View source for Brazilian Americans

{{About|Americans of Brazilian descent|Brazilians of American descent|American Brazilians}}
{{Short description|Americans of Brazilian birth or descent}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Brazilian Americans
| native_name      = {{native name|pt|Brasileiros americanos}}
| pop              = '''620,000 (foreign-born population)'''{{pb}}
'''1,280,000 (by ancestry)'''{{pb}}
'''1,905,000 (Total population)'''{{pb}}
<small> '''0.5%''' of the American population</small>
| popplace         = [[Boston metropolitan area|Boston]] • [[New York City metropolitan area|New York City]] • [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]] • [[Orlando metropolitan area|Orlando]] • [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles]] • [[Greater Bridgeport|Bridgeport, Connecticut]] • [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington D.C.]] • [[Atlanta metropolitan area|Atlanta]] • [[Philadelphia]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Batalova|first=Jeanne Batalova Brittany Blizzard and Jeanne|date=August 28, 2019|title=Brazilian Immigrants in the United States|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/brazilian-immigrants-united-states-2017|access-date=October 31, 2021|website=migrationpolicy.org|language=en}}</ref>
| langs            = [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]], [[American English|English]], [[Porglish]]
| rels             = '''Predominantly:'''<br />[[Christianity]]<br />'''Minority:'''<br />[[Mormonism]]<br />[[Judaism]]
| related          = [[Portuguese Americans]] • [[Latino Americans]] • [[Brazilians]] • [[Multiracial Americans]]
}}

{{Latinos in the United States|right}}

'''Brazilian Americans''' ({{langx|pt|'''brasileiros americanos'''}} or {{lang|pt|'''americanos de origem brasileira'''}}) are Americans who are of full or partial [[Brazil]]ian ancestry. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] estimates the Brazilian American population to be 1,905,000, the largest of any Brazilian diaspora.<ref name="brasileirosnomundo.2015b">{{cite web |title=Brasileiros no Mundo - Estimativas |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/arquivos/ComunidadeBrasileira2020.pdf |language=pt}}</ref> The largest wave of Brazilian migration to the United States occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a response to [[Hyperinflation in Brazil|hyperinflation]] in Brazil. Even after [[Plano Real|inflation stabilized in 1994]], Brazilian immigration continued as Brazilians left in search of higher wages in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniel|first=Becker|date=Fall 2006|title=The Brazilian Immigrant Experience|url=https://dca.lib.tufts.edu/features/urban/MS083.005.024.00003.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[Tufts]] Digital Collection & Archive|page=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624023347/http://dca.lib.tufts.edu/features/urban/MS083.005.024.00003.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2010|access-date=November 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazilians in the U.S. {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-9/brazilians-in-the-u-s/|access-date=October 31, 2021|website=library.brown.edu}}</ref>

==Population and classification==
In 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated the number of Brazilian Americans to be 1,775,000, 0.53% of the US population at the time.<ref name="brasileirosnomundo.2015b" /> However, the 2019 [[United States Census Bureau]] [[American Community Survey]] estimated that there were 499,272 Americans who would report Brazilian ancestry.<ref name="ACS-B04006-2019">{{cite web|date=July 1, 2019|title=B04006 - PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY - United States - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=true|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> This discrepancy can be attributed to the American Community Survey reporting on [[ancestry]], not [[nationality]], since many Brazilians, by national origin, are not ancestrally- or [[Ethnic group|ethnically]] (native)-Brazilian; families with varying degrees of native ancestry and mixed bloodlines ''(mestiços)'' are not uncommon, though.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Negrón-Muntaner|first=Frances|title=Are Brazilians Latinos? What their identity struggle tells us about race in America|url=http://theconversation.com/are-brazilians-latinos-what-their-identity-struggle-tells-us-about-race-in-america-64792|access-date=November 3, 2021|website=The Conversation|date=December 21, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Despite Portugal being a part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and the Portuguese language being considered a [[romance language]] and a [[Latin language|Latin]]-based language, like Spanish (as well as the country’s significant role in the [[history of Spain]]), Brazilians are not considered a “[[Hispanic]]” ethnic group, largely due to Brazil’s colonial history as a [[Lusophone]] ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]-speaking) nation and not a [[Hispanophone]], or [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking, one. As such, their populations may or may not accept the term “Latino”, let alone “Hispanic”. This notion was reflected in the [[1980 United States census]], where only 18% of Brazilian Americans considered themselves “Hispanic”.<ref name="Pew_2020-09-15">{{cite web|author=MARK HUGO LOPEZ|author2=JENS MANUEL KROGSTAD|author3=JEFFREY S. PASSEL|date=September 15, 2020|title=Who is Hispanic?|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/15/who-is-hispanic|access-date=February 25, 2020|website=[[Pew Research]]|language=en}}</ref>

In 1976, the U.S. [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed the Hispanic-American Voting Rights Act which mandated the collection and analysis of data on Hispanic Americans. The legislation describes Hispanic Americans as being “Americans who identify themselves as being of Spanish-speaking background and trace their origin or descent from [[Cuba]], [[Central America]], [[México]], [[Puerto Rico]] and [[South America]], and other Spanish-speaking countries.” This includes 20 Spanish-speaking nations from [[Latin America]], as well as European [[Spain]], but not [[Portugal]] or [[Brazil]].<ref name="Pew_2020-09-15" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg688.pdf#page=1 |title=Public Law 94-311 94th Congress Joint Resolution |date=June 16, 1976 |website=Gov INFO|language=en|access-date=February 25, 2020 }}</ref>

Whether or not Brazilians are [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] is controversial among Brazilian Americans. Some attribute this to the large cultural and linguistic divide between [[Hispanic America|Spanish-speaking Latin America]] and Portuguese-speaking [[Brazil]].<ref name=":2" /> While the official [[United States census]] category of “Latino” includes “persons of [[South America]]n origin”, it does not explicitly include Brazilians, nor does it mention persons of the [[Anglophone|English]]-speaking nations [[Belize]] and [[Guyana]], the [[Francophone]] territories of [[French Guiana]] and [[Haiti]], or [[Suriname]], which has a [[Dutch language|Dutch]] [[lingua franca]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hispanic or Latino Origin|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/note/US/RHI725219|access-date=February 25, 2020|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|language=en}}</ref> Other U.S. government agencies, such as the [[Small Business Administration]] and the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]], specifically include Brazilians within their definition of Latino for purposes of awarding minority preferences by defining Latino Americans to include persons of South American ancestry or persons who have Portuguese cultural roots.<ref name="Federal Highway Administration">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/49cfr26.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |title=49 CFR Part 26 |access-date=October 22, 2012 |quote="'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race;" |archive-date=November 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123005750/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/49cfr26.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SBA 8005">{{cite web|url=http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |title=US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure |access-date=October 22, 2012 |quote="SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal." |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925005103/http://www.sbaonline.sba.gov/sops/8005/sop8005-3.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2006 }}</ref>

