View source for Banksia ser. Banksia

{{Short description|Autonymous series in the genus ''Banksia''}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Banksia_serrata_Henry_Hd_email.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Banksia serrata]]'' (saw banksia), the [[type species]] of ''[[Banksia]]''.
|taxon = Banksia ser. Banksia
|display_parents = 2
|synonyms = ''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Orthostylis'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small><br/>''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Orthostylis'' <small>([[George Bentham|Benth.]]) [[Alex George (botanist)|A.S.George]]</small>
}}

'''''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia''''' is a
valid [[botanic name]] for a [[series (botany)|series]] of ''[[Banksia]]''. As an [[autonym (botany)|autonym]], it necessarily contains the [[type species]] of ''Banksia'', ''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]'' (Saw Banksia). Within this constraint, however, there have been various circumscriptions.

==According to Bentham==
''Banksia'' ser. ''Banksia'' originated in 1870 as '''''Banksia'' sect. ''Orthostylis'''''. Published by [[George Bentham]] in 1870, ''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Orthostylis'' consisted of those ''Banksia'' species with flat leaves with serrated margins, and rigid, erect [[carpel|styles]] that "give the cones after the flowers have opened a different aspect". The placement and circumscription of ''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Orthostylis'' in [[Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|Bentham's arrangement]] can be summarised as follows:<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{Cite encyclopedia | first = George | last = Bentham | author-link = George Bentham | year = 1870 | title = CIV. Proteaceae: 29. Banksia | encyclopedia = [[Flora Australiensis]] | volume = V: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref>
:'''''Banksia'''''
::[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Oncostylis'']] (13 species)
::[[Banksia sect. Cyrtostylis|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Cyrtostylis'']] (10 species)
::[[Banksia sect. Eubanksia|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Eubanksia'']] (3 species)
::'''''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Orthostylis'''''
:::''B.&nbsp;latifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia robur|B.&nbsp;robur]]'')
:::''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
:::''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
:::''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]''
:::''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
:::''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
:::''[[Banksia laevigata|B.&nbsp;lævigata]]''
:::''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]''
:::''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]''
:::''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriæ]]''
:::''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
:::''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
:::''B.&nbsp;marcescens'' (now ''[[Banksia praemorsa|B.&nbsp;praemorsa]]'')
:::''[[Banksia lemanniana|B.&nbsp;lemanniana]]''
:::''[[Banksia caleyi|B.&nbsp;caleyi]]''
:::''[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]''
:::''[[Banksia elegans|B.&nbsp;elegans]]''
:::''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
::[[Banksia sect. Isostylis|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Isostylis'']] (1 species)

==According to George 1981==
In 1981, [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] published a thorough revision of ''Banksia'' in his classic monograph ''[[The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]]''. He retained the name ''Orthostylis'', but demoted it to series rank, placing it in [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']] because of its elongate "flower spike", and in [[Banksia sect. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Banksia'']], because it has straight styles after [[anthesis]]. The series was given a rather stricter circumscription to that of Bentham: it was defined as containing only those species with a hairy [[pistil]] that is prominently curved before anthesis. The result was a series of just eight species, all of which had been included in Bentham's ''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Orthostylis''. The other eleven members of Bentham's ''Orthostylis'' were moved into other sections and series.<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref>

The placement and circumscription of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Orthostylis'' in George's 1981 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
:'''''Banksia'''''
::'''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']]'''
:::'''[[Banksia sect. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Banksia'']]'''
::::[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Salicinae'']] (9 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Grandes|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Grandes'']] (2 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Quercinae'']] (3 species)
::::'''''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Orthostylis'''''
:::::''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
:::::''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]''
:::::''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
:::::''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
:::::''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
:::::''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
:::::''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
:::::''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
::::[[Banksia ser. Crocinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Crocinae'']] (4 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Cyrtostylis'']] (12 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Prostratae'']] (6 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Tetragonae'']] (3 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Coccineae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Coccineae'']] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Oncostylis'']] (3 series, 21 species)
::[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Isostylis'']] (2 species)

The placement of ''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]'' (Sceptre Banksia) in this series was initially tentative, as George felt that "in some respects it also shows a relationship to the series ''[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|Cyrtostylis]]''". ''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]'' (Wallum Banksia) was also flagged as anomalous in having a conical [[pollen-presenter]], and ''[[Banksia pilostylis|B.&nbsp;pilostylis]]'' (Marsh Banksia) was noted as the only species outside the series that has a hairy pistil. Overall, George accepted that the resultant series was "somewhat heterogeneous", but argued that the species had enough in common to warrant grouping them together. Since species of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Orthostylis'' occur in both western and eastern [[Australia]], George suggested that it had evolved early, and was widespread across southern Australia before aridification and marine incursion established the [[Nullarbor Plain]] as a [[allopatric speciation|barrier to genetic exchange]].<ref name="George 1981"/>

George's 1981 publication of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Orthostylis'' was illegal. Since the series contained ''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]'' (Saw Banksia), the [[type species]] of ''Banksia'', it was required under the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] to be given the [[autonym (botany)|autonym]] '''''Banksia'' L.f. ser. ''Banksia''''' . This has been recognised and corrected in later publications.<ref name="George 1999">{{Cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | author-link = Alex George (botanist) | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | series = Volume | encyclopedia = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | isbn = 0-643-06454-0}}</ref>

