiidae]] ([[gray whale]]) and [[Cetotheriidae]] ([[pygmy right whale]]). Balaenids are distinguished by their enlarged head and thick [[blubber]],<ref name="morphology">{{Cite journal |last=Woodward |first=Becky L. |last2=Winn |first2=Jeremy P. |last3=Fish |first3=Frank E. |date=November 2006 |title=Morphological specializations of baleen whales associated with hydrodynamic performance and ecological niche |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=267 |issue=11 |pages=1284–1294 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10474 |pmid=17051544 |s2cid=14231425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=J. |last2=Scott |first2=R. |date=2002 |title=''Eubalaena glacialis'': North Atlantic right whale: Information |url=http://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Eubalaena_glacialis.html |access-date=25 January 2016 |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology}}</ref> while rorquals and gray whales generally have a flat head, long throat pleats, and are more streamlined than Balaenids. Rorquals also tend to be longer than the latter.<ref name="Worlds">{{Cite book |title=The World's Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide |publisher=The Smithsonian Institution |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-89599-014-3 |editor-last=Minasian |editor-first=Stanley M. |location=New York |page=18 |editor-last2=Balcomb |editor-first2=Kenneth C. |editor-last3=Foster |editor-first3=Larry}}</ref> Cetaceans ([[whale]]s, [[dolphin]]s, and [[porpoise]]s) and [[artiodactyl]]s are now classified under the order [[Cetartiodactyla]], often still referred to as Artiodactyla (given that the cetaceans are deeply nested with the artiodactyls). The closest living relatives to baleen whales are toothed whales both from the infraorder [[Cetacea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gatesy |first=J. |date=1997 |title=More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=537–543 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 |pmid=9159931 |doi-access=free}}{{open access}}</ref>

===Classification===
{{cladogram|align=left|caption=Phylogeny of baleen whales according to a 2019 analysis by McGowen and colleagues,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gatesy |first=J. |title=The Bowhead Whale |last2=McGowen |first2=M. R. |date=2021 |isbn=9780128189696 |page=6 |chapter=Higher level phylogeny of baleen whales |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818969-6.00001-7 |s2cid=225003187}}</ref> with the Bryde's whale [[species complex|complex]] expanded following Rosel et al (2021).<ref name="Rosel-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Rosel |first=P.E. |last2=Wilcox |first2=L.A. |last3=Yamada |first3=T.K. |last4=Millin |first4=K.D. |date=2021 |title=A new species of baleen whale (''Balaenoptera'') from the Gulf of Mexico, with a review of its geographic distribution |journal=Marine Mammal Science |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=577–610 |bibcode=2021MMamS..37..577R |doi=10.1111/mms.12776 |s2cid=234256521}}</ref>|title=
|cladogram=
{{clade
|style=font-size:81%;line-height:90%;width:550px;
|label1='''Mysticeti'''
 |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |label1=[[Balaenidae]]
   |1={{clade
    |1=[[Bowhead whale]] [[File:Balaena mysticetus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Bowhead whale illustration|alt=Bowhead whale illustration with an overall black body with a white patch on the jaw, and a large body]]
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Southern right whale]] [[File:Eubalaena australis3 flipped.jpg|50px|South Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=South Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[North Atlantic right whale]] [[File:Eubalaena glacialis NOAA.jpg|50 px|North Atlantic right whale illustration|alt=North Atlantic right whale illustration with an overall black coloration with a white patch above the eyes, callosities on the opening of the mouth, and a large body]]
      |2=[[North Pacific right whale]] [[File:Eubalaena japonica drawing-removebg-preview.png|50 px]]
      }}
     }}
    }}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Cetotheriidae]]
    |label2=[[Balaenopteroidea]]
    |1=[[Pygmy right whale]] [[File:Caperea marginata 3 flipped.jpg|50 px|Pygmy right whale illustration|alt=Pygmy right whale illustration with a dark gray top, a light grey underside, a light eyepatch, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
    |2={{clade
     |1={{clade
      |1=[[Common minke whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera acutorostrata NOAA.jpg|50 px|Common minke whale illustration|alt=Common minke whale illustration with a dark top, creamy underside with a creamy stripe on the pectoral fins, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
      |2=[[Southern minke whale]] [[File:Rorcual austral 3 flipped.jpg|50px|Antarctic minke whale illustration|alt=Antarctic minke whale illustration with a dark top, a creamy underside, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin where the back begins to slope down]]
      }}
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[Gray whale]] [[File:Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg|50 px|Gray whale illustration|alt=Gray whale illustration with a sleet gray color, lightly colored spots mainly on the head and top, a robust body, and small bumps where the back slopes downwards]]
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=[[Humpback whale]] [[File:Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg|50 px|Humpback whale illustration|alt=Humpback whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a robust body, and a small, stunted dorsal fin]]
        |2=[[Fin whale]] [[File:Rorcual común (Balaenoptera physalus) flipped.jpg|50 px|Fin whale illustration|alt=Fin whale illustration with a dark backside, white underside, lightly colored head, a slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
        }}
       |2={{clade
        |label2=Bryde's whale [[species complex|complex]]<ref name=Rosel-2021/>
        |1=[[Blue whale]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Blauwal.png|50 px|Blue whale illustration|alt=Blue whale illustration with a dark blue tail, a slightly lighter shade of blue overall, and a small dorsal fin close to the tail]]</span>
        |2={{clade
         |1=[[Omura's whale]]
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=[[Eden's whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera edeni.jpg|50 px|Eden's whale illustration|alt=Eden's whale illustration with a light top, white bottom, a long and slender body, and a small dorsal fin near the tail]]
           |2=[[Rice's whale]] <span style = "{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Balaenoptera ricei NOAA Fisheries.png|50 px]]</span>
           }}
          |2=[[Sei whale]] [[File:Balaenoptera borealis.jpg|50 px|Sei whale illustration|alt=Sei whale illustration with an overall dark coloration, white underbelly, a long robust body, and a dorsal fin near the tail]]
          |3=[[Bryde's whale]] <span style = "{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Rorcual de Bryde.jpg|50 px|Bryde's whale (rorqual)]]</span>
          }}
         }}
        }}
       }}
      }}
     }}
    }}
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}
Balaenidae consists of two genera: ''Eubalaena'' (right whales) and ''[[Balaena]]'' (the [[bowhead whale]], ''B. mysticetus''). Balaenidae was thought to have consisted of only one genus until studies done through the early 2000s reported that bowhead whales and right whales are [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] (different skull shape) and [[phylogeny|phylogenically]] different. According to a study done by H. C. Rosenbaum (of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]) and colleagues, the North Pacific (''E. japonica'') and Southern right (''E. australis'') whales are more closely related to each other than to the North Atlantic right whale (''E. glacialis'').<ref name="Brownell">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenbaum |first=H. C. |last2=Brownell Jr. |first2=R. L. |last3=Schaeff |first3=M. W.B.C. |last4=Portway |first4=V. |last5=White |first5=B. N. |last6=Malik |first6=S. |last7=Pastene |first7=L. A. |last8=Patenaude |first8=N. J. |last9=Baker |first9=C. S. |last10=Goto |first10=M. |last11=Best |first11=P. |last12=Clapham |first12=P. J. |last13=Hamilton |first13=P. |last14=Moore |first14=M. |last15=Payne |first15=R. |date=2000 |title=World-wide genetic differentiation of ''Eubalaena'': Questioning the number of right whale species |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=1793–1802 |bibcode=2000MolEc...9.1793R |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01066.x |pmid=11091315 |s2cid=7166876 |ref={{harvid|Rosenbaum and Brownell, Jr., et al.}} |first16=V. |last16=Rowntree |first17=C. T. |last17=Tynan |first18=J. L. |last18=Bannister |first19=R. |last19=Desalle}}</ref>

Cetotheriidae consists of only one living member: the pygmy right whale (''Caperea marginata''). The first descriptions date back to the 1840s of bones and [[baleen plate]]s resembling a smaller version of the right whale, and was named ''Balaena marginata''. In 1864, it was moved into the genus ''Caperea'' after a skull of another specimen was discovered. Six years later, the pygmy right whale was classified under the family Neobalaenidae.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cousteau |first=Jacques |title=Whales |last2=Paccalet |first2=Yves |publisher=H.N. Abrams |date=1986 |oclc=681455766}}</ref> Despite its name, the pygmy right whale is more [[genetics|genetically]] similar to rorquals and gray whales than to right whales.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp= 939–941}} A study published in 2012, based on bone structure, moved the pygmy right whale from the family Neobalaenidae to the family Cetotheriidae, making it a [[living fossil]]; Neobalaenidae was demoted to subfamily level as Neobalaeninae.<ref name="fordyce2012">{{Cite journal |last=Fordyce |first=R. E. |last2=Marx |first2=Felix G. |date=2012 |title=The pygmy right whale ''Caperea marginata'': the last of the cetotheres |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=280 |issue=1753 |pages=20122645 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.2645 |pmc=3574355 |pmid=23256199}}{{open access}}</ref>

Rorquals consist of three genera (''[[Balaenoptera]],'' ''[[Megaptera]],'' and ''[[Eschrichtius]]'') and 11 species: the [[fin whale]] (''B. physalus''), the [[Sei whale]] (''B. borealis''), [[Bryde's whale]] (''B. brydei''), [[Eden's whale]] (''B. edeni''), [[Rice's whale]] (''B. ricei''), the [[blue whale]] (''B. musculus''), the [[common minke whale]] (''B. acutorostrata''), the [[Antarctic minke whale]] (''B. bonaerensis''), [[Omura's whale]] (''B. omurai''), the [[humpback whale]] (''M. novaeangliae''), and the [[gray whale]] (''E. robustus''). In a 2012 review of cetacean taxonomy, Alexandre Hassanin (of the [[Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]]) and colleagues suggested that, based on phylogenic criteria, there are four extant genera of rorquals. They recommend that the genus ''Balaenoptera'' be limited to the fin whale, have minke whales fall under the genus ''Pterobalaena'', and have ''Rorqualus'' contain the Sei whale, Bryde's whale, Eden's whale (and by extension Rice's whale), the blue whale, and Omura's whale.<ref name="Hassanin">{{Cite journal |last=Hassanin |first=Alexandre |last2=Delsucc |first2=Frédéric |last3=Ropiquet |first3=Anne |last4=Hammere |first4=Catrin |last5=Van Vuurenf |first5=Bettine J. |last6=Mattheef |first6=Conrad |last7=Ruiz-Garcia |first7=Manuel |last8=Catzeflisc |first8=François |last9=Areskough |first9=Veronika |last10=Thanh Nguyena |first10=Trung |last11=Coulouxj |first11=Arnaud |date=2012 |title=Histoire évolutive des Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria) racontée par l'analyse des génomes mitochondriaux |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002/ |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |language=fr |volume=335 |issue=1 |pages=32–50 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002 |pmid=22226162 |ref={{harvid|Hassanin and Ropiquet, et al.}}|doi-access=free }}</ref> The gray whale was formerly classified in its own family. The two populations, one in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and [[Sea of Japan]] and the other in [[Pacific Ocean|eastern Pacific]] are thought to be genetically and physiologically dissimilar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nakamura |first=G. |last2=Kato |first2=H. |date=2014 |script-title=ja:日本沿岸域に近年（1990–2005 年）出現したコククジラEschrichtius robustus の骨学的特徴，特に頭骨形状から見た北太平洋西部系群と東部系群交流の可能性 |trans-title=Possibility of the North Pacific Western group and eastern group exchanges as seen from the osteologic features of the gray whale ''Eschrichtius robustus'' recently in the coastal area of Japan (1990–2005), especially from the skull shape |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mammalianscience/54/1/54_73/_pdf |format=PDF |journal=哺乳類科学 |language=ja |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=73–88 |doi=10.11238/mammalianscience.54.73}}{{open access}}</ref> However, there is some discussion as to whether the gray whale should be classified into its own family, or as a rorqual, with recent studies favoring the latter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Felix |date=2010 |title=The More the Merrier? A Large Cladistic Analysis of Mysticetes, and Comments on the Transition from Teeth to Baleen |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=77–100 |doi=10.1007/s10914-010-9148-4 |s2cid=24684836}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nikaido |first=Masato |last2=Hamilton |first2=Healy |last3=Makino |first3=Hitomi |date=2006 |title=Baleen Whale Phylogeny and a Past Extensive Radiation Event Revealed by SINE Insertion Analysis |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=866–73 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj071 |pmid=16330660 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Sasaki">{{Cite journal |last=Sasaki |first=Takeshi |last2=Nikaido |first2=Masato |last3=Hamilton |first3=Healy |last4=Goto |first4=Mutsuo |last5=Kato |first5=Hidehiro |last6=Kanda |first6=Naohisa |last7=Pastene |first7=Luis |last8=Cao |first8=Ying |last9=Fordyce |first9=R. |last10=Hasegawa |first10=Masami |last11=Okada |first11=Norihiro |date=2005 |title=Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=77–90 |doi=10.1080/10635150590905939 |pmid=15805012 |ref={{harvid|Sasaki and Nikaido, et al.}} |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Áranson |first=Úlfur |last2=Lammers |first2=Fritjof |last3=Kumar |first3=Vikas |last4=Nilsson |first4=Maria |date=2018 |title=Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow |journal=Science Advances |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=10 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.9873A |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aap9873 |pmc=5884691 |pmid=29632892}}</ref>