== History ==

People from Brazil (from historical [[João Pessoa, Paraíba|João Pessoa]] and [[Recife]], under Dutch control in [[Northeast Brazil]] - [[Paraíba]] and [[Pernambuco]] states) are recorded among the Refugees and Settlers that arrived in [[New Netherland]] in what is now [[New York City]] in the 17th century among the Dutch West India Company settlers. The first arrivals of Brazilian emigres were formally recorded in the 1940s. Previously, Brazilians were not identified separately from other South Americans. Of approximately 234,761 South American emigres arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1960, at least some of them were Brazilian. The [[1960 United States census]] report recorded 27,885 Americans of Brazilian ancestry.<ref name="Everyculture">{{cite news|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/A-Br/Brazilian-Americans.html|title=A Countries and Their Cultures: Brazilian Americans|author=Alphine W. Jefferson|access-date=December 26, 2011 <!-- to 15:45 -->|publisher=Countries and their cultures}}</ref>

From 1960 until the mid-1980s, between 1,500 and 2,300 Brazilian immigrants arrived in the United States each year. During the mid-1980s, economic crisis struck Brazil. As a result, between 1986 and 1990 approximately 1.4&nbsp;million Brazilians emigrated to other parts of the world. It was not until this time that Brazilian emigration reached significant levels. Thus, between 1987 and 1991, an estimated 20,800 Brazilians arrived in the United States. A significant number of them, 8,133 Brazilians, arrived in 1991. The 1990 U.S. Census Bureau recorded that there are about 60,000 Brazilians living in the United States. However, other sources indicate that there are nearly 100,000 Brazilians living in the [[New York City metropolitan area]] (including [[Northern New Jersey]]) alone, in addition to sizable Brazilian communities in [[Atlanta]], [[Boston]], [[Framingham]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Miami]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Houston]], and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]].<ref name="Everyculture" />

There are many hypotheses regarding the formation of Brazilian migration to the United States. Ana Cristina Martes, a professor of sociology at Fundação Getúlio Vargas Brazil, helped explain the first few migratory trips to the U.S. which took place in Boston. She noticed a series of six events that could have led the cycle of migration:

# During World War II, American engineers from the Boston area traveled to [[Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais|Governador Valadares]] to work on the region's mineral extraction and railroad. When they came back to the States, many of them brought their Brazilian domestic employees.
# After the war, some Bostonians strengthen the relationship with Valadares [by coming back on more trips for more precious stones].
# In the 1960s, newspapers from Rio [De Janeiro] and São Paulo published a number of ads offering jobs to Brazilian women interested in working as maids in Boston.
# [During the same time period, a business man from Massachusetts] hired twenty soccer players from Belo Horizonte to form a soccer team. Many of them stayed permanently and helped their family join them in the States.
# At the end of the decade, a group of more than ten young people from Governador Valadares decided to come to the States to spend more time on ‘an adventurous trip…in a country of their dreams’. They also settled permanently and helped their families join them.
# Several Brazilians came to study in Boston and decided not to return to Brazil.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Becoming Brazuca: Brazilian immigration to the United States|last=Jouët-Pastré, Clémence, and Leticia J. Braga|publisher=Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies|year=2008}}</ref>

Before the 1960s there was insignificant movement from Brazil to the United States. It was between the 1960s through 1980s that some Brazilians went to the United States as tourists to visit places such as Disney World, New York and other tourist destinations. Brazilians traveled during that time because the country was growing at an average 7% annually and projecting 4% annual increase in GDP per capita.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goza|first=Franklin|date=1994|title=Brazilian Immigration to North America|jstor=2547029|journal=The International Migration Review|volume=28|issue=1|pages=136–152|doi=10.2307/2547029|pmid=12287274}}</ref> After the 1980s, the peak of the economic cycle quickly dropped to a long lasting through. World Bank data shows that the  Brazilian GDP dipped to 1287.6 (USD per capita) at its lowest point in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita (current US$) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=BR. |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> This economic strife was a major factor pushing Brazilians to move elsewhere.The Brazilian Federal Police reported that in the 1980s about 1.25 million people (1% of the population) emigrated to countries such as the U.S. This was the first time Brazilians emigrated in significant numbers. They wanted to stay in the States until the crisis was over. They also had some work connections and known opportunities in the East Coast, which increased facilitated the move. In 1980, there were 41,000 Brazilians and 82,000 by 1990. Neoclassical Economics Theory explains the beginning flow of migration in 1980 indicating that individuals were rational actors who looked for better opportunities away from home to improve his/her lifestyle. Since the crisis hit the Brazilian middle class hard, many chose to leave to optimize their income, find better jobs, and more stable social conditions by doing marginal benefit analysis.<ref>''UN Human Development Report, 2009, Chapter 2, sections 2.1 and 2.2''</ref>

There was another wave of emigration in 2002 where Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 1.96 million Brazilians had left again as the country continued to lack economic stability.<ref name=":1" /> This number reflected another 1% of the Brazilian population 22 years later (“Population, total”). This wave of migration was different from the one in the 1980s. As shown by Martes’ research, migration evolved even more with a creation and better establishment of social networks. When Bostonians first brought back a wave of Brazilian domestic workers, Brazilians would send information to their homes about their experiences and opportunities. This connection is what Douglas Massey defined as Social Capital Theory. Migrants create social ties in the host country facilitating the move at lower cost and creating an incentive to join their community in another country.<ref>Massey, Douglas S. 1999. “Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis." Pp. 34-52 in ''The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience'', edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz and J. DeWind. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.</ref> Legal migrants who had entered the U.S. brought their immediate relatives resulting in an increase of the Brazilian immigrant population.

== Lawful Permanent Resident Status ==
[[File:Brazilians Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status, 1860-2016 Fiscal Year.png|thumb|245x245px|The figure portrays a historical pattern of Brazilians obtaining lawful permanent resident status. Each bar represents a 10-year fiscal period. The last 6 years accumulated 80,741 persons obtaining permanent status. The number of persons from 2010 to 2020 will more likely reflect the 10-year fiscal period from 2000 to 2009. However, the number of people will increase slightly at a much lower rate than from 1990–1999 to 2000–2009. Source: Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2016.]]
Brazilians obtained the highest number of lawful permanent residence status between 2000 and 2009 and many were eligible to naturalize. During that time, 115,404 Brazilians received permanent status and from 2010 through 2016, already 80,741 persons had received theirs. Still, it seems as if many received status, but if you compare to the total foreign born Brazilian population, the numbers are small. In 2010 the Brazilian foreign born population was 340,000 and only 12,057 (or 4% of) persons obtained legal status. Of the 336,000 foreign born Brazilians in 2014, only 10,246 (or 3%) received permanent status in the same year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016#*|title=Yearbook 2016|date=May 16, 2017|work=Department of Homeland Security|access-date=March 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Even though few people are obtaining permanent status, there was a noticeable spike previously mentioned between 2000 and 2009. The increase in acceptance was due to two main factors: the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and economic and political turmoil in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/naturalization-trends-united-states#cob|title=Naturalization Trends in the United States|date=August 9, 2016|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=March 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