==According to Thiele and Ladiges==
In 1996, [[Kevin Thiele]] and [[Pauline Ladiges]] undertook a [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters of ''Banksia'', which yielded a [[phylogeny]] somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. Their [[cladogram]] included a [[clade]] consisting of the members of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'' ''[[sensu]]'' George, together with the four members of George's [[Banksia ser. Crocinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Crocinae'']]:<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thiele | first1 = Kevin | author-link1 = Kevin Thiele | last2 = Ladiges | first2 = Pauline Y. | author-link2 = Pauline Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref>
{{Clade
|1={{Clade
   |1=''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
   |2=''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
   |3=''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]''
   }}
|2={{Clade
   |1=''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
   |2={{Clade
      |1=''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
      |2={{Clade
         |1={{Clade
            |1=''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
            |2=''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
            }}
         |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
            |2={{Clade
               |1=''[[Banksia burdettii|B.&nbsp;burdettii]]''
               |2={{Clade
                  |1=''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriae]]''
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]''
                     |2=''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]''
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
On the basis of this clade, Thiele and Ladiges abandoned ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Crocinae'', transferring its four taxa into ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia''. They then divided the series into two subseries, placing ''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]'' (Desert Banksia), ''B.&nbsp;serrata'' and ''B.&nbsp;aemula'' in [[Banksia subser. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Banksia'']], and all other species in [[Banksia subser. Cratistylis|''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis'']].<ref name="Thiele 1996"/>

The placement and circumscription of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'' in [[Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement]] may be summarised as follows:<ref name="Thiele 1996"/>
:'''''[[Banksia]]'''''
::[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Isostylis'']] (3 species)
::''[[Banksia elegans|B.&nbsp;elegans]]'' (''[[incertae sedis]]'')
::'''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']]'''
:::[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Tetragonae'']] (4 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Lindleyanae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Lindleyanae'']] (1 species)
:::'''''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'''''
::::[[Banksia subser. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Banksia'']]
:::::''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
:::::''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
:::::''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]''
::::[[Banksia subser. Cratistylis|''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis'']]
:::::''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
:::::''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
:::::''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
:::::''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
:::::''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
:::::''[[Banksia burdettii|B.&nbsp;burdettii]]''
:::::''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriae]]''
:::::''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]''
:::::''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]''
:::''[[Banksia baueri|B.&nbsp;baueri]]'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''[[Banksia lullfitzii|B.&nbsp;lullfitzii]]'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''[[Banksia attenuata|B.&nbsp;attenuata]]'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''[[Banksia ashbyi|B.&nbsp;ashbyi]]'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' (''incertae sedis'')
:::[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Prostratae'']] (8 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Cyrtostylis'']] (4 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Ochraceae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Ochraceae'']] (4 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Grandes|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Grandes'']] (2 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Salicinae'']] (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
:::[[Banksia ser. Spicigerae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Spicigerae'']] (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
:::[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Quercinae'']] (2 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Dryandroides|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandroides'']] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Abietinae'']] (4 subseries, 14 species, 8 subspecies)

==According to George 1999==
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'', George's 1999 arrangement was identical to his 1981 arrangement, except that ''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' (Baxter's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]'' (Menzies Banksia) were exchanged in [[phyletic order]].<ref name="George 1999"/>

==Recent developments==
Since 1998, [[Austin Mast]] has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Banksiinae]]. His analyses suggest a [[phylogeny]] that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements. All previous circumscriptions of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'' appear to be [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]]. Bentham's circumscription is widely polyphyletic, and both George's and Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription bring together species that occur in three widely separate clades in Mast's cladogram. Thiele's ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Banksia'' is [[monophyly|monophyletic]] but is most closely related to [[Banksia ser. Ochraceae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Ochraceae'']] and [[Banksia ser. Prostratae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Prostratae'']]; ''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' (Baxter's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside ''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' (Scarlet Banksia); and the remaining species in Thiele and Ladiges' circumscription form a third clade with ''[[Banksia ashbyi|B.&nbsp;ashbyi]]'' (Ashby's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]'' (Porcupine Banksia).<ref name="Mast 1998">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mast | first1 = Austin R. | author-link1 = Austin Mast | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mast | first1 = Austin R. | last2 = Givnish | first2 = Thomas J. | author-link2 = Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | issn = 0002-9122 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 | pmid = 21665734 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{Cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | author2 = Eric H. Jones | author3 = Shawn P. Havery | name-list-style = amp | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref>

Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by transferring ''Dryandra'' into it, and publishing [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the species having spoon-shaped [[cotyledon]]s; in this way they also redefined the [[autonym (botany)|autonym]] [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']]. All members of ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'' fall within Mast and Thiele's ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'', but no more detail has been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{Cite journal | first1 = Austin | last = Mast | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Thiele  | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Banksia ser. Banksia}}
{{Wikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Orthostylis|Flora Australiensis/Volume&nbsp;V/CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/28.&nbsp;Banksia#Orthostylis}}
* {{Flora of Australia Online}}
* {{APNI | name = ''Banksia'' L.f. ser. ''Banksia''| id = 52236}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2882762}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banksia ser. Banksia}}
[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name| ser. Banksia]]
[[Category:Plant series]]