View source for Capital of New Zealand

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Location map+ | New Zealand
| AlternativeMap = New Zealand relief map.jpg
| width   = 250
| caption = Three capitals of New Zealand
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | New Zealand
  | lat_deg = -41.29
  | lon_deg = 174.78
  | label   = Wellington
  }}
  {{Location map~ | New Zealand
  | lat_deg = -36.84
  | lon_deg = 174.74
  | label   = Auckland
  }}
  {{Location map~ | New Zealand
  | lat_deg = -35.304
  | lon_deg = 174.122
  | label   = Old Russell / Okiato
  }}
}}
{{History of New Zealand}}
[[Wellington]] has been the '''capital of New Zealand''' since 1865. [[New Zealand]]'s first capital city was Old Russell ([[Okiato]]) in 1840–41. [[Auckland]] was the second capital from 1841 until 1865, when Parliament was permanently moved to Wellington after an argument that persisted for a decade. As the members of parliament could not agree on the location of a more central capital, Wellington was decided on by three Australian commissioners.

== Okiato ==
[[Okiato]] or Old Russell is a small holiday spot in the [[Bay of Islands]], {{convert|7|km}} south of present-day [[Russell, New Zealand|Russell]], which was then known as Kororareka. Okiato was New Zealand's first national capital, for a short time from 1840 to 1841, before the [[seat of government]] was moved to Auckland. [[William Hobson]] arrived in New Zealand on 29 January 1840, the date now celebrated as the [[Auckland Anniversary Day]]. On the following day, as [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Lieutenant-Governor]] he proclaimed British Sovereignty in New Zealand. 30 January 1840 was the day that the [[Union Jack]] was flown on the masthead of the ''Herald'', the ship that brought Hobson to the Bay of islands, and that the flag was saluted by guns.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=66}}[[File:WilliamHobsonGovNZ.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Capt. [[William Hobson]] by [[James McDonald (artist)|James McDonald]], 1913|left]]
A capital city needed to be decided on, and immediately after the signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] on 6 February 1840, Hobson sought advice from those who had been living in New Zealand for some time. The missionary [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] recommended the area around the [[Waitematā Harbour]]. [[William Cornwallis Symonds]] agreed with that assessment. A week after the signing of the treaty, seven [[Māori people|Māori]] chiefs from [[Ōrākei]] on the Waitematā Harbour came to see Hobson and invited him to stay amongst them. They wanted protection from a rival [[iwi]], the [[Ngāpuhi]], and offered him land in return for living there.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=40}} On 21 February, a small party including Hobson, Williams, Symonds, Captain [[Joseph Nias]], and [[Felton Mathew]] left on the ''Herald'' to explore the Waitematā; they arrived there two days later.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=40f}} They visited various places, but on 1 March, Hobson suffered a stroke which paralysed half of his body and affected his speech.<ref name="DNZB Hobson">{{DNZB|Simpson|K. A.|1h29|Hobson, William|12 July 2015}}</ref> Rather than delegate the decision making to his officers, the party returned to the Bay of Islands with the task incomplete.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=40–43}}

Mathew, who was Surveyor General, was then instructed to report on possible locations for a capital in the Bay of Islands. His initial recommendation was for Kororareka, but there were conflicting land claims and Hobson refused to accept this recommendation as he felt that he had insufficient authority to overcome those legal problems.{{sfn|Scholefield|1940|p=71}} His second recommendation was Captain [[James Reddy Clendon]]'s property, as it met the requirements for a good anchorage and immediate availability of land suitable for subdivision and on-sale to settlers.{{sfn|Scholefield|1940|p=72}} Locations such as [[Paihia]] and [[Kerikeri]] were bypassed for various reasons.{{sfn|King|1992|pp=26–28}}

[[Pōmare II (Ngāpuhi)|Pōmare II]], the local [[Māori people|Māori]] chief in the 1830s, sold land at Okiato to a British merchant and ship owner, Captain Clendon on 7 December 1830 for [[Pound sterling|£]]28 15[[Shilling (British coin)|s]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanson Turton |first1=Henry |author-link1=Henry Hanson Turton |title=Maori Deeds of Old Private Land Purchases in New Zealand, From the Year 1815 to 1840, with Pre-Emptive and Other Claims | url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TurOldP-t1-g1-g1-g2-g15-t1.html |access-date=11 July 2015 |chapter=Opanui Block, Okiato, Bay of Islands District}}</ref> Clendon settled there in 1832 and set up a trading station with partner Samuel Stephenson. Clendon became the first [[United States Ambassador to New Zealand|United States Consul]] for New Zealand in 1838 or 1839. Clendon wanted £23,000 for the {{convert|380|acre}} of land, the house, two small cottages, a large store and other buildings. Hobson eventually agreed with Clendon on £15,000; the agreement was made on 22 March and Hobson took possession in May.{{sfn|Scholefield|1940|p=72}} Clendon had only been paid £1,000 when word was received that Governor [[George Gipps]] did not sanction the purchase. Clendon received a further £1,250 and a land grant of {{convert|10000|acre}} at [[Papakura]].{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=83}}