The top three classes of admissions for Brazilians obtaining lawful permanent status in the U.S. in 2016 was family-sponsored, employment, and immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. Each category of admissions makes up of 4%, 25%, and 68% respectively of the total individuals.<ref name=":0" />

== Socioeconomics ==

=== Education ===
The 2000 U.S. census showed that 34.5 percent of Brazilians in the U.S. had completed four or more years of college. There’s a difference between female and male attainment. While 34.7% of men obtained a bachelor’s degree or higher, 45.2% of women obtained one.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://data.census.gov/table/ACSSPP1Y2021.S0201?q=Brazilian|title= SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES: Brazilian|access-date=October 10, 2023|author= U.S Census}}</ref><ref name="Goza">{{cite web|url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/site_eventos_abep/PDF/ABEP2004_266.pdf|title=An Overview of Brazilian Life as Portrayed by the 2000 U.S. Census|access-date=December 17, 2012|author=Franklin Goza, Bowling Green State University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801033625/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/site_eventos_abep/PDF/ABEP2004_266.pdf|archive-date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> while the corresponding number for the general U.S. population is only 24.4 percent.<ref name="CensusEducation">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf|title=Educational Attainment: 2000|access-date = December 17, 2012|author=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> However, although effectively many Brazilian immigrants in the United States are university educated, most of these immigrants fail to get well-qualified jobs and have to get lower-status jobs because the United States doesn't recognize their qualifications and also because many of them do not speak English.<ref name="Everyculture"/>

Second-and third-generation Brazilian Americans tend to have better jobs; they have been educated in the United States, speak English, and have citizenship.<ref name="Everyculture"/> A certain amount of Brazilians have middle to upper class socioeconomic status in Brazil so when they immigrate into the United States they are able to blend into certain American communities. As they received a higher amount of education in Brazil compared to the general population it only eases that transition into American communities, as a result some may seek to attain citizenship which only further allows Brazilians to fit into that middle class category.<ref name=":3" />

Due to the increase of Brazilian Americans residing in the United States there are many concerns regarding the preservation of certain traditions and also while maintaining Portuguese as their heritage language. Certain policies in all-English classrooms suppress bilingualism in children who grew up speaking both English and Portuguese, thus as a result children of immigrants experience a decrease in ethnic development with assimilation completely taking over within three generations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Halpern |first=Clarisse |last2=Austin Ward |first2=Zachary |last3=Aydin |first3=Hasan |date=2022-08-22 |title=“I’m Brazilian, Not Brazilian American”: The Experiences of Second-Generation Brazilian Adolescents Preserving Their Heritage Language and Resisting Assimilation |url=https://ijme-journal.org/index.php/ijme/article/view/3173 |journal=International Journal of Multicultural Education |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=132–156 |doi=10.18251/ijme.v24i2.3173 |issn=1934-5267|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some Brazilians reside in the United States with the fear of deportation and discrimination against them, however as some Brazilians are racially white or can pass off as white who are proficient in English live in the United States with their concerns becoming smaller and smaller. They tend to self-identify as racially white to avoid certain Hispanic/Latino communities in hopes of not drawing certain attention towards themselves.<ref name=":3" />

=== Healthcare ===
Studies that took place in [[Newark, New Jersey]] revealed before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] that many Brazilian-Americans had underlying conditions such as uncontrolled hypertension and obesity, but only 8% had health insurance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behbahani |first=Sara |last2=Smith |first2=Cynthia A. |last3=Carvalho |first3=Michelly |last4=Warren |first4=Christopher J. |last5=Gregory |first5=Micah |last6=Silva |first6=Nicole A. |date=December 2020 |title=Vulnerable Immigrant Populations in the New York Metropolitan Area and COVID-19: Lessons Learned in the Epicenter of the Crisis |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003518 |journal=Academic Medicine |language=en |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=1827–1830 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0000000000003518 |issn=1040-2446|pmc=7268828 }}</ref>

Programs such as the CDC’s REACH (Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health) initiative have sought to confront these disparities by focusing on community education, outreach, and improving access to preventive care and nutritious food. Doing so will reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases like obesity and hypertension in underserved populations, including Brazilian Americans. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Newark Hospital Receives $5 Million Grant to Address Health Disparities in Newark Communities |url=https://www.rlsmedia.com/article/newark-hospital-receives-5-million-grant-address-health-disparities-newark-communities |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.rlsmedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

However, systemic barriers persist, Immigrant communities such as Brazilian Americans, are negatively impacted by inadequate public health infrastructure and the lack of culturally acceptable care. Language differences and unfamiliarity with the healthcare system exacerbate these issues, often deterring individuals from seeking necessary care. Improving equity in the healthcare system will require expanded community-based healthcare services, and bilingual healthcare professionals. <ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massuda |first=Adriano |last2=Hone |first2=Thomas |last3=Leles |first3=Fernando Antonio Gomes |last4=Castro |first4=Marcia C. de |last5=Atun |first5=Rifat |date=2018-07-01 |title=The Brazilian health system at crossroads: progress, crisis and resilience |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/4/e000829 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e000829 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000829 |issn=2059-7908 |pmid=29997906|pmc=6035510 }}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Religion ===
Although the majority of Brazilian Americans are [[Roman Catholicism in Brazil|Roman Catholic]], there also significant numbers of [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestants]] ([[Mainline Protestantism|Mainline]], [[Evangelical Protestantism|Evangelical]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[Non-denominational]] Protestantism etc.), [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]],<ref name="mormonnewsroom">{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/brazil|publisher=mormonnewsroom.org|title=Brazil - LDS Statistics and Church Facts - Total Church Membership|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], [[Irreligion in Brazil|Irreligious]] people (including [[Atheism|atheists]] and [[Agnosticism|agnostics]]), followed by minorities such as [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritists]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Jews]] and [[Islam in Brazil|Muslims]].

As with wider Brazilian culture, there is set of beliefs related through syncretism that might be described as part of a [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]]–[[Animism]] continuum, that includes: [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]] (or Kardecism, a form of spiritualism that originated in France, often confused with other beliefs also called {{lang|pt|[[espiritismo]]}}, distinguished from them by the term {{lang|pt|espiritismo [de] mesa branca}}), [[Umbanda]] (a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] religion mixing African animist beliefs and rituals with Catholicism, Spiritism, and indigenous lore), [[Candomblé]] (a syncretic religion that originated in the Brazilian state of [[Bahia]] and that combines African animist beliefs with elements of Catholicism),<ref name="Everyculture"/> and [[Santo Daime]] (created in the state of [[Acre (state)|Acre]] in the 1930s by [[Mestre Irineu]] (also known as Raimundo Irineu Serra) it is a syncretic mix of Folk Catholicism, Kardecist Spiritism, [[Afro-Brazilian religion]]s and a more recent incorporation of Indigenous American practices and rites). People who profess Spiritism make up 1.3% of the country's population, and those professing [[Afro-American religion|Afro-Brazilian religions]] make up 0.3% of the country's population.