===Etymology===
The taxonomic name "Mysticeti" ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɪ|s|t|ɪ|ˈ|s|iː|t|aɪ}}) apparently derives from a translation error in early copies of [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[History of Animals|Historia Animalium]]'' (in [[Ancient Greek]]), in which "{{lang|grc|ὁ μῦς τὸ κῆτος}}" (''ho mus to kētos'', "the mouse, the whale so called") was mistakenly translated as "{{lang|grc|ὁ μυστικῆτος}}" (''ho mustikētos'', "the Mysticetus"), which D. W. Rice (of the [[Society for Marine Mammalogy]]) in {{Harvnb|Rice|1998}} assumed was an ironic reference to the animals' great size.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80 80–81]}} An alternate name for the parvorder is "Mystacoceti" (from Greek {{lang|grc|μύσταξ}} "mustache" + {{lang|grc|κῆτος}} "whale"), which, although obviously more appropriate and occasionally used in the past, has been superseded by "Mysticeti" ([[junior synonym]]).{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80 80–81]}}

Mysticetes are also known as baleen whales for their [[baleen]], which they use to sieve [[plankton]] and other small organisms from the water. The term "baleen" ([[Middle English]] ''baleyn, ballayne, ballien, bellane'', etc.) is an archaic word for "whale", which came from [[Old French]] ''[[wiktionary:baleine#Old French|baleine]]'', derived from the [[Latin]] word ''[[wiktionary:balaena|balæna]]'', derived itself from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''[[wiktionary:φάλλαινα|φάλλαινα]] (phállaina)''.<ref name="SOED">{{Cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-920687-2 |page=3804}}</ref>

Right whales got their name because of [[whaling|whalers]] preferring them over other species; they were essentially the "right whale" to catch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dolin |first=Eric Jay |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=KlVe8hYUpU4C|page=22}} |title=Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-06057-7 |page=22}}{{open access}}</ref>

===Differences between families===
[[File:Baleen whale sizes.JPG|thumb|Baleen whales vary considerably in size and shape, depending on their feeding behavior.]]
Rorquals use throat pleats to expand their mouths, which allow them to feed more effectively. However, rorquals need to build up water pressure in order to expand their mouths, leading to a lunge-feeding behavior. Lunge-feeding is where a whale rams a [[bait ball]] (a swarm of [[bait fish|small fish]]) at high speed. Rorquals generally have streamlined physiques to reduce drag in the water while doing this.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potvin |first=J. |last2=Goldbogen |first2=J. A. |last3=Shadwick |first3=R. E. |date=2009 |title=Passive versus active engulfment: verdict from trajectory simulations of lunge-feeding fin whales ''Balaenoptera physalus'' |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=6 |issue=40 |pages=1005–1025 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2008.0492 |pmc=2827442 |pmid=19158011}}{{open access}}</ref>
Balaenids rely on their huge heads, as opposed to the rorquals' throat pleats, to feed effectively. This feeding behavior allows them to grow very big and bulky, without the necessity for a streamlined body. They have [[callosities]], unlike other whales, with the exception of the bowhead whale.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80 p. 80]}} Rorquals have a higher proportion of muscle tissue and tend to be negatively buoyant, whereas right whales have a higher proportion of blubber and are positively buoyant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lockyer |first=C. |date=1976 |title=Body weights of some species of large whales |journal=Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=259–273 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/36.3.259}}</ref> Gray whales are easily distinguished from the other rorquals by their sleet-gray color, dorsal ridges (knuckles on the back), and their gray-white scars left from parasites. As with the other rorquals, their throat pleats increase the capacity of their throats, allowing them to filter larger volumes of water at once. Gray whales are bottom-feeders, meaning they sift through sand to get their food. They usually turn on their sides, scoop up sediment into their mouths and filter out [[benthic]] creatures like [[amphipod]]s, which leave noticeable marks on their heads.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Mary Lou |title=The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus |last2=Swartz |first2=Steven L. |last3=Leatherwood |first3=Stephen |publisher=Elsevier Science |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-12-389180-8 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Mary Lou |pages=33–34, 423–424 |chapter=A Review of Gray Whale Feeding Ecology |editor-last2=L. Swartz |editor-first2=Steven |editor-last3=Leatherwood |editor-first3=Stephen |chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=GfGITi5NmJoC|page=423}}}}{{open access}}</ref> The pygmy right whale is easily confused with minke whales because of their similar characteristics, such as their small size, dark gray tops, light gray bottoms, and light eye patches.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80 p. 80]}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| header = The three baleen whale families
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Eschrichtius robustus 01-cropped.jpg
| width1 = 225
| alt1 = Eschrichtiidae
| caption1 = [[gray whale|''Eschrichtius'', Balaenopteridae]]
| image2 = Moira Brown - MWB 0195-NEA-S4.jpg
| width2 = 215
| alt2 = ''Eubalaena'', Balaenidae
| caption2 = [[right whale|''Eubalaena'', Balaenidae]]
| image3 = Humpback Whale underwater shot.jpg
| width3 = 250
| alt3 = ''Megaptera'', Balaenopteridae
| caption3 = [[humpback whale|''Megaptera'', Balaenopteridae]]
| image4 = A bowhead whale breaches off the coast of western Sea of Okhotsk by Olga Shpak, Marine Mammal Council, IEE RAS.jpg
| width4 = 108
| alt4 = ''Balaena'', Balaenidae
| caption4 = [[bowhead whale|''Balaena'', Balaenidae]]
| image5 = Caperea marginata 3.jpg
| width5 = 380
| alt5 = Cetotheriidae
| caption5 = [[pygmy right whale|Cetotheriidae]]
| image6 = Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
| width6 = 203
| alt6 = ''Balaenoptera'', Balaenopteridae
| caption6 = [[Balaenoptera|''Balaenoptera'', Balaenopteridae]]
}}

{{collapsible list
|title=List of mysticetes
|framestyle=yes
|The "[[extinction|†]]" signs denote extinct families and genera.
* '''Parvorder Mysticeti''': baleen whales
** †''[[Coronodon]]''
** Family †[[Aetiocetidae]]<ref name="Pdb-42971">{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Felix G. |date=2011 |title=The More the Merrier? A Large Cladistic Analysis of Mysticetes, and Comments on the Transition from Teeth to Baleen |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=77–100 |doi=10.1007/s10914-010-9148-4 |s2cid=24684836}}</ref>
*** †''[[Aetiocetus]]''
*** †''[[Ashorocetus]]''
*** †''[[Chonecetus]]''
*** †''[[Fucaia]]''<ref name="Fucaia">{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Felix G. |last2=Tsai |first2=Cheng-Hsiu |last3=Fordyce |first3=R. Ewan |date=2015 |title=A new Early Oligocene toothed 'baleen' whale (Mysticeti: Aetiocetidae) from western North America: one of the oldest and the smallest |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=2 |issue=12 |page=150476 |bibcode=2015RSOS....250476M |doi=10.1098/rsos.150476 |pmc=4807455 |pmid=27019734}}</ref>
*** †''[[Morawanocetus]]''
*** †''[[Willungacetus]]''
** †Family [[Llanocetidae]]
*** †''[[Llanocetus]]''
** †Family [[Mammalodontidae]]
*** †''[[Janjucetus]]''
*** †''[[Mammalodon]]''
** †Family [[Mystacodon]]tidae
*** †''[[Mystacodon]]''
** Clade [[Chaeomysticeti]]
*** †''[[Horopeta]]''
*** †''[[Sitsqwayk]]''
*** †''[[Whakakai]]''
*** Superfamily [[Eomysticetoidea]]
**** †Family [[Cetotheriopsidae]]
***** †''[[Cetotheriopsis]]''
**** †Family [[Eomysticetidae]]
***** †''[[Eomysticetus]]''
***** †''[[Micromysticetus]]''
***** †''[[Tohoraata]]''
***** †''[[Tokarahia]]''
***** †''[[Waharoa (whale)|Waharoa]]''
***** †''[[Yamatocetus]]''
*** Clade [[Balaenomorpha]]
**** Superfamily [[Balaenoidea]]
***** Family [[Balaenidae]]: [[right whale]]s and [[bowhead whale]]
****** ''[[Balaena]]'' – bowhead whales
****** †''[[Balaenella]]''
****** †''[[Balaenotus]]''
****** †''[[Balaenula]]''
****** ''[[Eubalaena]]'' – right whales
****** †''[[Idiocetus]]''
****** †''[[Morenocetus]]''
****** †''[[Peripolocetus]]''
**** Clade [[Thalassotherii]]
***** †''[[Hibacetus]]''
***** †''[[Isocetus]]''
***** †''[[Parietobalaena]]''
***** †''[[Isanacetus]]''
***** †''[[Mauicetus]]''
***** †''[[Pinocetus]]''
***** †''[[Taikicetus]]''
***** †''[[Tiphyocetus]]''
***** †''[[Uranocetus]]''
***** Family †[[Aglaocetidae]]
****** † ''[[Aglaocetus]]''
***** †Family [[Diorocetidae]]
****** †''[[Amphicetus]]''
****** †''[[Diorocetus]]''
****** †''[[Plesiocetopsis]]''
****** †''[[Thinocetus]]''
***** †Family [[Pelocetidae]]<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
****** †''[[Cophocetus]]''
****** †''[[Pelocetus]]''
***** †Family [[Tranatocetidae]]
****** †''[[Mesocetus]]''
****** †''[[Mixocetus]]''
****** †''[[Tranatocetus]]''
***** Family [[Cetotheriidae]]
****** †''[[Brandtocetus]]''
****** ''[[Caperea]]'', [[pygmy right whale]]
****** †''[[Cephalotropis]]''
****** †''[[Cetotherium]]''
****** †''[[Eucetotherium]]''
****** †''[[Herentalia]]''
****** †''[[Herpetocetus]]''
****** †''[[Joumocetus]]''
****** †''[[Kurdalagonus]]''
****** †''[[Metopocetus]]''
****** †''[[Mithridatocetus]]''
****** †''[[Miocaperea]]''
****** †''[[Nannocetus]]''
****** †''[[Otradnocetus]]''
****** †''[[Palaeobalaena]]''?
****** †''[[Piscobalaena]]''
****** †''[[Titanocetus]]''?
****** †''[[Tiucetus]]''
****** †''[[Vampalus]]''
****** †''[[Zygiocetus]]''
**** Superfamily [[Balaenopteroidea]]
***** †''[[Eobalaenoptera]]''
***** Family [[Balaenopteridae]]: rorquals<ref name="Deméré 2005"/> [[File:Rouen-Mus-Mar-Walskelett--w.jpg|thumb|Rorqual skeleton with unfused mandibular symphysis (split jaw) clearly visible |alt=A rorqual skeleton with the jaw split into two]]
****** †''[[Archaebalaenoptera]]''
****** †''[[Archaeschrichtius]]''
****** ''[[Balaenoptera]]''
****** †''[[Burtinopsis]]'' (''[[nomen dubium]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steeman |first=M. E. |date=2010 |title=The extinct baleen whale fauna from the Miocene–Pliocene of Belgium and the diagnostic cetacean ear bones |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=63–80 |bibcode=2010JSPal...8...63S |doi=10.1080/14772011003594961 |oclc=694418047 |s2cid=83913241 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
****** †''[[Cetotheriophanes]]''
****** †''[[Diunatans]]''
****** †''[[Eschrichtioides]]''
****** ''[[Eschrichtius]]'' – [[gray whale]]s[[File:Monterey whale skeleton (4533108540).jpg|thumb|Gray whale skeleton|alt=A gray whale skeleton]]
****** †''[[Gricetoides]]''
****** ''[[Megaptera]]'' – [[humpback whale]]
****** †''[[Megapteropsis]]'' (''nomen dubium'')<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
****** †''[[Notiocetus]]''
****** †''[[Parabalaenoptera]]''
****** †''[[Plesiobalaenoptera]]''
****** †''[[Plesiocetus]]''
****** †''[[Praemegaptera]]''
****** †''[[Protororqualus]]''
**''[[incertae sedis]]''
*** ''[[Amphiptera]]'' (existence unconfirmed)
*** †''[[Halicetus]]''
*** †''[[Imerocetus]]''
*** †''[[Mioceta]]'' (''nomen dubium'')<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
*** †''[[Piscocetus]]''
*** †''[[Siphonocetus]]'' (''nomen dubium'')<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
*** †''[[Tretulias]]'' (''nomen dubium'')<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
*** †''[[Ulias]]'' (''nomen dubium'')<ref name="Pdb-42971"/>
}}

