View source for Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)

{{Short description|Mandarin dialects spoken around Beijing, China}}
{{For|the dialect spoken in Beijing urban area|Beijing dialect}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Beijing Mandarin
|nativename = {{lang|zh-Hant|北京官話}} / {{lang|zh-Hans|北京官话}}<br />''Běijīng Guānhuà''
|altname = Beijingese
|pronunciation = Beijing dialect: {{IPAc-cmn|b|ei|3|j|ing|1|-|g|uan|1|h|ua|4}}
|region = [[Beijing]], [[Hebei]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Liaoning]] and [[Tianjin]]
|speakers= {{sigfig|26.76|2}} million
|date=2004
|ref={{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42}}
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|fam4 = [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|dia1 = [[Beijing dialect]]
|dia2 = [[Chengde dialect]]
|dia3 = [[Chifeng dialect]]
|map = Mandarín pekinés.png
|mapcaption = {{imagefact|date=July 2024}}
|isoexception = dialect
|iso6 = bjgh
|linglist = cmn-bei
|glotto = beij1235
|glottoname = Beijingic
|glottofoot = no
|lingua = 79-AAA-bb
}}

In Chinese dialectology, '''Beijing Mandarin''' ({{zh|t=北京官話|s=北京官话|p=Běijīng Guānhuà}}) refers to a major branch of [[Mandarin Chinese]] recognized by the ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'', encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of [[Beijing]], [[Hebei]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Liaoning]], and [[Tianjin]],{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42}} the most important of which is the [[Beijing dialect]], which provides the phonological basis for [[Standard Chinese]]. Both Beijing Mandarin and its Beijing dialect are also called '''Beijingese'''.

==Classification==
{{see also|Mandarin Chinese#Classification}}
Beijing Mandarin and [[Northeastern Mandarin]] were proposed by Chinese linguist [[Li Rong (linguist)|Li Rong]] as two separate branches of Mandarin in the 1980s.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=41}} In Li's 1985 paper, he suggested using tonal reflexes of [[Middle Chinese]] [[checked tone]] characters as the criterion for classifying Mandarin dialects.{{sfnp|Li|1985|p=3, 4}} In this paper, he used the term "Beijing Mandarin" ({{lang|zh|北京官话}}) to refer the dialect group in which [[checked tone]] characters with a [[voiceless]] initial have dark level, light level, rising and departing tone reflexes.{{sfnp|Li|1985|p=3, 4}} He chose the name Beijing Mandarin as this Mandarin group is approximate to the [[Beijing dialect]].{{sfnp|Li|1989|p=247}}

He subsequently proposed a split of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin in 1987, listing the following as reasons:{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=40}}{{sfnp|Li|1989|p=246}}

* [[Checked tone|Checked-tone]] characters with [[voiceless]] initials in [[Middle Chinese]] are far more commonly distributed into the [[rising tone]] category in Northeastern Mandarin than in Beijing Mandarin;
* The tonal value of the dark level tone is lower in Northeastern Mandarin than that in Beijing Mandarin;
* Generally, the [[Middle Chinese#initials|日 initial]] of Middle Chinese developed into a modern non-null initial in Beijing Mandarin and a modern null initial in Northeastern Mandarin.

The 2012 edition of ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'' added one more method for distinguishing Beijing Mandarin from Northeastern Mandarin:{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=35, 40, 41}}

* The modern pronunciations of the [[Middle Chinese#Initials|精, 知, 莊 and 章 initials]] of Middle Chinese are two sets of sibilants—dental and retroflex—and these two sets are not merged or confused in Beijing Mandarin.

Meanwhile, there are some scholars who regard Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as a single division of Mandarin. Lin (1987) noticed the phonological similarity between Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.{{sfnp|Lin|1987|p=166–167}} Zhang (2010) suggested that the criteria for the division of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as top-level Mandarin groups are inconsistent with the criterion for the division of other top-level Mandarin groups.{{sfnp|Zhang|2010|p=45}}

==Subdivisions==
Beijing Mandarin is classified into the following subdivisions in the 2012 edition of ''Language Atlas of China'':{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42 - 43}}
* ''Jīng–Chéng'' ({{lang|zh|京承}})
** ''Jīngshī'' ({{zh|s=京师|t=京師|labels=no}}), including the urban area and some inner suburbs of [[Beijing]].
** ''Huái–Chéng'' ({{zh|s=怀承|t=懷承|labels=no}}), including some suburbs of Beijing, parts of [[Langfang]], most parts of [[Chengde]], [[Wuqing]] and [[Duolun County|Duolun]].
* ''Cháo–Fēng'' ({{lang|zh|朝峰}}), an area between the ''Huái–Chéng'' cluster and the [[Northeastern Mandarin]], covering the cities of [[Chaoyang, Liaoning|Chaoyang]] and [[Chifeng]]. This subgroup has characteristics intermediate of those of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=37}}

Per the 2012 edition of ''Atlas'', these subgroups are distinguished by the following features:{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42}}
* ''Jīng–Chéng'' subgroup has a high dark level tone, and the ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup a relatively low one;
* Within the ''Jīng–Chéng'' subgroup, dialects in the ''Huái–Chéng'' cluster append an {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}} initial to ''[[four hu|kaikou hu]]'' characters with [[Middle Chinese#Initials|影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials]] in Middle Chinese, while an initial is absent in the ''Jīngshī'' cluster.