=== Politics ===
Brazilian American voters heavily support the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. A majority of Brazilian Americans voted for the Democratic presidential candidates in the 2016 and 2020 elections by 78 and 71% respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|title=3 em 4 brasileiros nos EUA votam em Biden, diz pesquisa que apontou vitória de Trump em 2016|language=pt-BR|work=BBC News Brasil|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-54728068|access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Brazilians began immigrating to the United States in large and increasing numbers in the 1980s as a result of worsening economic conditions in Brazil at that time.<ref name="Goza"/>  However, many of the Brazilians who have emigrated to the United States since this decade have been undocumented.<ref name="Everyculture"/> More women have immigrated to the United States from Brazil than men, with the 1990 and 2000 U.S. censuses showing there to be ten percent more female than male Brazilian Americans. The top three metropolitan areas by Brazilian population are New York City (72,635),<ref name=NYCMetroBrazilians>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/330M100US408/popgroup~519|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212084929/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/330M100US408/popgroup~519|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref> [[Boston metropolitan area|Boston]] (63,930),<ref name=BostonMetroBrazilians>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/330M100US148/popgroup~519|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212083451/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/12_1YR/S0201/330M100US148/popgroup~519|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref> and [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]] (43,930).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/S0201/330M200US370/popgroup~519|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212082314/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_3YR/S0201/330M200US370/popgroup~519|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2011-2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>

===U.S. states with the largest Brazilian-American populations===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State/Territory !! Brazilian<br />American<br />Population<br />(2024 estimate)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html | title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census }}</ref>!! Percentage
|-
| {{flag|Alabama}} || 2,235 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Alaska}} || 289 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Arizona}} || 4,560 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Arkansas}} || 877 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|California}} || 64,122 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Colorado}} || 5,344 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Connecticut}} || 30,065 || 0.8%
|-
| {{flag|Delaware}} || 785 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|District of Columbia}} || 1,564 || 0.2%
|-
| {{flag|Florida}} || 134,807 || 0.6%
|-
| {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || 19,578 || 0.2%
|-
| {{flag|Hawaii}} || 1,943 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Idaho}} || 1,219 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Illinois}} || 9,381 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Indiana}} || 2,842 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Iowa}} || 1,339 || 0.0% 
|-
| {{flag|Kansas}} || 2,083 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Kentucky}} || 1,439 || 0.0% 
|-
| {{flag|Louisiana}} || 3,198 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Maine}} || 738 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Maryland}} || 12,337  || 0.2%
|-
| {{flag|Massachusetts}} || '''137,449''' || '''2.0%'''
|-
| {{flag|Michigan}} || 6,634 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Minnesota}} || 3,218 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Mississippi}} || 726 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Missouri}} || 3,296 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Montana}} || 364 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Nebraska}} || 807 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Nevada}} || 4,732 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|New Hampshire}} || 4,300 || 0.3%
|-
| {{flag|New Jersey}} || 56,188 || 0.6%
|-
| {{flag|New Mexico}} || 819 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|New York}} || 36,024 || 0.2%
|-
| {{flag|North Carolina}} || 10,131 || 0.2%
|-
| {{flag|North Dakota}} || 279 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Ohio}} || 5,808 || 0.0% 
|-
| {{flag|Oklahoma}} || 1,580 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Oregon}} || 2,890 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Pennsylvania}} || 17,565 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Rhode Island}} || 3,111 || 0.3%
|-
| {{flag|South Carolina}} || 7,061 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|South Dakota}} || 228 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Tennessee}} || 3,613 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Texas}} || 29,745 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Utah}} || 9,684 || 0.3%
|-
| {{flag|Vermont}} || 398 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Virginia}} || 10,173 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|Washington}} || 9,188 || 0.1%
|-
| {{flag|West Virginia}} || 398 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Wisconsin}} || 2,219 || 0.0%
|-
| {{flag|Wyoming}} || 218 || 0.0%
|-
| ''US'' (2024) || 669,591 || 0.2%
|}

University of Arizona <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20063216 | jstor=20063216 | title=Brazilian Portuguese in Massachusetts's Linguistic Landscape: A Prevalent Yet Understudied Phenomenon | last1=Rubinstein-Avila | first1=Eliane | journal=Hispania | date=2005 | volume=88 | issue=4 | pages=873–880 | doi=10.2307/20063216 }}</ref> professor Elaine Rubinstein-Avila notes that Brazilian American newspapers are thriving in Massachusetts communities. ''The Brazilian Times'' publishes 36,000 copies per week.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubinstein-Avila |first=Eliane |date=2005-12-01 |title=Brazilian Portuguese in Massachusetts's Linguistic Landscape: A Prevalent Yet Understudied Phenomenon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20063216 |journal=Hispania |language=en |volume=88 |issue=4 |pages=873–880 |doi=10.2307/20063216|jstor=20063216 }}</ref>
[[File:Brazilians Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by State in 2016.png|thumb|447x447px|Brazilians obtaining lawful permanent resident status by the top 6 states in the United States. Source: Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2016]]