===Evolutionary history===
{{Main|Evolution of cetaceans}}
[[File:Janjucetus BW.jpg|thumb|right|Restoration of ''[[Janjucetus hunderi]]'']]
Molecular phylogeny suggests Mysticeti [[Cladogenesis|split]] from [[Odontoceti]] (toothed whales) between 26 and 17 million years ago between the late [[Oligocene]] or middle [[Miocene]], but the earliest Mysticeti fossils date to at least 34 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jamieson |first=Barrie G. M. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=sD3NBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetaceans |date=2016-04-19 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4257-7 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Debra L. |volume=7 |page=111}}</ref> Their [[Transitional fossil|evolutionary link]] to archaic toothed cetaceans ([[Archaeoceti]]) remained unknown until the extinct ''[[Janjucetus hunderi]]'' was discovered in the early 1990s in [[Victoria, Australia]]. While, unlike a modern baleen whale, ''Janjucetus'' lacked baleen in its jaw, the anatomy shows sufficient similarity to baleen whales. It appears to have had very limited apparent [[biosonar]] capabilities. Its jaw contained teeth, with [[incisor]]s and [[canine tooth|canines]] built for stabbing and [[molars]] and [[premolar]]s built for tearing. These early mysticetes were exceedingly small compared to modern baleen whales, with species like ''[[Mammalodon]]'' measuring no greater than {{convert|10|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us|0}}. It is thought that their size increased with their dependence on baleen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Erich M.G. |date=2010 |title=The morphology and systematics of ''Mammalodon colliveri'' (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=367–476 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00572.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the discovery of a skull of the toothed ''[[Llanocetus]]'', the second-oldest mysticete, yielded a total length of {{convert|8|m|ft|sp=us}}, indicating filter feeding was not a driving feature in mysticete evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fordyce |first=R. E. |last2=Marx |first2=F. G. |date=2018 |title=Gigantism precedes filter feeding in baleen whale evolution |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1670–1676 |bibcode=2018CBio...28E1670F |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.027 |pmid=29754903 |s2cid=21680283 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The discovery of ''Janjucetus'' and others like it suggests that baleen evolution went through several transitional phases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deméré |first=Thomas |first2=Michael R. |last2=McGowen |last3=Annalisa Berta |last4=John Gatesy |date=September 2007 |title=Morphological and Molecular Evidence for a Stepwise Evolutionary Transition from Teeth to Baleen in Mysticete Whales |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=15–37 |doi=10.1080/10635150701884632 |pmid=18266181 |doi-access=free}}{{open access}}</ref> Species like ''Mammalodon colliveri'' had little to no baleen, while later species like ''[[Aetiocetus|Aetiocetus weltoni]]'' had both baleen and teeth, suggesting they had limited filter feeding capabilities; later genera like ''[[Cetotherium]]'' had no teeth in their mouth, meaning they were fully dependent on baleen and could only filter feed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Terry A. |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Mqv4Lo1vpk4C|page=364}} |title=Mammalogy |last2=Ryan |first2=James M. |last3=Czaplewski |first3=Nicholas J. |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5 |edition=5 |page=364}}{{open access}}</ref> However, the 2018 discovery of the toothless ''[[Maiabalaena]]'' indicates some lineages evolved toothlessness before baleen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peredo |first=C. M. |last2=Pyenson |first2=N. D. |author-link2=Nicholas Pyenson |last3=Marshall |first3=C. D. |last4=Uhe |first4=M. D. |date=2018 |title=Tooth Loss Precedes the Origin of Baleen in Whales |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=3992–4000.e2 |bibcode=2018CBio...28E3992P |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.047 |pmid=30503622 |s2cid=54145119 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File: Janjucetus Melb Museum email.jpg|thumb|left|Archaeomysticetes, like ''[[Janjucetus]]'', had teeth.|alt=The skull of ''Janjucetus'' with a long, slender head similar to dolphins (without the depression for the melon) and with teeth]]
''[[Mystacodon selenensis]]'' is the earliest mysticete, dating back to 37 to 33 million years ago ([[million years ago|mya]]) in the [[Late Eocene]], and, like other early toothed mysticetes, or "archaeomysticetes", ''M. selenensis'' had [[heterodont|heterodont dentition]] used for suction feeding.<ref name="Fucaia"/> Archaeomysticetes from the [[Oligocene]] are the [[Mammalodontidae]] (''Mammalodon'' and ''Janjucetus'') from [[Australia]]. They were small with shortened [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostra]], and a primitive [[dental formula]] ({{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.4.3}}).<ref name="Uhen-2010">{{Harvnb|Uhen|2010|pp=208–210}}</ref> In baleen whales, it is thought that enlarged mouths adapted for suction feeding evolved before specializations for bulk [[filter feeding]]. In the toothed Oligocene mammalodontid ''Janjucetus'', the [[symphysis]] is short and the mouth enlarged, the rostrum is wide, and the edges of the [[maxillae]] are thin, indicating an adaptation for suction feeding. The [[Aetiocetidae|aetiocetid]] ''[[Chonecetus]]'' still had teeth, but the presence of a groove on the interior side of each [[mandible]] indicates the symphysis was elastic, which would have enabled rotation of each mandible, an initial adaptation for bulk feeding like in modern mysticetes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Erich M. G. |date=2012 |title=Archaeocete-like jaws in a baleen whale |journal=Biology Letters |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2011.0690 |pmc=3259978 |pmid=21849306}}</ref>

The first toothless ancestors of baleen whales appeared before the first [[evolutionary radiation|radiation]] in the late Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=Albert E. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/266341 |title=Cenozoic Mammals of Land and Sea: Tributes to the Career of Clayton E. Ray |last2=Barnes |first2=Lawrence G. |date=2002 |editor-last=Emry |editor-first=Robert J |series=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |volume=93 |pages=313–356 |chapter=Paleontology of the Late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 3: Eomysticetidae, a New Family of Primitive Mysticetes (Mammalia: Cetacea) |doi=10.5479/si.00810266.93 |hdl=10088/22502 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Eomysticetus]]'' and others like it showed no evidence in the skull of echolocation abilities, suggesting they mainly relied on their eyesight for navigation. The eomysticetes had long, flat rostra that lacked teeth and had blowholes located halfway up the [[dorsal side]] of the snout. Though the [[palate]] is not well-preserved in these specimens, they are thought to have had baleen and been filter feeders.<ref name="Uhen-2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Erich M. G. |date=2006 |title=A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=273 |issue=1604 |pages=2955–2963 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3664 |pmc=1639514 |pmid=17015308}}</ref> [[Miocene]] baleen whales were preyed upon by larger predators like [[killer sperm whale]]s and [[megalodon]].{{sfn|Bannister|2008|loc=p. 214}}
[[File:VMNH megalodon.jpg|thumb|[[Megalodon]] hunted Miocene baleen whales]]

The [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] of rorquals and right whales split almost 20&nbsp;mya. It is unknown where this occurred, but it is generally believed that they, like their descendants, followed plankton migrations. These primitive baleen whales had lost their dentition in favor of baleen, and are believed to have lived on a specialized benthic, plankton, or [[copepod]] diet like modern baleen whales. Baleen whales experienced their first radiation in the [[Middle Miocene|mid-Miocene]]. It is thought this radiation was caused by global climate change and major [[tectonic]] activity when Antarctica and Australia separated from each other, creating the [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current]]<!--krill-->.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steeman |first=Mette E. |last2=Hebsgaard |first2=Martin B. |last3=Fordyce |first3=R. E. |last4=Ho |first4=Simon Y. W. |last5=Rabosky |first5=Daniel L. |last6=Nielsen |first6=Rasmus |last7=Rahbek |first7=Carsten |last8=Glenner |first8=Henrik |last9=Sørensen |first9=Martin V. |last10=Willerslev |first10=Eske |date=2009 |title=Radiation of Extant Cetaceans Driven by Restructuring of the Oceans |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=573–585 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syp060 |pmc=2777972 |pmid=20525610}}{{open access}}</ref> Balaenopterids grew bigger during this time, with species like ''Balaenoptera sibbaldina'' perhaps rivaling the blue whale in terms of size,<ref name="Deméré 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Deméré |first=Thomas A. |last2=Berta |first2=Annalisa |last3=McGowen |first3=Michael R. |date=2005 |title=The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroid mysticetes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225533143 |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=99–143 |doi=10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3 |s2cid=90231}}{{open access}}</ref> though other studies disagree that any baleen whale grew that large in the Miocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Slater |first=Graham J. |last2=Goldbogen |first2=Jeremy A. |last3=Pyenson |first3=Nicholas D. |author-link3=Nicholas Pyenson |date=2017-05-31 |title=Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |language=en |volume=284 |issue=1855 |pages=20170546 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0546 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=5454272 |pmid=28539520}}</ref>

The increase in size is likely due to climate change which caused seasonally shifting accumulations of plankton in various parts of the world, necessitating travel over long distances, as well as the ability to feed on large baitballs to make such trips worthwhile.<ref name="Goldbogen 367–386">{{Cite journal |last=Goldbogen |first=J.a. |last2=Cade |first2=D.e. |last3=Calambokidis |first3=J. |last4=Friedlaender |first4=A.s. |last5=Potvin |first5=J. |last6=Segre |first6=P.s. |last7=Werth |first7=A.j. |date=2017-01-03 |title=How Baleen Whales Feed: The Biomechanics of Engulfment and Filtration |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=367–386 |bibcode=2017ARMS....9..367G |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033905 |issn=1941-1405 |pmid=27620830}}</ref> A 2017 analysis of body size based on data from the fossil record and modern baleen whales indicates that the evolution of gigantism in baleen whales occurred rather recently, within the last 3 million years. Before 4.5 million years ago, few baleen whales exceeded {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} in length; the two largest Miocene species were less than {{cvt|13|m}} in length.<ref name=":0"/> The initial evolution of baleen and filter feeding long preceded the evolution of gigantic body size,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pyenson |first=Nicholas D. |date=2017 |title=The Ecological Rise of Whales Chronicled by the Fossil Record |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=R558–R564 |bibcode=2017CBio...27.R558P |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.001 |pmid=28586693 |s2cid=38159932 |doi-access=free}}</ref> indicating the evolution of novel feeding mechanisms did not cause the evolution of gigantism. The formation of the Antarctic circumpolar current and its effects on global climate patterns is excluded as being causal for the same reason.<ref name=":0"/> Gigantism also was preceded by divergence of different mysticete lineages, meaning multiple lineages arrived at large size independently.<ref name=":0"/> It is possible the [[Plio-Pleistocene]] increase in seasonally intense [[upwelling]]s, causing high-prey-density zones, led to gigantism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Slater |first=G. J. |last2=Goldbogen |first2=J. A. |last3=Pyenson |first3=N. D. |date=2017 |title=Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=284 |issue=1855 |page=20170546 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0546 |pmc=5454272 |pmid=28539520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marlow |first=Jeremy R. |last2=Lange |first2=Carina B. |last3=Wefer |first3=Gerold |last4=Rosell-Melé |first4=Antoni |date=2000-12-22 |title=Upwelling Intensification As Part of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Climate Transition |journal=Science |language=en |volume=290 |issue=5500 |pages=2288–2291 |bibcode=2000Sci...290.2288M |doi=10.1126/science.290.5500.2288 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11125138 |s2cid=3179052}}</ref>

==Anatomy==
[[File:Humpback Whale skeleton.jpg|thumb|A humpback whale skeleton. Notice how the jaw is split into two.|alt=A humpback skeleton with the jaw split into two]]

===Motion===
When swimming, baleen whales rely on their flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to penguins and [[sea turtle]]s. Flipper movement is continuous. While doing this, baleen whales use their tail fluke to propel themselves forward through vertical motion while using their flippers for steering, much like an [[otter]].{{sfn|Bannister|2008|p= 1140}} Some species [[Cetacean surfacing behaviour#Breaching and lunging|leap]] out of the water, which may allow them to travel faster.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA80 80]}} Because of their great size, right whales are not flexible or agile like dolphins, and none can move their neck because of the fused [[cervical vertebrae]]; this sacrifices speed for stability in the water.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ugq5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA446 446]}} The hind legs are enclosed inside the body, and are thought to be [[vestigial organs]]. However, a 2014 study suggests that the pelvic bone serves as support for [[whale penis|whale genitalia]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=James P.|last1= Dines|first2=Erik|last2=Otárola-Castillo|first3=Peter|last3=Ralph|first4=Jesse|last4=Alas|first5=Timothy|last5=Daley|first6=Andrew D.|last6=Smith|first7=Matthew D.|last7=Dean|year=2014|title=Sexual selection targets cetacean pelvic bone|journal=Journal of Organic Evolution|volume=68|issue=11|pages=3296–3306|doi=10.1111/evo.12516|pmid=25186496|pmc=4213350}}</ref>