Compared with the first edition (1987), the second edition (2012) of the ''Atlas'' demoted ''Jīngshī'' and ''Huái–Chéng'' subgroups to clusters of a new ''Jīng–Chéng'' subgroup. ''Shí–Kè'' ({{lang|zh|石克}}) or ''Běijiāng'' ({{lang|zh|北疆}}) subgroup (including the cities of [[Shihezi]] and [[Karamay]]), listed as a subgroup of Beijing Mandarin in the 1987 edition, is re-allocated to a ''Běijiāng'' ({{lang|zh|北疆}}) subgroup of [[Lanyin Mandarin]] and a ''Nánjiāng'' ({{lang|zh|南疆}}) subgroup of [[Central Plains Mandarin]]. The ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup covers a greater area in the 2012 edition.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=11}}

==Phonological features==

===Initials===
With regard to initials, the reflexes of ''[[four hu|kaikou hu]]'' syllables with any of the [[Middle Chinese#Initials|影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials]] in [[Middle Chinese]] differ amongst the subgroups: a null initial is found in the ''Jīngshī'' cluster, while {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}} initials are often present in the ''Huái–Chéng'' cluster and the ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42}}{{sfnp|Hou|2002|p=18}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" align="center"
! colspan=2| Initial in Middle Chinese ►
| {{IPA|*ŋ}}
| {{IPA|*ŋ}}
| {{IPA|*ʔ}}
| {{IPA|*ʔ}}
| {{IPA|*ʔ}}
|-
! Subdivision
! Location
!  {{linktext|鹅|lang=zh-Hans}}
! {{linktext|昂|lang=zh}}
! {{linktext|爱|lang=zh-Hans}}
! {{linktext|矮|lang=zh}}
! {{linktext|袄|lang=zh-Hans}}
|-
| Jingshi
! [[Beijing dialect|Beijing]]
| ∅
| ∅
| ∅
| ∅
| ∅
|-
|Huai–Cheng
! [[Chengde]]<ref>There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. {{harv|Zhang|2010|p=79}}</ref>
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
| Chao–Feng
! [[Chifeng]]<ref>There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. {{harv|Zhang|2010|p=79}}</ref><br />(''old-style'')
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| ∅
| ∅
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|}

Dental and retroflex sibilants are distinct phonemes in Beijing Mandarin.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=40}} This is contrary to [[Northeastern Mandarin]], in which the two categories are either in free variation or merged into a single type of sibilants.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=40}}

===Tones===
In both Beijing Mandarin and [[Northeastern Mandarin]], the [[checked tone]] of [[Middle Chinese]] has completely dissolved and is distributed irregularly{{sfnp|Zhang|2010|p=180}} among the remaining tones.{{sfnp|Hou|2002|p=17}} However, Beijing Mandarin has significantly fewer rising-tone characters with a checked-tone origin, compared with [[Northeastern Mandarin]].{{sfnp|Hou|2002|p=19}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" align="center"
! Subdivision
! Location
! {{linktext|戳|lang=zh}}
! {{linktext|福|lang=zh}}
! {{linktext|质|lang=zh-Hans}} <ref>Referring to its checked-toned pronunciation, as in {{linktext|质量|lang=zh-Hans}}.</ref>
|-
| Beijing Mandarin
! [[Beijing dialect|Beijing]]
| dark level
| light level
| departing
|-
| [[Northeastern Mandarin]]
! [[Harbin dialect|Harbin]]
| rising
| rising
| rising
|}

The ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup generally has a lower tonal value for the dark level tone.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=42}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" align="center"
|+ '''Tones of Beijing Mandarin dialects'''
! Subdivision
! Location
! Dark level
! Light level
! Rising
! Departing 
! Ref.
|-
| Jingshi
! [[Beijing dialect|Beijing]]
| {{IPA|˥}} (55)
| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35)
| {{IPA|˨˩˦}} (214)
| {{IPA|˥˩}} (51)
| {{sfnp|Hou|2002|p=38}}
|-
| Huai–Cheng
! [[Chengde]]
| {{IPA|˥}} (55)
| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35)
| {{IPA|˨˩˦}} (214)
| {{IPA|˥˩}} (51)
| {{sfnp|Hou|2002|p=38}}
|-
|rowspan=2| Chao–Feng
! [[Chifeng]]
| {{IPA|˦}} (44)
| {{IPA|˧˧˥}} (335)
| {{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213)
| {{IPA|˥˧}} (53)
| {{sfnp|Zhang|2010|p=33}}
|-
! [[Xingcheng]]
| {{IPA|˦}} (44)
| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35)
| {{IPA|˨˩˧}} (213)
| {{IPA|˥˩}} (51)
| {{sfnp|Zhang|2010|p=33}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Taiwanese]]
! [[Taipei]]
| {{IPA|˦}} (44)
| {{IPA|˧˨˧}} (323)
| {{IPA|˧˩˨}} (312)
| {{IPA|˥˨}} (52)
| <ref>Multiple sources:
*{{Cite journal|last=Fon|first=Yee-Jean|date=1999|title=What Does Chao Have to Say about Tones? A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarin|url=https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/349307|journal=AH|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=石|first1=鋒|last2=鄧|first2=丹|date=2006|title=普通話與台灣國語的語音對比|url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Linguistics%20Studies%20in%20Chinese%20and%20Neighboring%20Languages/Volume%201/16-%E7%9F%B3%E9%8B%92%26%E9%84%A7%E4%B8%B9.pdf|journal=山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集|pages=371–393|access-date=2021-12-11|archive-date=2021-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919220351/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Linguistics%20Studies%20in%20Chinese%20and%20Neighboring%20Languages/Volume%201/16-%E7%9F%B3%E9%8B%92%26%E9%84%A7%E4%B8%B9.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Robert|date=2008|title=Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours|url=https://naccl.osu.edu/sites/naccl.osu.edu/files/00_sanders-r.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)|volume=1|pages=87–107}}</ref>
|-
! [[Taichung]]
| {{IPA|˦}} (33)
| {{IPA|˧˨˨}} (322)
| {{IPA|˧˩}} (31)
| {{IPA|˦˨}} (32)
| <ref>{{Cite journal|last=慧如(Khoo|first=Hui-lu) 許|date=2020|title=「台中腔」－台灣中部華語的聲調特徵及其成因初探|url=https://scholar.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/en/publications/%E5%8F%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%94%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%88%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2|journal=Taiwan Journal of Linguistics|volume=18|issue=1|pages=115–157|doi=10.6519/TJL.202001_18(1).0004|issn=1729-4649}}</ref>
|}

==Lexical features==
The ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup has more words in common with that of Northeastern Mandarin.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=37}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" align="center"
! 
! this place
! to envy
! to deceive
! to show off; <br />to brag
! dirty
! to do
|-
! [[Modern Standard Chinese|MSC]]
| {{linktext|这|地方|lang=zh-Hans}}
| {{linktext|嫉妒|lang=zh}}
| {{linktext|骗人|lang=zh-Hans}}
| {{linktext|炫耀|lang=zh}}
| {{linktext|脏|lang=zh-Hans}} 
| {{linktext|搞|lang=zh}}
|-
! Chao–Feng
| {{linktext|这|圪垯|lang=zh-Hans}}
| {{linktext|眼气|lang=zh-Hans}}
| {{linktext|忽悠|lang=zh}}
| {{linktext|得瑟|lang=zh}}
| {{linktext|埋汰|lang=zh}}
| {{linktext|整|lang=zh}}
|}

The intensifier {{linktext|老|lang=zh}} is also used in the ''Cháo–Fēng'' subgroup.{{sfnp|Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|2012|p=37}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation
| author = Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
| year = 2012
| script-title = zh:中国语言地图集
| title = Zhōngguó Yǔyán Dìtú Jí
| trans-title = Language Atlas of China
| edition = 2nd
| volume = Hànyǔ Fāngyán Juàn {{lang|zh|汉语方言卷}} [Chinese dialects volume]
| publisher = Commercial Press
| publication-place = Beijing
| isbn = 9787100070546
}}

* {{Citation
| last = Hou | first = Jingyi
| year = 2002
| script-title = zh:现代汉语方言概论
| title = Xiàndài Hànyǔ Fāngyán Gàilùn
| publisher = Shanghai Educational Publishing House
| isbn = 7-5320-8084-6
}}

* {{Citation
| last = Li | first = Rong
| year = 1985
| script-title = zh:官话方言的分区
| title = Guānhuà Fāngyán de Fēnqū
| journal = Fāngyán 方言
| issue = 1
| pages = 2–5
| issn = 0257-0203
}}

* {{Citation
| last = Li | first = Rong
| year = 1989
| script-title = zh:汉语方言的分区
| title = Hànyǔ Fāngyán de Fēnqū
| journal = Fāngyán 方言
| issue = 4
| pages = 241–259
| issn = 0257-0203
}}

* {{Citation
| last = Lin | first = Tao
| year = 1987
| script-title = zh:北京官话区的划分
| title = Běijīng Guānhuà Qū de Huàfēn
| journal = Fāngyán 方言
| issue = 3
| pages = 166–172
| issn = 0257-0203
}}

* {{Citation
| last = Zhang | first = Shifang
| year = 2010
| script-title = zh:北京官话语音研究
| title = Běijīng Guānhuà Yǔyīn Yánjiū
| publisher = Beijing Language and Culture University Press
| isbn = 978-7-5619-2775-5
}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Chinese language}}

[[Category:Mandarin Chinese]]