=== Brazilian American communities ===
[[File:Maiara_Walsh_2010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maiara Walsh]] at the [[Global Green USA]] 2010 Pre-Oscar Party in Hollywood, California]]
* [[New York City]] is a leading point of entry for [[Brazilians]] entering the [[United States]].<ref name="pri">{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-01-28/brazilians-are-taking-new-york-city-storm-cash|publisher=pri.org|title=Brazilians are taking New York City by storm — with their cash|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> [[46th Street (Manhattan)|West 46th Street]] between [[Fifth Avenue|Fifth]] and [[Sixth Avenue (Manhattan)|Sixth]] Avenues in [[Manhattan]] has been designated ''[[Little Brazil, Manhattan|Little Brazil]]'', and has historically been a commercial center for Brazilians living in or visiting [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nyintl.net/article/brazilians_in_the_city_new_york_citys_top_brazilian_hangouts|title=The World in NYC: Brazil|author=Walter Godinez|publisher=New York International|date=December 9, 2014|access-date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=December 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213013040/https://nyintl.net/article/brazilians_in_the_city_new_york_citys_top_brazilian_hangouts|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|author=Cortés, C.E.|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781452276267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|page=391|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Another NYC neighborhood home to many Brazilian Americans is located in [[Astoria, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zonalatina.com/Zldata132.htm |title=Little Brazil (New York City, USA) |publisher=zonalatina.com |access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref> 
* [[Newark, New Jersey]] is home to many Brazilian and [[Portuguese-American]]s, most prominently in the city's [[Ironbound]] district.
*Massachusetts, particularly the [[Boston metropolitan area]],<ref name=BostonMetroBrazilians/> has a sizable Brazilian immigrant population. [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]] has the highest percentage of Brazilians of any municipality in Massachusetts.<ref name="umb">{{Cite web |url=http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=gaston_pubs |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425213034/http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=gaston_pubs |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] has the highest number of Brazilians of any municipality in Massachusetts. Large populations also exist in [[Everett, Massachusetts|Everett]], [[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Barnstable]], [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], [[Hudson, Massachusetts|Hudson]], [[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]], [[Shrewsbury, Massachusetts|Shrewsbury]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Milford, Massachusetts|Milford]], [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts|Fitchburg]], [[Leominster, Massachusetts|Leominster]], [[Falmouth, Massachusetts|Falmouth]], [[Revere, Massachusetts|Revere]], [[Edgartown]], [[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]], [[Lancaster, Massachusetts|Lancaster]], [[Dennisport]], [[Chelsea, Massachusetts|Chelsea]], [[Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], [[Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts|Vineyard Haven]], [[Oak Bluffs]], [[Millbury, Massachusetts|Millbury]], and [[Leicester, Massachusetts|Leicester]].
* Florida's large Brazilian community is mostly centered around the southeastern corridor, particularly the islands and northeastern section of [[Miami-Dade County]] ([[North Bay Village]], [[Bay Harbor Islands]], [[Miami Beach]], [[Surfside, Florida|Surfside]], [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]], [[Aventura, Florida|Aventura]], and [[Sunny Isles Beach]]) with the exception of [[Doral, Florida|Doral]]. In [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]], the population is centered on the northeastern part as well ([[Deerfield Beach]], [[Pompano Beach]], [[Oakland Park, Florida|Oakland Park]], [[Coconut Creek]], [[Lighthouse Point, Florida|Lighthouse Point]], and [[Sea Ranch Lakes]]), with some living also in [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]] ([[Boca Raton]]). There are also many Brazilians living in [[Orange County, Florida|Orange County]] and [[Osceola County, Florida|Osceola County]], particularly in the cities of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] and [[Kissimmee]].<ref name="culturemapped">{{cite web|url=http://www.culturemapped.com/brazil.html|author=Philippe Dionne|publisher=culturemapped.com|title=Community Focus: Brazilians in South East Florida|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306174724/http://www.culturemapped.com/brazil.html|archive-date=March 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sun-sentinel">{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-08-17/business/fl-brazil-companies-invest-20140817_1_south-florida-restaurant-chain-banco|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821014655/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-08-17/business/fl-brazil-companies-invest-20140817_1_south-florida-restaurant-chain-banco|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 21, 2014|publisher=[[Sun Sentinel]]|title=Brazilian community in South Florida lures investment from companies in Brazil - tribunedigital-sunsentinel|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Florida Connexion">Rosana Almeida [https://floridaconnexion.com/brazilians-and-florida-a-love-affair/ "Brazilians and Florida, a love affair"], ''Florida Connexion'', March 25, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2024.</ref><ref name="The Daytona Beach News-Journal">Brenno Carillo [https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/news/state/2023/01/12/brazilian-community-in-central-florida-shares-why-they-left-brazil/69802089007/ "Why Brazilians, many of whom are fans of Bolsonaro, continue to flock to Florida"], ''[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]'', January 12, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2024.</ref> There is also a growing Brazilian American population on the southside of [[Jacksonville]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://zipatlas.com/us/city-comparison/largest-brazilian-community.htm#google_vignette|title= Cities with the Largest Brazilian Community in the United States|access-date=February 21, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] has a vibrant Brazilian community, mostly settling in the [[Northeast Philadelphia|Northeast]] section of the city, in communities such as [[Oxford Circle]], [[Summerdale, Pennsylvania|Summerdale]], [[Frankford, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Frankford]], [[Juniata Park]], [[Lawndale, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Lawndale]], [[Fox Chase, Philadelphia|Fox Chase]], and [[Rhawnhurst]]. Many of the Brazilian residents started to come to Philadelphia during the early 2000s, opening restaurants, boutiques, supermarkets, and other stores along Bustleton, Castor, and Cottman Avenues.
* Smaller, but highly concentrated Brazilian communities reside in [[Riverside Township, New Jersey|Riverside]], [[Delran, New Jersey|Delran]], [[Cinnaminson, New Jersey|Cinnaminson]], [[Palmyra, New Jersey|Palmyra]], [[Delanco, New Jersey|Delanco]], [[Beverly, New Jersey|Beverly]], [[Edgewater Park, New Jersey|Edgewater Park]], and [[Burlington, New Jersey|Burlington]], all within [[New Jersey]].
* [[Los Angeles, California]]'s Brazilian residents have tended to settle, if not form distinct ethnic enclaves in, the county's southern beach cities ([[Venice, Los Angeles]]; and suburbs of [[Lawndale, California|Lawndale]]; [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]; [[Manhattan Beach, California|Manhattan Beach]]; and [[Redondo Beach, California|Redondo Beach]]) and Westside neighborhoods near and south of the 10 ([[Palms, Los Angeles]]; [[Rancho Park, Los Angeles]]; and [[West Los Angeles]]; and the suburb of [[Culver City, California|Culver City]]). The city's greatest concentration of Brazilian American businesses began appearing in the late 1980s along Venice Boulevard's north border between Culver City and Palms (between Overland Avenue and Sepulveda Avenue).<ref name="latimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-little-brazil-20140623-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Brazilian enclave takes root in Culver City, boosted by World Cup - LA Times|date=June 24, 2014|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism|author1=Ochoa, E.|author2=Ochoa, G.L.|date=2005|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=9780816524686|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kPNtvk09l0C&pg=PA179|page=179|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Chicago, Illinois]]' Brazilian population began with the migration of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Sephardi Jews]] who had fled to [[Brazil]] during the [[World War II]] era. After [[World War II]], many [[Sephardim]] successfully circumvented restrictive U.S. immigration laws, to join the large and largely [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[History of the Jews in Chicago|population]] in the [[Chicago area]]. However, it was not until the 1970s, did a visible Brazilian community begin to develop in Chicago. The Flyers Soccer Club was founded by a group of young men who desired to bring Brazilian soccer culture to the Chicago area. The Flyers Soccer Club eventually transformed into a multifaceted community organization called the Luso-Brazilian Club. The group was headquartered in Chicago's [[Lake View, Chicago|Lakeview]] neighborhood. The group declined in the late 1980s. As Brazilians emigrated to the United States in large numbers in the 1980s and 1990s, Chicago's Brazilian population remained comparatively small, numbering no more than several thousand people by 2000.<ref name="chicagohistory">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1542.html|publisher=encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org|title=Brazilians|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> The [[FIFA World Cup]]s have attracted the attention of Chicago's Brazilian population through the years, leading to the development of some Brazilian soccer-interested gatherings in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbez.org/news/world-cup-stirs-mixed-feelings-chicago%E2%80%99s-brazilian-community-110305 |title=Chicago's Brazilian community is divided about their country hosting World Cup &#124; WBEZ 91.5 Chicago |access-date=February 16, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195513/http://www.wbez.org/news/world-cup-stirs-mixed-feelings-chicago%E2%80%99s-brazilian-community-110305 |archive-date=February 19, 2016 }}</ref>