Rorquals, needing to build speed to feed, have several adaptions for reducing [[Drag (physics)|drag]], including a streamlined body; a small dorsal fin, relative to its size; and lack of external ears or long hair. The fin whale is the fastest among baleen whales, having been recorded travelling as fast as {{cvt|10|m/s|kph mph}}, and sustaining a speed of {{cvt|2.5|m/s|kph mph}} for an extended period.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=N.|last1=Bose|first2=J.|last2=Lien|year=1989|title=Propulsion of a fin whale (''Balenoptera physalus'') : why the fin whale is a fast swimmer|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|volume=237|issue=1287|page=176|doi=10.1098/rspb.1989.0043|pmid=2570423|bibcode=1989RSPSB.237..175B|s2cid=206152894}}</ref> While feeding, the rorqual jaw expands to a volume that can be bigger than the whale itself;<ref name=Vogle/> to do this, the mouth inflates. The inflation of the mouth causes the cavum ventrale, the throat pleats on the underside stretching to the [[bellybutton|navel]], to expand, increasing the amount of water that the mouth can store.<ref name=Vogle>{{cite journal|first1=A. W.|last1=Vogle|first2=Margo A.|last2=Lillie|first3=Marina A.|last3=Piscitelli|first4=Jeremy A.|last4=Goldbogen|first5=Nicholas D.|last5=Pyenson|first6=Robert E.|last6= Shadwick|year=2015|title=Stretchy nerves are an essential component of the extreme feeding mechanism of rorqual whales|journal=Current Biology|volume=25|issue=9|pages=360–361|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.007|pmid=25942546|s2cid=15963380|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015CBio...25.R360V }}</ref> The mandible is connected to the skull by dense fibers and cartilage ([[fibrocartilage]]), allowing the jaw to swing open at almost a 90° angle. The [[mandibular symphysis]] is also fibrocartilaginous, allowing the jaw to bend which lets in more water.<ref name=Goldbogen2010>{{cite journal|first=Jeremy A.|last=Goldbogen|date=March–April 2010|title=The Ultimate Mouthful: Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales|journal=American Scientist|volume=98|number=2|pages=124–131|doi=10.1511/2010.83.124}}{{open access}}</ref> To prevent stretching the mouth too far, rorquals have a sensory organ located in the middle of the jaw to regulate these functions.<ref name=Welsh2012>{{cite journal|last1=Pyenson|first1=N. D.|first2=J. A.|last2= Goldbogen|first3=A. W.|last3=Vogl|first4=G.|last4=Szathmary|first5=R. L.|last5= Drake|first6=R. E.|last6=Shadwick|year=2012|title= Discovery of a sensory organ that coordinates lunge-feeding in rorqual whales|journal=Nature|volume=485|issue=7399|pages=498–501|doi=10.1038/nature11135|pmid=22622577|bibcode=2012Natur.485..498P|s2cid=1200222}}</ref>

===External anatomy===
{{Multiple image
 | align = right
 | image1 = Anim0944 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
 | image2 = Eubalaena blow.jpg
 | footer = Paired blowholes of a humpback and the V-shaped blow of a right whale}}

Baleen whales have two flippers on the front, near the head. Like all mammals, baleen whales breathe air and must surface periodically to do so. Their nostrils, or [[Blowhole (anatomy)|blowholes]], are situated at the top of the [[cranium]]. Baleen whales have two blowholes, as opposed to toothed whales which have one. These paired blowholes are longitudinal slits that converge anteriorly and widen posteriorly, which causes a V-shaped blow. They are surrounded by a fleshy ridge that keeps water away while the whale breathes. The [[nasal septum|septum]] that separates the blowholes has two plugs attached to it, making the blowholes water-tight while the whale dives.{{sfn|Tinker|1988|p=66}}

Like other mammals, the skin of baleen whales has an [[epidermis]], a [[dermis]], a [[hypodermis]], and [[connective tissue]]. The epidermis, the [[pigment]]ed layer, is {{convert|5|mm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} thick, along with connective tissue. The epidermis itself is only {{convert|1|mm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} thick. The dermis, the layer underneath the epidermis, is also thin. The hypodermis, containing blubber, is the thickest part of the skin and functions as a means to conserve heat.{{sfn|Tinker|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50 50]}} Right whales have the thickest hypodermis of any cetacean, averaging {{convert|20|in|cm|order=flip|sp=us}}, though, as in all whales, it is thinner around openings (such as the blowhole) and limbs. Blubber may also be used to store energy during times of fasting. The connective tissue between the hypodermis and muscles allows only limited movement to occur between them. Unlike toothed whales, baleen whales have [[vibrissae|small hairs]] on the top of their head, stretching from the tip of the rostrum to the blowhole, and, in right whales, on the chin. Like other [[marine mammal]]s, they lack [[sebaceous gland|sebaceous]] and [[sweat glands|sweat]] glands.{{sfn|Tinker|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 51]}}

[[File:Baleen.jpg|thumb|left|Accessory [[baleen]] plates taper off into small hairs]]
The baleen of baleen whales are [[keratin]]ous plates. They are made of a calcified, hard α-keratin material, a fiber-reinforced structure made of [[intermediate filament]]s (proteins). The degree of calcification varies between species, with the sei whale having 14.5% [[hydroxyapatite]], a [[mineral]] that coats teeth and bones, whereas minke whales have 1–4% hydroxyapatite. In most mammals, keratin structures, such as [[wool]], air-dry, but aquatic whales rely on calcium [[salt (chemistry)|salts]] to form on the plates to stiffen them.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=L.|last1=J. Szewciw|first2=D. G.|last2=de Kerckhove|first3=G. W.|last3=Grime|first4=D. S.|last4=Fudge|year=2010|title=Calcification provides mechanical reinforcement to whale baleen α-keratin|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=277 |issue=1694|pages=2597–2605|doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.0399|pmc=2982044|pmid=20392736}}{{open access}}</ref> Baleen plates are attached to the upper jaw and are absent in the mid-jaw, forming two separate combs of baleen. The plates decrease in size as they go further back into the jaw; the largest ones are called the "main baleen plates" and the smallest ones are called the "accessory plates". Accessory plates taper off into small hairs.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://aquaticmammalsjournal.org/attachments/article/117/35_2_Fudge.pdf|first1=Douglas S.|last1=Fudge|first2=Lawrence J.|last2=Szewciw|first3=Astrid N.|last3=Schwalb|year=2009|title=Morphology and Development of Blue Whale Baleen: An Annotated Translation of Tycho Tullberg's Classic 1883 Paper|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=35|issue=2|pages=226–252|doi=10.1578/AM.35.2.2009.226}}{{open access}}</ref>

Unlike other whales (and most other mammals), the females are larger than the males. [[Sexual dimorphism]] is usually reversed, with the males being larger, but the females of all baleen whales are usually five percent larger than males. Sexual dimorphism is also displayed through [[whale song]], notably in humpback whales where the males of the species sing elaborate songs. Male right whales have bigger callosities than female right whales. The males are generally more scarred than females which is thought to be because of aggression during mating season.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|p=[http://www.cetus.ucsd.edu/SIO133/PDF/Sexual%20Dimorphism.pdf 1007]}}

===Internal systems===

The unique lungs of baleen whales are built to collapse under the pressure instead of resisting the pressure which would damage the lungs,<ref name="Ponganis"/> enabling some, like the fin whale, to dive to a depth of {{convert|-1540|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/187/m187p309.pdf|first1=Simone|last1=Panigada|first2=Margherita|last2=Zanardelli|first3=Simonepietro|last3=Canese|first4=Maddalena|last4= Jahoda|year=1999|title=How deep can baleen whales dive?|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=187|pages=309–311|doi=10.3354/meps187309|bibcode=1999MEPS..187..309P}}{{open access}}</ref> The whale lungs are very efficient at extracting oxygen from the air, usually 80%, whereas humans only extract 20% of oxygen from inhaled air. [[Lung volume]] is relatively low compared to terrestrial mammals because of the inability of the [[respiratory tract]] to hold gas while diving. Doing so may cause serious complications such as [[embolism]]. Unlike other mammals, the lungs of baleen whales lack lobes and are more sacculated. Like in humans, the left lung is smaller than the right to make room for the heart.<ref name=Ponganis>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=vMzZCgAAQBAJ|page=39}}|first=Paul J.|last=Ponganis|year=2015|title=Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=39|isbn=978-0-521-76555-8}}{{open access}}</ref> To conserve oxygen, blood is rerouted from pressure-tolerant-tissue to internal organs,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Norena|first1=S. R.|last2=Williams|first2=A. M.|year=2000 |title=Body size and skeletal muscle myoglobin of cetaceans: adaptations for maximizing dive duration|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A|volume=126|issue=2|pages=181–191|doi=10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00182-3|pmid=10936758}}</ref> and they have a high concentration of [[myoglobin]] which allows them to hold their breath longer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=D. L.|last2= Cox|first2=M. M.|title=Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry|publisher=Worth Publishers|year=2008|page=206|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-7167-6203-4|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=5Ek9J4p3NfkC|page=206}}}}{{open access}}</ref>

[[File:Whaleheart.png|thumb|left|The heart of a blue whale with a person standing next to it|alt=The heart of a blue whale with a person standing next to it. It appears to be roughly half the size of the person when measured across, and the person is likely five foot five to five foot seven]]
The heart of baleen whales functions similarly to other mammals, with the major difference being the size. The heart can reach {{convert|1000|lbs|kg|sigfig=3|order=flip}}, but is still proportional to the whale's size. The [[heart#Wall|muscular wall]] of the [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]], which is responsible for pumping blood out of the heart, can be {{convert|3|to|5|in|cm|order=flip|sp=us}} thick. The aorta, an [[artery]], can be {{convert|.75|in|cm|order=flip|sp=us}} thick. Their [[resting heart rate]] is 60 to 140 [[beats per minute]] (bpm),{{sfn|Tinker|1988|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69 p. 69]}} as opposed to the 60 to 100 bpm in humans.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Berne|first1=Robert|last2=Matthew|first2=Levy|first3=Bruce|last3=Koeppen|first4=Bruce|last4=Stanton|year=2004|title=Physiology|url=https://archive.org/details/annualreviewofph0048unse/page/276|url-access=registration|publisher=Elsevier Mosby|page=[https://archive.org/details/annualreviewofph0048unse/page/276 276]|isbn=978-0-8243-0348-8}}</ref> When diving, their [[heart rate]] will drop to 4 to 15 bpm to conserve oxygen. Like toothed whales, they have a dense network of blood vessels ([[rete mirabile]]) which prevents heat-loss. Like in most mammals, heat is lost in their [[limb (anatomy)|extremities]], so, in baleen whales, warm blood in the arteries is surrounded by veins to prevent heat loss during transport. As well as this, heat inevitably given off by the arteries warms blood in the surrounding veins as it travels back into the [[core (anatomy)|core]]. This is otherwise known as [[countercurrent exchange]]. To counteract overheating while in warmer waters, baleen whales reroute blood to the skin to accelerate heat-loss.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA99 p. 99]}}{{sfn|Tinker|1988|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69 p. 69]}} They have the largest [[blood corpuscle]]s ([[red blood cell|red]] and [[white blood cell|white]] [[blood cell]]s) of any mammal, measuring {{convert|4.1e-4|in|µm|order=flip|sp=us}} in diameter,{{sfn|Tinker|1988|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70 p. 70]}} as opposed to human's {{convert|2.8e-4|in|µm|adj=on|order=flip|sp=us}} blood corpuscles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures|first=Mary L.|last=Turgeon|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2004|page=100|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=cHAjsUgegpQC|page=100}}|isbn=978-0-7817-5007-3}}{{open access}}</ref>

When sieved from the water, food is swallowed and travels through the [[esophagus]] where it enters a three-chambered-stomach. The first compartment is known as the fore-stomach; this is where food gets ground up into an [[acid#biological applications|acidic]] liquid, which is then squirted into the main stomach. Like in humans, the food is mixed with [[hydrochloric acid]] and protein-digesting [[enzyme]]s. Then, the partly digested food is moved into the third stomach, where it meets fat-digesting enzymes, and is then mixed with an [[alkaline]] liquid to [[Neutralization (chemistry)|neutralize]] the acid from the fore-stomach to prevent damage to the [[intestinal tract]]. Their intestinal tract is highly adapted to absorb the most nutrients from food; the walls are folded and contain copious [[blood vessels]], allowing for a greater surface area over which digested food and water can be absorbed. Baleen whales get the water they need from their food; however, the salt content of most of their prey ([[invertebrate]]s) is similar to that of seawater, whereas the salt content of a whale's blood is considerably lower (three times lower) than that of seawater. The whale kidney is adapted to excreting excess salt; however, while producing [[urine]] more concentrated than seawater, it wastes a lot of water which must be replaced.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA101 p. 101]}}

Baleen whales have a relatively small brain [[brain to body mass ratio|compared to their body mass]]. Like other mammals, their brain has a large, folded [[cerebrum]], the part of the brain responsible for memory and processing sensory information. Their cerebrum only makes up about 68% of their brain's weight, as opposed to human's 83%. The [[cerebellum]], the part of the brain responsible for balance and coordination, makes up 18% of their brain's weight, compared to 10% in humans, which is probably due to the great degree of control necessary for constantly swimming.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA93 pp. 93–94]}} [[Necropsy|Necropsies]] on the brains of gray whales revealed [[iron oxide]] particles, which may allow them to find [[magnetic north]] like a [[compass]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=d_imAgAAQBAJ|page=314}}|first=James H.|last=Bunn|year=2014|title=The Natural Law of Cycles|publisher=Transaction Publishers|page=314|isbn=978-1-4128-5187-9}}{{open access}}</ref>

Unlike most animals, whales are conscious breathers. All mammals sleep, but whales cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown. They are believed to exhibit [[unihemispheric slow-wave sleep]], in which they sleep with half of the brain while the other half remains active. This behavior was only documented in toothed whales until footage of a humpback whale sleeping (vertically) was shot in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/11/humpback-whale-sleep-video_n_5970296.html|first=Dominique|last=Mosbergen|year=2014|title=Sleeping Humpback Whale Captured In Rare Footage|newspaper=Huffington Post |access-date=23 January 2016}}</ref>

It is largely unknown how baleen whales produce sound because of the lack of a [[melon (cetacean)|melon]] and [[vocal cord]]s. In a 2007 study, it was discovered that the [[larynx]] had U-shaped folds which are thought to be similar to vocal cords. They are positioned parallel to air flow, as opposed to the perpendicular vocal cords of terrestrial mammals. These may control air flow and cause vibrations. The walls of the larynx are able to contract which may generate sound with support from the [[arytenoid cartilages]]. The muscles surrounding the larynx may expel air rapidly or maintain a constant volume while diving.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Reidenberg|first1=J. S.|last2=Laitman|first2=J. T.|year=2007|title=Discovery of a low frequency sound source in Mysticeti (baleen whales): anatomical establishment of a vocal fold homolog|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=290|issue=6|pages=745–759|doi=10.1002/ar.20544|pmid=17516447|s2cid=24620936|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Senses===
[[File:Anim1723 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Their eyes are relatively small for their size.|alt=A gray whale breaching vertically, showing its very small eyes in relation to its very big head]]
The eyes of baleen whales are relatively small for their size and are positioned near the end of the mouth. This is probably because they feed on slow or immobile prey, combined with the fact that most sunlight does not pass {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us}}, and hence they do not need acute vision. A whale's eye is adapted for seeing both in the [[photic zone|euphotic]] and [[aphotic zone|aphotic]] zones by increasing or decreasing the [[pupil]]'s size to prevent damage to the eye. As opposed to land mammals which have a flattened [[lens (anatomy)|lens]], whales have a spherical lens. The [[retina]] is surrounded by a reflective layer of cells ([[tapetum lucidum]]), which bounces light back at the retina, enhancing eyesight in dark areas. However, light is bent more near the surface of the eye when in air as opposed to water; consequently, they can see much better in the air than in the water. The eyeballs are protected by a thick outer layer to prevent abrasions and an oily fluid (instead of tears) on the surface of the eye. Baleen whales appear to have limited color vision, as they lack [[cone cell|S-cones]].{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA95 p. 95]}}

The mysticete ear is adapted for hearing underwater, where it can hear sound frequencies as low as 7 [[hertz|Hz]] and as high as 22 [[kilohertz|kHz]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix H: Marine Mammal Hearing and Sensitivity to Acoustic Impacts |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/mcbem-2014-01/other/mcbem-2014-01-submission-boem-02-en.pdf |work=Atlantic G&G Programmatic EIS |at=p.&nbsp;H-4, § Hearing in Mysticete Cetaceans}}</ref> distinct from [[odontocetes]] whose hearing is optimized for [[ultrasonic]] frequencies.<ref name="viglino2021">{{cite journal | last1 = Viglino | first1 = M. | last2 = Gaetán | first2 = M. | last3 = Buono | first3 = M.R. | last4 = Fordyce | first4 = R.E. | last5 = Park | first5 = T. | title = Hearing from the ocean and into the river: the evolution of the inner ear of Platanistoidea (Cetacea: Odontoceti) | journal = Paleobiology | date = 2021 | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 591–611 | doi = 10.1017/pab.2021.11| bibcode = 2021Pbio...47..591V | s2cid = 233517623 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/4480277 }}</ref> It is largely unknown how sound is received by baleen whales. Unlike in toothed whales, sound does not pass through the lower jaw. The [[Internal auditory meatus|auditory meatus]] is blocked by connective tissue and an ear plug, which connects to the [[eardrum]]. The inner-ear bones are contained in the [[tympanic bulla]], a bony capsule. However, this is attached to the skull, suggesting that vibrations passing through the bone is important. [[Paranasal sinuses|Sinuses]] may reflect vibrations towards the [[cochlea]]. It is known that when the fluid inside the cochlea is disturbed by vibrations, it triggers sensory hairs which send electric current to the brain, where vibrations are processed into sound.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA96 p. 96]}}<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Maya|last1=Yamato|first2=Darlene R.|last2=Ketten|first3=Julie |last3=Arruda|first4=Scott|last4=Cramer|first5=Kathleen|last5=Moore|year=2012|title=The Auditory Anatomy of the Minke Whale (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata''): A Potential Fatty Sound Reception Pathway in a Baleen Whale|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=295|issue=6|pages=991–998|doi=10.1002/ar.22459|pmid=22488847|pmc=3488298}}{{open access}}</ref>

Baleen whales have a small, yet functional, [[vomeronasal organ]]. This allows baleen whales to detect chemicals and [[pheromone]]s released by their prey. It is thought that 'tasting' the water is important for finding prey and tracking down other whales. They are believed to have an impaired sense of smell due to the lack of the [[olfactory bulb]], but they do have an [[olfactory tract]].{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA94 p. 94]}} Baleen whales have few if any taste buds, suggesting they have lost their sense of taste. They do retain [[saltiness|salt-receptor]] taste-buds suggesting that they can taste saltiness.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ping|last1=Feng|first2=Jinsong|last2=Zheng|first3=Stephen J.|last3= Rossiter|first4=Ding|last4=Wang|first5=Huabin|last5=Zhao|year=2014|title=Massive losses of taste receptor genes in toothed and baleen whales| journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=6|issue=6|pages=1254–65|doi=10.1093/gbe/evu095|pmid=24803572|pmc=4079202}}</ref>

==Behavior==

===Migration===
Most species of baleen whale  migrate long distances from high latitude waters during spring and summer months to more tropical waters during winter months. This migration cycle is repeated annually.<ref name="Aidley" /> The gray whale has the longest recorded migration of any mammal, with one traveling {{convert|14,000|mi|km|order=flip|sp=us}} from the Sea of Okhotsk to the [[Baja Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150414-gray-whale-pacific-migration-endangered-ocean-animal-science/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416092324/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150414-gray-whale-pacific-migration-endangered-ocean-animal-science/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 16, 2015|title=A Gray Whale Breaks The Record For Longest Mammal Migration|last=Lee|first=Jane J.|access-date=23 January 2016|publisher=National Geographic|year=2015}}</ref>

It is thought that plankton blooms dictate where whales migrate. Many baleen whales feed on the massive plankton blooms that occur in the cold, nutrient-rich waters of polar regions during the sunny spring and summer months. Baleen whales generally then migrate to calving grounds in tropical waters during the winter months when plankton populations are low. Migration is hypothesized to benefit calves in a number of ways. Newborns, born with underdeveloped blubber, would likely otherwise be killed by the cold polar temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kellogg|first1=Remington C.|last2=Whitmore, Jr.|first2=Frank|year=1957|title=Marine Mammals|journal=Geological Society of America Memoirs|volume=1|issue=67|pages=1223–1224|doi=10.1130/MEM67V1-p1223|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=hTYaxUiRVcC|page=1223}}}}{{open access}}</ref> Migration to warmer waters may also reduce the risk of calves being predated on by [[killer whale]]s.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp= 357–361}}

Migratory movements may also reflect seasonally shifting patterns of productivity. California blue whales are hypothesized to migrate between dense patches of prey, moving from central California in the summer and fall, to the Gulf of California in the winter, to the central Baja California Pacific coast in spring.<ref name="Croll 2005 117–130">{{Cite journal|last1=Croll|first1=Donald A.|last2=Marinovic|first2=Baldo|last3=Benson|first3=Scott|last4=Chavez|first4=Francisco P.|last5=Black|first5=Nancy|last6=Ternullo|first6=Richard|last7=Tershy|first7=Bernie R.|date=2005|title=From wind to whales:: trophic links in a coastal upwelling system|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=289|pages=117–130|jstor=24867995|doi=10.3354/meps289117|bibcode=2005MEPS..289..117C|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Foraging===
[[File:Whales Bubble Net Feeding-edit1.jpg|thumb|Humpback whales lunge-feeding in the course of [[Humpback whale#Bubble net|bubble net fishing]]|alt=A group of humpback whales breaking the surface, mouths agape, lunge feeding]]
All modern mysticetes are obligate filter feeders, using their baleen to strain small prey items (including small fish, krill, copepods, and zooplankton) from seawater.<ref name="Goldbogen 367–386"/> Despite their carnivorous diet, a 2015 study revealed they house [[gut flora]] similar to that of terrestrial herbivores.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Jon G.|last1=Sanders|first2=Annabel C.|last2= Beichman|first3=Joe|last3=Roman|first4=Jarrod J.|last4=Scott|first5=David|last5=Emerson |first6=James J. |last6=McCarthy|author7-link=Peter Girguis|first7=Peter R.|last7=Girguis|year=2015|title=Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=8285| doi=10.1038/ncomms9285|pmid=26393325|pmc=4595633|bibcode=2015NatCo...6.8285S}}{{open access}}</ref> Different kinds of prey are found in different abundances depending on location, and each type of whale is adapted to a specialized way of foraging.

There are two types of feeding behaviors: skim-feeding and lunge-feeding,<ref name="Goldbogen 367–386"/> but some species do both depending on the type and amount of food. Lunge-feeders feed primarily on [[Krill|euphausiids]] (krill), though some lunge feeders also prey on schools of fish.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Potvin|first1=J.|last2=Goldbogen|first2=J.A.|last3=Shadwick|first3=R.E.|title=Scaling of lunge feeding in rorqual whales: An integrated model of engulfment duration|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=267|issue=3|pages=437–453|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.08.026|pmid=20816685|year=2010|bibcode=2010JThBi.267..437P}}</ref> Skim-feeders, like bowhead whales, feed upon primarily smaller plankton such as [[copepod]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laidre|first1=Kristin L.|last2=Heide-Jørgensen|first2=Mads Peter|last3=Nielsen|first3=Torkel Gissel|date=2007|title=Role of the bowhead whale as a predator in West Greenland|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=346|pages=285–297|jstor=24871544|doi=10.3354/meps06995|bibcode=2007MEPS..346..285L|doi-access=free}}</ref> They feed alone or in small groups.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Wn2gcNvYNrsC|page=245}}|first=John H.|last= Steele|year=1970|title=Marine Food Chains|chapter=Feeding pattern of baleen whales in the ocean|pages=245–247|isbn=978-0-520-01397-1|publisher=University of California Press}}{{open access}}</ref> Baleen whales get the water they need from their food, and their kidneys excrete excess salt.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA101 p. 101]}}

The lunge-feeders are the rorquals. To feed, lunge-feeders expand the volume of their jaw to a volume bigger than the original volume of the whale itself. To do this, the mouth inflates, which causes the throat pleats to expand, increasing the amount of water that the mouth can store.<ref name="Vogle" /> Just before they ram the baitball, the jaw swings open at almost a 90° angle and bends which lets in more water.<ref name="Goldbogen2010" /> To prevent stretching the mouth too far, rorquals have a sensory organ located in the middle of the jaw to regulate these functions.<ref name="Welsh2012" /> Then they must decelerate. This process takes a lot of mechanical work and is only energy-effective when used against a large baitball.{{sfn|Goldbogen|Calambokidis|Oleson|Potvin|2011|pp=131-146}} Lunge feeding is more energy-intensive than skim-feeding due to the acceleration and deceleration required.<ref name="Goldbogen 367–386"/>