'''<big>The top U.S. states by Brazilian ancestry population</big>'''

'''<big>The top U.S. counties by Brazilian immigrant population</big>''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2014 |title=U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/us-immigrant-population-state-and-county |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
The national total being 433,500 persons estimated from the American Community Survey for 2015 - 2019 via the Migration Policy Institute website

1) [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]—34,300

2) [[Broward County, Florida]] ------------------- 24,700

3) [[Miami-Dade County, Florida]] ------------- 17,100

4) [[Orange County, Florida]] -------------------- 15,800

5) [[Palm Beach County, Florida]] ------------- 12,500

6) [[Los Angeles County, California]] -------- 11,900

7) [[Fairfield County, Connecticut]] ----------- 11,900

8) [[Essex County, New Jersey]] --------------- 10,100

9) [[Worcester County, Massachusetts]] --- 9,700

10) [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] ------ 7,500

11) [[San Diego County, California]] ----------- 6,100

12) [[Manhattan|Manhattan Borough, New York]] -------- 6,000

13) [[Montgomery County, Maryland]] -------- 5,700

14) [[Essex County, Massachusetts]] --------- 5,600

15) [[Queens|Queens Borough, New York]] ------------- 5,200

16) [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts]] ------ 5,200

17) [[Harris County, Texas]] ------------------------ 5,100

18) [[Westchester County, New York]] -------- 4,600

19) [[Cobb County, Georgia]] ---------------------- 4,600

20) [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania]]—4,500

21) [[Union County, New Jersey]] --------------- 4,400

22) [[King County, Washington]] ----------------- 4,100

23) [[Monmouth County, New Jersey]] ------- 3,900

24) [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts]] --- 3,800

25) [[Orange County, California]] ---------------- 3,800

26) [[Cook County, Illinois]] ------------------------ 3,800

27) [[Duval County, Florida]] ------------------------ 3,750

28) [[Contra Costa County, California]] ------- 3,600

29) [[Barnstable County, Massachusetts]] --- 3,600

'''<big>U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Brazilian ancestry</big>''' [[File:Camilla Belle 2, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Camilla Belle]] in 2009, actress, director and producer|alt=]]
According to [[ePodunk]], a website, the top 50 U.S. communities with the highest percentages of people claiming Brazilian ancestry are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Brazilian.html |title=Ancestry Map of Brazilian Communities |publisher=Epodunk.com |access-date=August 6, 2008 |archive-date=September 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923063816/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Brazilian.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

# [[North Bay Village, Florida]] 6.00%
# [[Riverside Township, New Jersey|Riverside, New Jersey]] 5.00%
# [[Danbury, Connecticut]] 4.90%
# [[Harrison, New Jersey]] 4.80%
# [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] 4.80%
# [[Somerville, Massachusetts]] 4.50%
# [[Kearny, New Jersey]] 3.70%
# [[Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts]] 3.60%
# [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]] 3.50%
# [[Everett, Massachusetts]] 3.20%
# [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]] 3.10%
# [[Long Branch, New Jersey]] 2.80%
# [[Edgartown, Massachusetts]] 2.70%
# [[Newark, New Jersey]] 2.50%
# [[Doral, Florida]] 2.50%
# [[Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts]] 2.50%
# [[Miami Beach, Florida]] 2.20%
# [[Hillside, New Jersey]] 2.20%
# [[Hudson, Massachusetts]] 2.20%
# [[Oakland Park, Florida]] 2.10%
# [[South River, New Jersey]] 2.10%
# [[Cliffside Park, New Jersey]]2.10%
# [[Tisbury, Massachusetts]] 2.10%
# [[Fairview, Bergen County, New Jersey|Fairview, New Jersey]] 2.00%
# [[Aventura, Florida]] 1.90%
# [[Lauramie, Indiana]] 1.80%
# [[Revere, Massachusetts]] 1.70%
# [[Malden, Massachusetts]] 1.70%
# [[Sea Ranch Lakes, Florida]] 1.70%
# [[Surfside, Florida]] 1.60%
# [[Barnstable, Massachusetts]] 1.60%
# [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] 1.60%
# [[Ojus, Florida]] 1.60%
# [[Washington, Ohio]] 1.60%
# [[Naugatuck, Connecticut]] 1.60%
# [[Milford, Massachusetts]] 1.50%
# [[Dennis Port, Massachusetts]] 1.50%
# [[Keene, Texas]] 1.50%
# [[Key Biscayne, Florida]] 1.50%
# [[Mount Vernon, New York]] 1.50%
# [[Avondale Estates, Georgia]] 1.50%
# [[Sunny Isles Beach, Florida]] 1.50%
# [[Riverside Township, New Jersey|Riverside, New Jersey]] 1.40%
# [[Trenton, Florida]] 1.40%
# [[South Lancaster, Massachusetts]] 1.30%
# [[Great River, New York]] 1.30%
# [[Port Chester, New York]] 1.30%
# [[Coconut Creek, Florida]] 1.20%
# [[Belle Isle, Florida]] 1.20%
# [[Big Pine Key, Florida]] 1.20%
# [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]] 1.20%

===U.S. communities with the most residents born in Brazil===
[[File:Sky_Ferreira_2_2013.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Sky Ferreira]] performing in St. Louis, MO]]
According to the social networking and information website [[City-Data]], the top 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents born in Brazil are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h153.html |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Brazil (population 500+) |publisher=city-data.com |access-date=August 6, 2008}}</ref>

# [[Loch Lomond, Florida]] 15.8%
# [[Bonnie Loch-Woodsetter North, Florida]] 7.2%
# [[North Bay Village, Florida]] 7.1%
# [[East Newark, New Jersey]] 6.7%
# [[Framingham, Massachusetts]] 6.6%
# [[Harrison, New Jersey]] 5.8%
# [[Danbury, Connecticut]] 5.6%
# [[Somerville, Massachusetts]] 5.4%
# [[Sunshine Ranches, Florida]] 5.1%
# [[Flying Hills, Pennsylvania]] 5.1%
# [[Deerfield Beach, Florida]] 4.7%
# [[Fox River, Alaska]] 4.5%
# [[Edgartown, Massachusetts]] 4.4%
# [[West Yarmouth, Massachusetts]] 4.4%
# [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]] 4.4%
# [[Kearny, New Jersey]] 4.4%
# [[Doral, Florida]] 4.1%
# [[Everett, Massachusetts]] 4.0%
# [[Long Branch, New Jersey]] 3.7%
# [[Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts]] 3.4%
# [[Hudson, Massachusetts]] 3.2%
# [[Miami Beach, Florida]] 3.1%
# [[Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts]] 3.0%
# [[Oakland Park, Florida]] 3.0%
# [[Pompano Beach Highlands, Florida]] 3.0%

Some City-Data information contradicts official government data from the [[Census Bureau]]. It is important to be mindful that Brazilian Americans sometimes decline to identify as [[Latino Americans|Latino]]. Therefore, the above estimates may outnumber the census data figures for Latinos for the above census areas.

== Relations with Brazil ==
{{Main|Brazil–United States relations}}
Voting Brazilian Americans and [[Brazilian diaspora|Brazilians abroad]] heavily favored the opposition's [[Aecio Neves]] and his pro-business [[centrist|center]] to [[center-right]] [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] in Brazil's [[Brazilian general election, 2014|2014 general election]].<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Migration Governance Across Regions: State-Diaspora Relations in the Latin America-Southern Europe Corridor|author=Margheritis, A. |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317437864 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGBACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |page=128 |access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="ebc">{{cite web|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2014-10/brazilian-voter-turnout-abroad-63|publisher=agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br|title=Brazilian voter turnout abroad up 63% - Agência Brasil|date=October 6, 2014|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> Aecio Neves and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, or PSDB, were narrowly defeated in the 2014 runoff.<ref name="ft">{{cite news |url=http://on.ft.com/1tcKzV0 |newspaper=Financial Times |title=Real falls sharply on Brazil election result |access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>

Brazilian Americans represent a large source of remittances to Brazil. Brazil receives approximately one quarter of its remittances from the U.S. (26% in 2012), out of a total amount of $4.9&nbsp;billion received in 2012.<ref name="pewhispanic">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2013/11/14/3-sources-of-remittances-to-latin-america/|publisher=pewhispanic.org|title=3. Sources of Remittances to Latin America - Pew Research Center|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bendixenandamandi.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/IDB-Belo-Horizonte.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 16, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224102956/http://bendixenandamandi.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/IDB-Belo-Horizonte.pdf |archive-date=February 24, 2016 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main list|List of Brazilian Americans}}
{{Americans}}

===Arts===
* [[Andrew Matarazzo]], actor 
* [[Barbie Ferreira]], actress
* [[Bebel Gilberto]], singer
* [[Bill Handel]], radio personality
* [[Blondfire]], pop music band
* [[Bruna Dantas Lobato]], writer
* [[Bruno Campos]], actor
* [[Camila Mendes]], actress
* [[Camilla Belle]], actress<ref name="gq-magazine">{{cite web|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/CoolNewStuff/Details.aspx?StoryID=35465|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623105808/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/CoolNewStuff/Details.aspx?StoryID=35465|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 23, 2006|title=GQ: Cool New Stuff - Films, Gadgets, Motors, Girls, Bars, Fashion, Grooming|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="dailyprincetonian">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2006/03/02/arts/14697.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103030804/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2006/03/02/arts/14697.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 3, 2008|title=The Daily Princetonian - Belle of the ball|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro]], percussionist
* [[Fabrizio Moretti]], musician
* [[Gabriella Burnham]], writer
* [[Marcelo Coelho]], designer
* [[Gustavo Assis-Brasil]], musician, composer, author
* [[Jair Oliveira]], singer, musician, musical producer and songwriter
* [[Jared Gomes]], rapper and vocalist from Hed PE
* [[Joe Penna]], writer and director
* [[Jordana Brewster]], actress
* [[Julia Goldani Telles]], actress
* [[Kiko Loureiro]], musician, Megadeth and Angra
* [[Linda Perry]], musical producer and songwriter
* [[Maiara Walsh]], actress
* [[Max Cavalera]], musician
* [[Mônica da Silva]], singer, songwriter
* [[Morena Baccarin]], actress
* [[Sergio Rossetti Morosini]], sculptor, painter, author
* [[Naza (artist)|Naza]], visual artist
* [[Rudy Mancuso]], comedian and Internet personality
* [[Raw Leiba]], actor, producer, director
* [[Sky Ferreira]], singer, songwriter, model, and actress
* [[Sunspot (Marvel Comics)|Sunspot]], Marvel Comics character
* [[Yara Flor]], DC Comics character
* [[Fire (comics)|Fire]], DC Comics character
* [[Gisele Bündchen]], model
* [[Adriana Lima]], model

===Sports===
* [[Rafael dos Anjos]], mixed martial artist
*[[Rafael Araujo-Lopes]], American football player
*[[Bob Burnquist]], professional skateboarder<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/2008-06-17-burnquist_N.htm |title=Skateboarder Burnquist strikes a balance on Dew Tour - USATODAY.com |last=Ruibal |first=Sal |date=June 18, 2008 |access-date=January 22, 2010 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-04-sp-xdiary4-story.html|title=Event No Longer Simply Child's Play|first=Pete|last=Thomas|date=August 4, 2006|website=Articles.latimes.com|access-date=January 18, 2018}}</ref>
*[[Johnny Cardoso]], soccer player
*[[Mackenzie Dern]], mixed martial artist
* [[Benny Feilhaber]] (born 1985), soccer player
* [[Gil de Ferran]], race car driver and team owner
* [[Pietro Fittipaldi]], Formula One driver
* [[Yan Gomes]], baseball player
* [[Nenê Hilário]], basketball player
* [[Ryan Hollweg]], hockey player
* [[Johnny Cardoso]], soccer player
* [[Louise Lieberman]] (born 1977), soccer coach and former player
* [[Dhiego Lima]], mixed martial artist
* [[Douglas Lima]], mixed martial artist
*[[Vicente Luque]], mixed martial artist
* [[Scott Machado]], basketball player
* [[Catarina Macario]], soccer player 
* [[Sergio Menezes]], footvolley athlete and founder of pro tour
* [[Amen Santo]], Capoeira master.
* [[Cairo Santos]], [[Chicago Bears]] [[placekicker]].
* [[Vic Seixas]] (born 1923), Hall of Fame former top-10 tennis player
* [[Anderson Silva]], mixed martial artist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/07/ufc-anderson-silva-sworn-in-as-us-citizen|title=Anderson Silva grateful to be sworn in as U.S. citizen: 'This is my country now'|date=July 24, 2019|publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref>
* [[José Leonardo Ribeiro da Silva]], soccer player
* [[Wanderlei Silva]], mixed martial artist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2016/04/24/wanderlei-silva-brazil-american-citizenship/|title=Wanderlei Silva -- I'M AN AMERICAN CITIZEN NOW ... And I'm Gonna Save Brazil!! (VIDEO)|website=Tmz.com|date=April 24, 2016 |access-date=January 18, 2018}}</ref>
*[[Tim Soares]] (born 1997), basketball player for [[Ironi Ness Ziona B.C.|Ironi Ness Ziona]] of the [[Israeli Basketball Premier League]]
* [[Isadora Williams]], figure skater<ref>[https://www.montclair.edu/newscenter/2018/02/13/student-isadora-williams-is-olympic-bound/ Good Luck on Your Olympic Journey, Isadora Williams]</ref>
* [[Tay Conti]], Professional Wrestler for AEW
* [[Cezar Bononi]], Professional Wrestler for AEW