The skim-feeders are right whales, gray whales, pygmy right whales, and sei whales (which also lunge feed). To feed, skim-feeders swim with an open mouth, filling it with water and prey. Prey must occur in sufficient numbers to trigger the whale's interest, be within a certain size range so that the baleen plates can filter it, and be slow enough so that it cannot escape. The "skimming" may take place on the surface, underwater, or even at the ocean's bottom, indicated by mud occasionally observed on right whales' bodies. Gray whales feed primarily on the ocean's bottom, feeding on benthic creatures.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp= 806–813}}

Foraging efficiency for both lunge feeding and continuous ram filter feeding is highly dependent upon prey density.{{sfn|Goldbogen|Calambokidis|Oleson|Potvin|2011|pp=131-146}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Potvin|first1=Jean|last2=Werth|first2=Alexander J.|date=2017-04-11|title=Oral cavity hydrodynamics and drag production in Balaenid whale suspension feeding|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=4|pages=e0175220|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175220|pmid=28399142|pmc=5388472|issn=1932-6203|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1275220P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenney|first1=Robert D.|last2=Hyman|first2=Martin A. M.|last3=Owen|first3=Ralph E.|last4=Scott|first4=Gerald P.|last5=Winn|first5=Howard E.|date=1986-01-01|title=Estimation of Prey Densities Required by Western North Atlantic Right Whales|journal=Marine Mammal Science|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1986.tb00024.x|bibcode=1986MMamS...2....1K |issn=1748-7692}}</ref> The efficiency of a blue whale lunge is approximately 30 times higher at krill densities of {{convert|4.5|kg/m3|lb/ft3|abbr=on}} than at low krill densities of {{convert|0.15|kg/m3|lb/ft3|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Goldbogen|Calambokidis|Oleson|Potvin|2011|pp=131-146}} Baleen whale have been observed seeking out highly specific areas within the local environment in order to forage at the highest density prey aggregations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laidre|first1=KL|last2=Heide-Jørgensen|first2=MP|last3=Nielsen|first3=TG|date=2007-09-27|title=Role of the bowhead whale as a predator in West Greenland|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|language=en|volume=346|pages=285–297|doi=10.3354/meps06995|issn=0171-8630|bibcode=2007MEPS..346..285L|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Croll 2005 117–130"/>

===Predation and parasitism===
[[File:Orange whale lice right whale.jpg|thumb|left|Orange [[Whale louse|whale lice]] on a right whale|alt=A colony of orange whale lice growing around a right whale's mouth]]
Baleen whales, primarily juveniles and calves, are preyed on by killer whales. It is thought that annual whale migration occurs to protect the calves from the killer whales.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp= 357–361}} There have also been reports of a pod of killer whales attacking and killing an adult bowhead whale, by holding down its flippers, covering the blowhole, and ramming and biting until death.<ref>{{cite journal| first1=Steven H.|last1=Ferguson|first2=Jeff W.|last2=Higdon|first3=Kristin H.|last3=Westdal|year=2012|title=Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales (''Orcinus orca'') in Nunavut, Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews| journal=Aquatic Biosystems|volume=8|issue=3|pages=3|doi= 10.1186/2046-9063-8-3|pmid=22520955|pmc=3310332 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012AqBio...8....3F }}</ref> Generally, a mother and calf pair, when faced with the threat of a killer whale pod, will either fight or flee. Fleeing only occurs in species that can swim away quickly, the rorquals. Slower whales must fight the pod alone or with a small family group.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=John K. B.|last1=Ford|first2=Randall R.|last2=Reeves|year=2008|title=Fight or flight: antipredator strategies of baleen whales|journal=Mammal Review|volume=38|issue=1|pages=50–86|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00118.x|citeseerx=10.1.1.573.6671}}</ref> There has been one report of a shark attacking and killing a whale calf. This occurred in 2014 during the [[sardine run]] when a shiver of [[dusky shark]]s attacked a humpback whale calf.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=M. L.|last1=Dicken |first2=A. A.|last2=Kock|first3=M.|last3=Hardenberg|year=2014|title=First observations of dusky sharks (''Carcharhinus obscurus'') attacking a humpback whale (''Megaptera novaeangliae'') calf|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=66|issue=12|pages=1211–1215|doi=10.1071/MF14317}}</ref> Usually, the only shark that will attack a whale is the [[cookiecutter shark]], which leaves a small, non-fatal bite mark.<ref>{{cite web|last=Martin|first=R.A.|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/squaliformes.htm|title=Squaliformes Dogfish Sharks|work=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Bannister|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA85 85]}}

Many parasites and epibiotics latch onto whales, notably [[whale lice]] and [[whale barnacle]]s. Almost all species of whale lice are specialized towards a certain species of whale, and there can be more than one species per whale. Whale lice eat dead skin, resulting in minor wounds in the skin. Whale louse infestations are especially evident in right whales, where colonies propagate on their callosities.{{sfn|Feldhamer|2015|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ugq5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA457 p. 457]}} Though not a parasite, whale barnacles latch onto the skin of a whale during their [[larval stage]]. However, in doing so it does not harm nor benefit the whale, so their relationship is often labeled as an example of [[commensalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Yasuyuki|last1=Nogata|first2=Kiyotaka |last2=Matsumura|year=2006|title=Larval development and settlement of a whale barnacle|journal=Biology Letters|volume=2|issue=1|pages=92–93|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0409|pmid=17148335|pmc=1617185}}{{open access}}</ref> Some baleen whales will deliberately rub themselves on substrate to dislodge parasites.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Busch|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=owKh7oDYqgYC|page=62}}|year=1998|title=Gray Whales: Wandering Giants|publisher=Orca Book Publishing|page=62|isbn=978-1-55143-114-7}}{{open access}}</ref> Some species of barnacle, such as ''[[Conchoderma|Conchoderma auritum]]'' and whale barnacles, attach to the baleen plates, though this seldom occurs.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Droplaug|last1=Ólafsdóttir|first2=Andrew P.|last2=Shinn|year=2013|title=Epibiotic macrofauna on common minke whales, ''Balaenoptera acutorostrata'' Lacépède, 1804, in Icelandic waters|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=6|issue=105|pages=105|doi=10.1186/1756-3305-6-105|pmc=3673810|pmid=23594428 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> A species of copepod, ''Balaenophilus unisetus'', inhabits baleen plates of whales. A species of Antarctic [[diatom]], ''Cocconeis ceticola'', forms a [[biofilm|film]] on the skin, which takes a month to develop; this film causes minor damage to the skin. They are also plagued by internal parasites such as [[Anisakis|stomach worms]], [[cestode]]s, [[nematode]]s, [[liver fluke]]s, and [[acanthocephala]]ns.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA85 85]}}

===Reproduction and development===
{{See also|Whale penis}}
[[File:Anim1750 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|Female right whale with calf|alt=A right whale swimming with her calf]]
Before reaching adulthood, baleen whales grow at an extraordinary rate. In the blue whale, the largest species, the fetus grows by some {{convert|100|kg|abbr=on}} per day just before delivery, and by {{convert|80|kg|abbr=on}} per day during suckling. Before weaning, the calf increases its body weight by {{convert|17|tonnes|abbr=on}} and grows from {{convert|7|to|8|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} at birth to {{convert|13|to|16|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} long. When it reaches [[sexual maturity]] after 5–10 years, it will be {{convert|20|to|24|m|ft|abbr=on|sp=us}} long and possibly live as long as 80–90 years. Calves are born [[precocial]], needing to be able to swim to the surface at the moment of their birth.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA86 86–87]}}

Most rorquals mate in warm waters in winter to give birth almost a year later.<ref name=Aidley>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=wCE4AAAAIAAJ|page=111}} |editor-first=D.|editor-last=Aidley|first1=C. J. H.|last1= Lockyer|first2=S. G.|last2=Brown|year=1981|title=Animal Migration|chapter=The Migration of Whales|page=111|isbn=978-0-521-23274-6|publisher=CUP Archive}}{{open access}}</ref> A 7-to-11 month lactation period is normally followed by a year of rest before mating starts again. Adults normally start reproducing when 5–10 years old and reach their full length after 20–30 years.<ref name="rice77">{{cite journal | last = W. Rice | first = D. | year = 1977 | title = Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde's whale in the eastern North Pacific | journal = Report of the International Whaling Commission | volume = Special Issue 1 | pages = 92–97}}</ref><ref name=AguilarLockyer1987>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aguilar | first1 = A. | last2 = Lockyer | first2 = C. H. | year = 1987 | title = Growth, physical maturity, and mortality of fin whales (''Balaenoptera physalus'') inhabiting the temperate waters of the northeast Atlantic | journal =Canadian Journal of Zoology | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 253–264 | doi=10.1139/z87-040}}</ref><ref name=Ohsumi1977>{{Cite journal | last = Ohsumi | first = S. | year = 1977 | title = Bryde's whales in the pelagic whaling ground of the North Pacific | journal = Report of the International Whaling Commission | pages = 140–9}}</ref> In the smallest rorqual, the minke whale, {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip|sp=us|0}} calves are born after a 10-month pregnancy and weaning lasts until it has reached about {{convert|5|to|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} after 6–7 months.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joseph W.|last=Horwood|year=1990|title=Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-6069-5|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=MvgMksjar_gC|page=72}}|pages=72–80}}{{open access}}</ref> Unusual for a baleen whale, female minkes (and humpbacks) can become pregnant immediately after giving birth; in most species, there is a two-to-three-year calving period. In right whales, the calving interval is usually three years. They grow very rapidly during their first year, after which they hardly increase in size for several years.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Sarah M. E.|last1=Fortune|first2=Andrew W.|last2=Trites|first3=Wayne L.|last3=Perryman|first4=Michael J.|last4=Moore |first5=Heather M.|last5=Pettis|first6=Morgan S.|last6=Lynn|year=2012|title=Growth and rapid early development of North Atlantic right whales (''Eubalaena glacialis'')|journal= Journal of Mammalogy|volume=93|issue=5|pages=1342–1354|doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-297.1|s2cid=86306680|doi-access=free}}{{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=A.R. Knowlton |author2=S.D. Kraus |author3=R.D. Kenney |title=Reproduction in North Atlantic right whales (''Eubalaena glacialis'')|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=72|year=1994|pages=1297–1305|doi=10.1139/z94-173|issue=7}}</ref>  They reach sexual maturity when {{convert|13|to|14|m|abbr=on}} long. Baleen whales are [[r/K selection theory|K-strategists]], meaning they raise one calf at a time, have a long life-expectancy, and a low infant mortality rate.<ref name=Duffus2009>{{cite book|first1=John H.|last1=Duffus|first2= Douglas M.|last2= Templeton|first3=Monica|last3=Nordberg|year=2009|title=Concepts in Toxicology|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=MK2WC70Iu3MC|page=171}}|page=171|doi=10.1039/9781847559753-00013|isbn=978-0-85404-157-2|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}{{open access}}</ref> Some 19th century harpoons found in harvested bowheads indicate this species can live more than 100 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070619/full/news070618-6.html|last=Leigh Haag|first=Amanda|year=2007|title=Patented harpoon pins down whale age|publisher=Nature (journal)|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Baleen whales are [[Promiscuity#Other animals|promiscuous]], with none showing [[pair bond]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=c1YyWgK613oC|page=121}}|first=Annalisa|last=Berta|year=2012|title=Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals|publisher=University of California Press|page=121|isbn=978-0-520-27057-2}}{{open access}}</ref> They are [[polygyny in animals|polygynous]], in that a male may mate with more than one female. The scars on male whales suggest they fight for the right to mate with females during breeding season, somewhat similar to [[lek mating]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=vPLpBwAAQBAJ|page=221}}|first1=Peter G. H.|last1=Evans |first2=Juan A.|last2=Raga|year=2001|title=Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation|publisher= Plenum Publishers|pages=221–223|isbn=978-0-306-46573-4}}{{open access}}</ref>

Baleen whales have fibroelastic (connective tissue) penises, similar to those of artiodactyls. The tip of the penis, which tapers toward the end, is called the ''pars intrapraeputialis'' or ''terminal cone''.{{sfn|Cavendish|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTPI_d9fyLAC&pg=PA102 p. 102]}} The blue whale has the [[Blue whale penis|largest penis of any organism]] on the planet, typically measuring {{convert|8|–|10|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_o5w0|first=Craig|last=Glenday|title=Longest animal penis|quote=the longest penis belongs to the blue whale at up to 2.4&nbsp;m (8&nbsp;ft)|isbn=978-1-910561-02-7|date=2015-09-01|publisher=Guinness World Records |url-access=registration}}</ref> Accurate measurements of the blue whale are difficult to take because the whale's erect length can only be observed during mating.<ref name="softpedia1">{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Largest-Penis-in-the-World-43756.shtml|first=Stefan|last=Anitei|title=The Largest Penis in the World – Both for humans and animals, size does matter|publisher=Softpedia |year=2007|access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> The penis on a right whale can be up to {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} – the [[testes]], at up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, {{convert|78|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, and weighing up to {{convert|525|lbs|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}, are also the largest of any animal on Earth.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feldhamer|first1=George A.|last2=Thompson|first2=Bruce C.|last3=Chapman|first3=Joseph A.|title=Wild mammals of North America : biology, management, and conservation|year=2003|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-7416-1|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-xQalfqP7BcC|page=432}}
|edition=2nd|page=432}}{{open access}}</ref>