===Academics===
* [[Ana Maria Carvalho]], PhD., professor of linguistics at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, [[University of Arizona]]<ref name="anacarvalho">{{cite web|url=http://anacarvalho.faculty.arizona.edu|publisher=anacarvalho.faculty.arizona.edu|title=Ana Maria Carvalho &#124; Ana Maria Carvalho|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="arizona">{{cite web|url=https://las.arizona.edu/user/ana-maria-carvalho|publisher=las.arizona.edu|title=Ana Maria Carvalho - Center for Latin American Studies|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209133530/https://las.arizona.edu/user/ana-maria-carvalho|archive-date=December 9, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Lin Chao]], PhD., professor of ecology at the [[University of California, San Diego]]<ref name="ucsd">{{cite web|url=http://biology.ucsd.edu/research/faculty/lchao|publisher=biology.ucsd.edu|title=Lin Chao|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Flavia Colgan]], political strategist
* [[Duília de Mello]], PhD., ordinary professor of Physics and Astronomy and Vice Provost for Global Strategies <ref name="de Mello">{{cite web|url=https://physics.catholic.edu/faculty-and-research/faculty-profiles/de-mello-duilia/index.html|publisher=physics.catholic.edu|title=Duília de Mello - Ordinary Professor, Vice Provost for Global Strategies|access-date=February 26, 2024}}</ref> at [[Catholic University of America]].
* [[Marcelo Gleiser]], PhD., physicist and astronomer. Appleton Professor of Natural Philosophy and Professor of Physics and Astronomy at [[Dartmouth College]]<ref name="dartmouth">{{cite web|url=http://physics.dartmouth.edu/people/marcelo-gleiser|publisher=Physics.dartmouth.edu|title=Marcelo Gleiser - Department of Physics and Astronomy|date=April 2, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="dartmouth2">{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mgleiser/|title=Marcelo Gleiser|website=Dartmouth.edu|access-date=January 18, 2018|archive-date=October 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015160124/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mgleiser/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ben Goertzel]], PhD., former professor of Computer Sciences at the [[University of New Mexico]], researcher of [[artificial intelligence]], visiting faculty at [[Xiamen University]]<ref name="goertzel">{{cite web|url=http://goertzel.org/bio.htm|publisher=goertzel.org|title=Biography|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Miguel Nicolelis]], M.D., Ph.D., Duke School of Medicine Distinguished Professor of Neuroscience, [[Duke University]] Professor of Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering and Psychology and Neuroscience, and founder of Duke's Center for Neuroengineering.<ref name="duke">{{cite web|url=https://bme.duke.edu/faculty/miguel-nicolelis|publisher=bme.duke.edu|title=Miguel A Nicolelis - Duke Biomedical Engineering|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231951/https://bme.duke.edu/faculty/miguel-nicolelis|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="duke2">{{cite web|url=https://www.neuro.duke.edu/research/faculty-labs/nicolelis-lab|title=Nicolelis Lab - Duke Neurobiology|website=Neuro.duke.edu|access-date=January 18, 2018|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525123318/https://www.neuro.duke.edu/research/faculty-labs/nicolelis-lab|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="duke3">{{cite web|url=https://dibs.duke.edu/scholars/miguel-nicolelis|publisher=dibs.duke.edu|title=Miguel Nicolelis - Duke Institute for Brain Sciences - Brain Functions Research & Science|access-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201154816/https://dibs.duke.edu/scholars/miguel-nicolelis|archive-date=February 1, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Roberto Mangabeira Unger]], LL.M., S.J.D., Roscoe Pound Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School ([[Harvard University]])<ref name="harvard">{{cite web|url=http://hls.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10910/Unger|author=Harvard Law School|publisher=hls.harvard.edu|title=Roberto Mangabeira Unger - Harvard Law School|access-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>

===Business===
*[[David Neeleman]], businessman, founder of [[JetBlue]] and [[Azul Brazilian Airlines]]<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/12/01/azul-airline-started-by-jetblue-founder-files-for-i-p-o/?_r=0|title=Azul, Brazil Airline Started by JetBlue Founder, Files for I.P.O.|first=Dan|last=Horch|website=Dealbook.nytimes.com|date=December 2014 |access-date=January 18, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Eduardo Saverin]], [[Facebook]] co-founder; renounced his U.S. citizenship in 2011

===Politics===
*[[Gisele Barreto Fetterman]], former Second Lady of Pennsylvania and wife of U.S. Senator [[John Fetterman]]
*[[George Santos]], former U.S. Representative from [[New York's 3rd congressional district]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Hispanic and Latino Americans|Brazil|United States}}
* [[American Brazilians]]
* [[Portuguese Americans]]
* [[Brazilian Day]] - Brazilian American party of New York
* [[List of Brazilian Americans]]
* [[Brazilian British]]
* [[Brazil–United States relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*  Jefferson, Alphine W. "Brazilian Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp.&nbsp;343–355. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300037/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=65e95ae0 online]
* Jouët-Pastré, Clémence, and Leticia J. Braga. ''Becoming Brazuca: Brazilian Immigration to the United States'' (Harvard University David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, 2008).
* Margolis, Maxine L. ''Little Brazil: An Ethnography of Brazilian Immigrants in New York City'' (1994).
* Piscitelli, Adriana. “Looking for New Worlds: Brazilian Women as International Migrants.” ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society'' 33#4 (2008): 784–93.

==External links==
* [http://www.centroculturalbrasilusa.org/  Centro Cultural Brasil-USA (Brazil-USA Cultural Center)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010183758/http://www.brazilianfoundation.org/ The Brazilian-American Foundation]
* [http://www.bacidc.org/ Brazilian-American Cultural Institute]
* [http://www.bramas.org/ Brazilian-American Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925042216/http://www.brazil.org.uk/tourism/accommodation.html Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce, Inc.]

{{Brazilian diaspora}}
{{Hispanics/Latinos}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:American people of Brazilian descent| ]]
[[Category:Brazilian diaspora in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Brazilian-American history| ]]
[[Category:Multiracial ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Brazilian diaspora]]