===Whale song===
{{Main|Whale vocalization}}
[[Image:HumBack2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Spectrogram]] of humpback whale vocalizations: detail is shown for the first 24 seconds of the 37-second recording "Singing Humpbacks". The whale songs are heard before and after a set of echolocation clicks in the middle. {{Listen|filename=Humpbackwhale2.ogg|title=Singing Humpbacks|description=Recording of Humpback Whales singing and clicking|format=[[Ogg]]}}]]
All baleen whales use sound for communication and are known to "sing", especially during the breeding season. Blue whales produce the loudest sustained sounds of any animals: their low-frequency ([[infrasound|infrasonic]], under 20&nbsp;Hz) moans can last for half a minute, reach almost 190 decibels, and be heard hundreds of kilometers away. Adult male humpbacks produce the longest and most complex songs; sequences of moans, groans, roars, sighs, and chirps sometimes lasting more than ten minutes are repeated for hours. Typically, all humpback males in a population sing the same song over a breeding season, but the songs change slightly between seasons, and males in one population have been observed adapting the song from males of a neighboring population over a few breeding seasons.{{sfn|Bannister|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA85 85–86]}}

===Intelligence===
Unlike their toothed whale counterparts, baleen whales are hard to study because of their immense size. Intelligence tests such as the [[mirror test]] cannot be done because their bulk and lack of body language make a reaction impossible to be definitive. However, studies on the brains of humpback whales revealed [[Spindle neuron |spindle cells]], which, in humans, control [[theory of mind]]. Because of this, it is thought that baleen whales, or at least humpback whales, have [[animal consciousness|consciousness]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=19412956|last1=Butti|first1=C.|doi=10.1002/cne.22055|last2= Sherwood|first2=C. C.|last3=Hakeem|first3=A. Y.|last4=M. Allman|first4=J.|last5= Hof|first5=P. R.|title=Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans|journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology|volume=515|issue=2|year=2009|pages=243–259|s2cid=6876656}}</ref>

==Relationship with humans==

===History of whaling===
{{Main|History of whaling}}
[[File:Blue Whale population, Pengo.svg|thumb|300px|right|World population graph of [[blue whale]]s|alt=A graph showing population trend of the blue whale during the whaling era, with 250,000 before whaling, 30 to 40,000 in the 1930s, 650 to 2,000 in 1964, and greater than 5,000 in 1994]]
Whaling by humans has existed since the [[Stone Age]]. Ancient whalers used [[harpoon]]s to spear the  bigger animals from boats out at sea.<ref>{{cite newsgroup |title=Rock art hints at whaling origins |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3638853.stm|year=2004|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=25 January 2016|quote=Stone Age people may have started hunting whales as early as 6,000 BC, new evidence from South Korea suggests.}}</ref> People from Norway started hunting whales around 4,000 years ago, and people from Japan began hunting whales in the Pacific at least as early as that.<ref name=NatGeog/> Whales are typically hunted for their [[whale meat|meat]] and blubber by aboriginal groups; they used baleen for baskets or roofing, and made tools and masks out of bones.<ref name=NatGeog/> The [[Inuit]] hunt whales in the Arctic Ocean.<ref name=NatGeog>{{cite web |last1=Marrero |first1=Meghan E.|last2=Thornton |first2=Stuart |title=Big Fish: A Brief History of Whaling |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/big-fish-history-whaling/ |publisher=National Geographic |year=2011 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> The [[History of Basque whaling|Basques]] started whaling as early as the 11th century, sailing as far as [[Newfoundland]] in the 16th century in search of right whales.<ref name="Ford">{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Catherine |year=2015 |title=A Savage History: Whaling in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans |url=http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2013/july/1372600800/catherine-ford/savage-history-whaling-pacific-and-southern-oceans|newspaper=The Monthly|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=J.P.|last=Proulx|year=1993|title=Basque whaling in Labrador in the 16th century|pages=260–286|isbn=978-0-660-14819-9|issn=0821-1027|publisher=National Historic Sites, Parks Service, Environment Canada}}</ref> 18th and 19th century whalers hunted down whales mainly for their [[whale oil|oil]], which was used as lamp fuel and a lubricant, and baleen (or whalebone), which was used for items such as [[corset]]s and [[crinoline|skirt hoops]].<ref name=NatGeog/> The most successful whaling nations at this time were the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.whalingmuseum.org/learn/research-topics/overview-of-north-american-whaling/whales-hunting |title=Whale products |publisher=New Bedford Whaling Museum |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

Commercial whaling was historically important as an industry well throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Whaling was at that time a sizable European industry with ships from Britain, France, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Germany, sometimes collaborating to hunt whales in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stonehouse|first1=Bernard|title=British Arctic whaling: an overview|url=https://www.hull.ac.uk/baw/overview/overview.htm|publisher=University of Hull|access-date=25 January 2016|year=2007}}</ref> By the early 1790s, whalers, namely the British (Australian) and Americans, started to focus efforts in the South Pacific; in the mid-1900s, over 50,000 humpback whale were taken from the South Pacific.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tonnessen |first1=J. N.|last2=Johnsen |first2=A.O |year=1982 |title=The History of Modern Whaling |publisher=The University of California Press|pages=220, 549|isbn=978-0-520-03973-5|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=-miE3r5DgPUC|page=549}}}}{{open access}}</ref> At its height in the 1880s, U.S. profits turned to [[USD]]10,000,000, equivalent to US$225,000,000 in 2000. Commonly exploited species included arctic whales such as the gray whale, right whale, and bowhead whale because they were close to the main whaling ports, like [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]. After those stocks were depleted, rorquals in the South Pacific were targeted by nearly all whaling organizations; however, they often out-swam whaling vessels. Whaling rorquals was not effective until the [[harpoon cannon]] was invented in the late 1860s.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=h_NT3RlHH2oC|page=128}}|first=J. R.|last=McNeill|year=2000|title=Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the 20th Century|chapter=Whaling and Fishing|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/somethingnewunde00jrmc/page/128 128–130]|isbn=978-0-393-04917-6|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingnewunde00jrmc/page/128}}{{open access}}</ref> Whaling basically stopped when stocks of all species were depleted to a point that they could not be harvested on a commercial scale.<ref name="Beckman2013">{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=5qDfAgAAQBAJ|page=328}}|first=Daniel|last=Beckman|year=2013|title=Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation|chapter=Conservation of Cetaceans|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Learning|page=328|isbn=978-0-7637-7350-2}}{{open access}}</ref> Whaling was controlled in 1982 when the [[International Whaling Commission]] (IWC) placed a moratorium setting catch limits to protect species from dying out from over-exploitation, and eventually banned it:<ref name=10e>{{cite book|title=International Whaling Commission Schedule, paragraph 10(e)|publisher=International Whaling Commission}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Notwithstanding the other provisions of paragraph 10, catch limits for the killing for commercial purposes of whales from all stocks for the 1986 coastal and the 1985/86 pelagic seasons and thereafter shall be zero. This provision will be kept under review, based upon the best scientific advice, and by 1990 at the latest the Commission will undertake a comprehensive assessment of the effects of this decision on whale stocks and consider modification of this provision and the establishment of other catch limits.}}

===Conservation and management issues===
{{See also|Whaling controversy}}
[[File:Japan Factory Ship Nisshin Maru Whaling Mother and Calf.jpg|thumb|Japanese scientific whaling on a pair of [[Antarctic minke whale]]s]]
As of 2021, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) recognizes 15 mysticete species (while not yet officially recognizing [[Rice's whale]] as a species, it still gives it a conservation status as a [[distinct population segment]]). Two species—the North Atlantic right whale (with only around 366 individuals left) and Rice's whale (with less than 100 individuals left)—are considered [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]]. Three more are classified as [[Endangered species|endangered]] (the North Pacific right whale, the blue whale, and the sei whale), one as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] (the fin whale), one as [[Near-threatened species|near-threatened]] (Antarctic minke whale), and one as [[data deficient]] (Omura's whale).<ref>{{cite web |title=Keyword search: Baleen whales |publisher=IUCN |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search |work=The IUCN Red List of Threatened species. Version 2013.1 |access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> Species that live in polar habitats are vulnerable to the effects of ongoing [[climate change]], particularly declines in sea ice, as well as [[ocean acidification]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Wendy|last=Elliot|year=2007|title=Whales in Hot Water?|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|pages=9–10|url=https://www.wwfblogs.org/climate/sites/default/files/WWFBinaryitem7665.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405000946/http://www.wwfblogs.org/climate/sites/default/files/WWFBinaryitem7665.pdf|archive-date=2016-04-05}}</ref>

The [[whale-watching]] industry and [[anti-whaling]] advocates argue that whaling catches "friendly" whales that are curious about boats, as these whales are the easiest to catch. This analysis claims that once the economic benefits of hotels, restaurants and other tourist amenities are considered, hunting whales is a net economic loss. This argument is particularly contentious in Iceland, as it has among the most-developed whale-watching operations in the world and the hunting of minke whales resumed in August 2003. Brazil, Argentina and South Africa argue that whale watching is a growing billion-dollar industry that provides more revenue than commercial whaling would provide.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8114353.stm|first=Richard|last=Black|year=2009|title=Whale watching 'worth billions'|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> Peru, Uruguay, Australia, and New Zealand also support proposals to permanently forbid whaling south of the Equator, as [[Solor]] (an island of Indonesia) is the only place of the [[Southern Hemisphere]] that takes whales.<ref>{{cite journal|first=R. H.|last=Barnes|year=1996|title=Lamakera, Solor. Ethnographic Notes on a Muslim Whaling Village of Eastern Indonesia|journal=Anthropos|volume=91|issue=91|pages=75–88|jstor=40465273}}{{open access}}</ref> Anti-whaling groups, such as the [[International Fund for Animal Welfare]] (IFAW), claim that countries which support a pro-whaling stance are damaging their economies by driving away anti-whaling tourists.<ref>{{cite report|last1=O'Connor|first1=S.|last2=Campbell|first2=R.|last3=Cortez|first3=H.|last4=Knowles|first4=T.|year=2009|title=Whale Watching Worldwide: tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits|publisher=International Fund for Animal Welfare|section=Whale Watching and Whaling|pages=9–12|url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/whale_watching_worldwide.pdf|access-date=2016-11-15|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508041447/http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/whale_watching_worldwide.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Anti-whaling.jpg|left|350px|thumb|A protest against Japan's scientific whaling|alt=An oriental woman has painted herself red holding a sign (while sitting down) that says "Ban Whaling" while a crowd around her signs a petition. She is sitting on a Japanese flag with red dripping down (presumably to symbolize blood)]]
Commercial whaling was historically important for the world economy. All species were exploited, and as one type's stock depleted, another type was targeted. The scale of whale harvesting decreased substantially through the 1960s as all whale stocks had been depleted, and practically stopped in 1988 after the International Whaling Commission placed a moratorium which banned whaling for commercial use.<ref name="Beckman2013"/>{{rp|327–333}} Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, gray whales may be as numerous as they were prior to whaling, making it the first marine mammal to be taken off the [[IUCN Red List endangered species (Animalia)|endangered species list]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-16-mn-4742-story.html|first=Frank|last=Clifford|year=1994|title=Gray Whale Removed From Endangered List|access-date=27 January 2016|newspaper=LA Times}}</ref> The Southern right whale was hunted to near extinction in the mid-to-late 20th century, with only a small (unknown) population around Antarctica. Because of international protection, the Southern right whale's population has been growing 7% annually since 1970.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=UAWXAgAAQBAJ|page=7}}|first=Doc|last=White|year=2010|editor-last=Fitzpatrick |editor-first=Lisa|title=Defying Extinction – Partnerships to Safeguard Global Biodiversity|chapter=Southern Right Whale|publisher=Earth in Focus|page=7|isbn=978-0-9841686-5-1}}{{open access}}</ref> Conversely, the [[North Atlantic right whale#Eastern population|eastern stock of North Atlantic right whale]] was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched from the coast of North Africa to the [[North Sea]] and Iceland; it is thought that the entire stock consists of only ten individuals, making the eastern stock [[functionally extinct]].<ref name="Beckman2013"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bushwarriors.org/iucn-species-of-the-day-north-atlantic-right-whale/|publisher=Bush Warriors|year=2010|title= IUCN Species of the Day: North Atlantic Right Whale|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

Baleen whales continue to be harvested. Only three nations take whales: Iceland, Norway, and Japan. All these nations are part of the IWC, with Norway and Iceland rejecting the moratorium and continuing commercial whaling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iwc.int/commercial|publisher=International Whaling Commission|title=Commercial Whaling|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Japan, being part of the IWC, whales under the Scientific Permit stated in Article VIII in the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which allows the taking of whales for scientific research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iwc.int/permits|publisher=International Whaling Commission|title=Scientific Permit Whaling|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> Japan has had two main research programs: the Joint Aquatic Resources Permit Application (JARPA) and the Japanese Research Program in the North (JARPN). JARPN is focused in the North Pacific and JARPA around the Antarctic. JARPA mainly caught Antarctic minke whales, catching nearly 7,000; to a far lesser extent, they also caught fin whales.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=Gz6PAgAAQBAJ|page=527}}|editor-first1=Clive|editor-last1=H. Schofield|editor-first2=Seokwoo|editor-last2=Lee|editor-first3=Moon-Sang|editor-last3=Kwon|year=2014|title=Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction|chapter=Whaling in the Antarctic: Protecting Rights in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction Through International Litigation|publisher=Brill|page=527|isbn=978-90-04-26258-4}}{{open access}}</ref> Animal-rights activist groups, such as the [[Greenpeace]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/oceans/fit-for-the-future/whaling/japanese-whaling/|publisher=Greenpeace International|title=Japan and whaling|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> object to Japan's scientific whaling, with some calling it a substitute for commercial whaling.<ref>{{cite journal| first1=Nicholas J.|last1=Gales|first2=Toshio|last2=Kasuya|first3=Phillip J.|last3= Clapham|first4=Robert L.|last4=Brownell, Jr|year=2005|title=Japan's whaling plan under scrutiny|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7044|pages=883–884|doi= 10.1038/435883a|pmid= 15959491|bibcode=2005Natur.435..883G|s2cid=4304077|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1111&context=usdeptcommercepub}}</ref> In 2014, the [[International Court of Justice]] (the [[United Nations|UN]] judicial branch) banned the taking of whales for any purpose in the [[Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/world/europe/united-nations-court-rules-against-japan-in-whaling-dispute.html?_r=0|first1=Hiroko |last1=Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |first2=Marlise |last2=Simons |year=2014 |title=U.N. Court Orders Japan to Halt Whaling Off Antarctica|access-date=29 January 2016|newspaper=NY Times}}</ref> however, Japan refuses to stop whaling and has only promised to cut their annual catches by a third (around 300 whales per year).<ref>{{cite news<!--|website=bbc.com-->|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34952538|publisher=Associated Press|year=2015|title=Japan to resume whaling in Antarctic despite court ruling|access-date= 29 January 2016|newspaper=BBC News}}</ref>

[[File:Eubalaena glacialis dead.jpg|thumb|right|The remains of a [[North Atlantic right whale]] after it collided with a ship [[propeller]]|alt=A right whale sliced on both sides after colliding with a boat. A large amount of its flesh is visible as well as the intestines floating in the water]]
Baleen whales can also be affected by humans in more indirect ways. For species like the North Atlantic right whale, which migrates through some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, the biggest threat is from being struck by ships. The [[Lloyd's mirror#Underwater acoustics|Lloyd's mirror]] effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Combined with spreading and [[acoustic shadow|acoustic shadowing effects]], the result is that the whale is unable to hear an approaching vessel before it has been run over or entrapped by the hydrodynamic forces of the vessel's passage.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Angelia S. M.|last1=Vanderlaan|first2=Christopher T.|last2=Taggart|year=2007|title= Vessel Collisions with Whales: The Probability of Lethal Injury Based on Vessel Speed|journal=Marine Mammal Science|volume=23|issue=1|pages=144–156|doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00098.x|bibcode=2007MMamS..23..144V }}</ref> A 2014 study noted that a lower vessel speed correlated with lower collision rates.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silber|first1=G. K.|last2= Adams|first2=J. D.|last3=Fonnesbeck|first3=C. J.|year=2014|title=Compliance with vessel speed restrictions to protect North Atlantic right whales|journal=PeerJ |volume=2|pages=e399|doi=10.7717/peerj.399|pmid=24949229|pmc=4060020 |doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> The ever-increasing amount of ocean noise, including [[Marine mammals and sonar|sonar]], drowns out the vocalizations produced by whales, notably in the blue whale which produces the loudest vocalization, which makes it harder for them to communicate.<ref name="noise">{{cite journal|first1=Mariana L.|last1=Melcón|first2=Amanda J.|last2=Cummins|first3=Sara M.|last3= Kerosky|first4=Lauren K.|last4=Roche|first5=Sean M.|last5=Wiggins|first6=John A.|last6=Hildebrand|title=Blue Whales Respond to Anthropogenic Noise| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032681 | volume=7 |issue=2| journal=PLOS ONE | pages=e32681|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...732681M | pmid=22393434 | pmc=3290562|year=2012|doi-access=free}}{{open access}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Reeves|first1=Randal R.|last2=Clapham|first2=P.J. L.|last3= Brownell|first3=R.|first4=Silber G.|last4=K.|title=''Recovery plan for the blue whale'' (Balaenoptera musculus)|year=1998|page=42 |publisher=National Marine Fisheries Service|url=https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/whale_blue.pdf}}{{open access}}</ref> Blue whales stop producing foraging D calls once a mid-frequency sonar is activated, even though the sonar frequency range (1–8&nbsp;kHz) far exceeds their sound production range (25–100&nbsp;Hz).<ref name="noise"/>

Poisoning from toxic substances such as [[polychlorinated biphenyl]] (PCB) is generally low because of their low [[trophic level]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas J.|last1=O'Shea|first2= Robert L.|last2=Brownell, Jr.|year=1994|title=Organochlorine and metal contaminants in baleen whales: a review and evaluation of conservation implications|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=154|issue=3|pages=179–200|doi=10.1016/0048-9697(94)90087-6|pmid=7973606|bibcode=1994ScTEn.154..179O}}</ref> However, [[oil spill]]s can be a significant threat, especially to small populations; the already endangered Rice's whale was likely devastated by the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]], with some estimates indicating a decline of up to 22% in the species.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Group)|first1=Randall Reeves (IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist|last2=Corkeron|first2=Peter|last3=Rosel|first3=Patty|date=2017-06-28|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Balaenoptera edeni Gulf of Mexico subpopulation|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=2021-01-22|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>

Some baleen whales can become victims of [[bycatch]], which is especially serious for North Atlantic right whales considering their small number.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/whales/north-atlantic-right-whale.html |work=Office of Protected Resources |publisher=NOAA Fisheries |title=North Atlantic Right Whale (''Eubalaena glacialis'') |access-date=15 December 2016}}</ref> Right whales feed with a wide-open mouth, risking entanglement in any rope or net fixed in the water column. The rope wraps around their upper jaw, flippers and tail. Some are able to escape, but others remain entangled. If observers notice, they can be successfully disentangled, but others die over a period of months. Other whales, such as humpback whales, can also be entangled.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/mdp_entanglement.pdf|publisher=NOAA Marine Debris Report|year=2014|title=Entanglement of Marine Species in Marine Debris with an Emphasis on Species in the United States|chapter=Cetaceans|pages=9–10}}</ref>

===In captivity===
[[Image:Graywhale MMC.jpg|thumb|A gray whale in captivity|alt=A gray whale calf swimming in a tank]]
Baleen whales have rarely been kept in captivity. Their large size and appetite make them expensive creatures to maintain. Pools of proper size would also be very expensive to build. For example, a single gray whale calf would need to eat {{convert|475|lbs|kg|order=flip}} of fish per day, and the pool would have to accommodate the {{convert|13|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip|sp=us|0}} calf, along with ample room to swim.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19980322/2741016/jj-the-gray-whale-going-to-sea----rescued-orphan-calf-will-be-freed-this-week| first=Tony|last=Perry|year=1998|title=J.J. The Gray Whale Going To Sea – Rescued Orphan Calf Will Be Freed This Week|access-date=29 January 2016|newspaper=Seattle Times}}</ref> Only gray whales have survived being kept in captivity for over a year. The first gray whale, which was captured in [[Scammon's Lagoon]], [[Baja California Sur]], in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hubbs|first1=Carl L.|last2=Evans| first2= E. William|year=1974|title=The California gray whale: papers presented at the California Gray Whale Workshop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography|url=https://archive.org/stream/californiagraywh00sout/californiagraywh00sout_djvu.txt|journal=Marine Fisheries Review|volume=36|pages=1–74|number=4|doi= 10.5962/bhl.title.4029|doi-access=free}}{{open access}}</ref> The second gray whale, which was captured in 1971 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too big.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-03/27-03_Goff.pdf|first1=J. L.|last1=Sumich|first2=T.|last2=Goff|first3=W. L.|last3=Perryman|year=2001|title=Growth of two captive gray whale calves|journal=Aquatic Mammals|volume=27|issue=3|pages=231–233|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-date=2015-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015214719/http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2001/AquaticMammals_27-03/27-03_Goff.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{open access}}</ref> The last gray whale, J.J., beached itself in [[Marina del Rey, California]], where it was rushed to [[SeaWorld San Diego]] and, after 14 months, was released because it got too big to take care of. Reaching {{convert|19,200|lbs|kg|order=flip}} and {{convert|31|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us}}, J.J. was the largest creature to be kept in captivity.<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-01-mn-34942-story.html|first=Tony|last=Perry|year= 1998|title=Rescued Whale J.J. Begins Long Journey Home|newspaper=LA Times|access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

The Mito Aquarium in [[Numazu, Shizuoka|Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan]], housed three minke whales in the nearby bay enclosed by nets. One survived for three months, another (a calf) survived for two weeks, and another was kept for over a month before breaking through the nets.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kimura|first1=S.|last2=Nemoto|first2=T.|year=1956|title=Note on a minke whale kept alive in aquarium|journal=Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute|volume=11|pages=181–189}}</ref>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Bannister|first=John L. |chapter=Baleen Whales (Mysticetes)|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|edition=2|editor1-last=F. Perrin|editor1-first=William|editor2-last=Würsig|editor2-first=Bernd|editor3-last=Thewissen|editor3-first = J. G. M.|year=2008|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-373553-9|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=2rkHQpToi9sC|page=80}}}}{{open access}}
* {{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=mTPI_d9fyLAC|page=82}}|first=Marshall|last=Cavendish|year=2010|title=Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide|chapter=Gray whale|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|isbn=978-0-7614-7882-9}}{{open access}}
* {{cite web|last=Cope|first=E. D. |year=1891|title=Syllabus of Lectures on Geology and Paleontology|work=Ferris Brothers|page=69|oclc=31419733|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayRefResults?reference_no=18085|author-link=Edward Drinker Cope
}}
* {{cite book|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=CAq5BgAAQBAJ|page=3}}|first1=George A.|last1= Feldhamer |first2=Lee |last2=Drickamer |first3=Stephen C. |last3=Vessey |first4=Joseph H. |last4=Merritt|first5=Carey F. |last5=Krajewski |year=2015 |title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology|chapter=Cetacea|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-1588-8|ref={{harvid|Feldhamer|2015}}}}{{open access}}
*{{cite journal|title=Mechanics, hydrodynamics and energetics of blue whale lunge feeding: efficiency dependence on krill density|first1=J. A.|last1=Goldbogen|first2=J.|last2=Calambokidis|first3=E.|last3=Oleson|first4=J.|last4=Potvin|first5=N. D.|last5=Pyenson|first6= G.|last6=Schorr |first7=R. E.|last7=Shadwick |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=2011|volume=214|issue=Pt 1|pages=131–146|doi=10.1242/jeb.048157|pmid=21147977|s2cid=12100333|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rice|first=Dale W. |year=1998 |title=Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution|journal=Society for Marine Mammalogy|pages=1–231|oclc=40622084}}
* {{cite book|last=Tinker|first=Spencer W. |title=Whales of the World|year=1988|publisher=Brill Archive|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=ASIVAAAAIAAJ|page=66}}|isbn=978-0-935848-47-2}}{{open access}}
* {{cite journal|last=Uhen|first=M. D.|title=The Origin(s) of Whales|year=2010|journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences|volume=38|issue=1|pages=189–219|doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152453|bibcode=2010AREPS..38..189U}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|Mysticeti}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Mysticeti}}

{{Cetacea|M.}}
{{Portal bar|Cetaceans|Mammals|Animals|Biology|Marine Life}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q168366}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baleen Whale}}
[[Category:Baleen whales| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]]