Hobson changed its name from Okiato to Russell, in honour of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]. Hobson and his family moved there in May 1840 and officials, troops, workmen and immigrants took up residence in permanent or temporary buildings and tents.{{sfn|King|1992|pp=26–28}} Mathew drew up ambitious plans for a town,{{sfn|King|1992|pp=26–28}} but only one of the intended roads was ever built – leading directly from the town hall to the town jail. A year later Hobson moved the capital to [[Auckland]] and most of the Russell (i.e. Okiato) residents moved there too. A few officials lived on in the Government House at Russell but when it and the offices burned down in May 1842, they moved to Kororareka leaving Russell virtually deserted.{{sfn|King|1992|pp=26–28}}

Kororareka was part of the Port of Russell and gradually became known as Russell also. In January 1844 Governor [[Robert FitzRoy]] officially designated Kororareka as part of the township of Russell. Now the name Russell applies only to the erstwhile Kororareka while Okiato has resumed its original name. There is often confusion between modern-day Russell, Kororareka and Okiato in relation to the original capital: even the historian [[Michael King (historian)|Michael King]] in ''The Penguin History of New Zealand''—his most notable work and the most commonly-read New Zealand history book—incorrectly names Kororareka as the country's first capital.{{sfn|King|2003|p=165}}

== Auckland ==
[[File:First Government House, Auckland.jpg|thumb|The first [[Government House, Auckland|Government House]] in Auckland, as painted by [[Edward Ashworth]] in 1842 or 1843]]
There is no doubt that Hobson regarded Russell as a temporary capital only.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=43}} On 18 April 1840, he sent Mathew on a second journey south; the Surveyor General was instructed to explore the harbours of [[Whangārei]], [[Mahurangi River|Mahurangi]], and Waitematā, and to pay particular attention to a location on the southern shore of the Waitematā. Mathew spent two months exploring the various locations and rejected Whangārei and Mahurangi, but also rejected the site favoured by Hobson that later became known as [[Hobsonville]]. In his words, it was "totally unfit for the site of the principal settlement, and indeed ill adapted for a settlement at all".{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=43}} Mathew recommended the [[Panmure, New Zealand|Panmure]] Basin for the settlement, which had numerous advantages, but he conceded that access from the harbour was difficult.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=43f}}

Once Hobson had regained some health, he went south to check Mathew's recommendations. On 6 July, he visited Panmure and immediately dismissed it over the difficult access by water. Hobson also admitted that his favoured location was impractical. After the party watched a sunset and were impressed by a "lovely aspect of the shore further down the harbour in the golden glow of the late afternoon", they went ashore there the following day. They agreed that the place held great promise for a future capital; it is believed that they landed at Shelly Beach in [[Ponsonby, New Zealand|Ponsonby]]. By the end of the month, the decision was made that the capital would shift to the Waitematā.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=45}}

On 13 September 1840, a barque left Russell for the Waitematā. On board were seven Government officials, some cabin passengers, and numerous steerage passenger. The party, under the command of Symonds, was to finalise the choice of the future capital, buy the land off the Maori, erect stores and accommodation buildings, and find a site for [[Government House, Auckland|Government House]]. On 18 September, the land (some {{convert|3000|acre|disp=or}}) had been chosen and an agreement signed with [[Āpihai Te Kawau]] and others representing the [[Ngāti Whātua]] iwi.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=51–54}}<ref name="DNZB Te Kawau">{{DNZB|title=Apihai Te Kawau |author=Pihema, Ani |author2=Kerei, Ruby |author3=Oliver, Steven |id=1t42|access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> A flagstaff was erected on [[Point Britomart]], and [[Queen Victoria|Her Majesty]]'s health was "most rapturously drunk with cheers long and loud".{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=54}} Sarah Mathews, the wife of the Surveyor General, recorded in her diary that the name "Auckland" was inscribed in the flag pole, together with the date of the land purchase. This may be regarded as the unofficial naming of the city, as the name was first put in writing by Hobson on 10 November of that year.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=54f}} [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland]] was [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. In 1834, he had given a commission to [[William Hobson]] to sail for the [[East Indies]] on the ''Rattlesnake'', which ended a six-year period without a command and on half pay.<ref name="DNZB Hobson" /> Whilst the name was bestowed in gratitude, it certainly met with general approval, as Lord Auckland was at the height of his fame in 1840 after he had been appointed [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] in 1835.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=55}} Queen Victoria's approval of Auckland as the name for the settlement was published in the ''[[New Zealand Gazette]]'' on 26 November 1842.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=55}}

Work progressed well in Auckland. Hobson first visited Auckland on 17 October 1840 to check on progress, and decide on the location for Government House. He returned to the Bay of Islands, having decided to take up residence in Auckland in the following year.{{sfn|Reed|1955|pp=55f}} Government House was a kit set built in England and shipped out to New Zealand, weighing {{convert|250|t}}. It had 16 rooms, was {{convert|120|ft}} long, {{convert|50|ft}} wide, and {{convert|24|ft}} high. It was placed on the corner of Hobson and Cook Streets.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=58}} The officials and all of government's papers were moved from the Bay of Islands to Auckland in January 1841. Hobson moved into his new residence on 14 March 1841, and with him moving in, the capital had shifted from the Bay of Islands to Auckland.{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=58}}

The first [[High Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]] in New Zealand was built in 1842 on the corner of [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] and [[Victoria Street West]]. The court was presided over by [[William Martin (judge)|Justice Martin]].{{sfn|Reed|1955|p=67}}

[[File:Auckland Government House.jpg|thumb|Auckland's third Government House, shown here in the 1860s or 1870s, is today known as [[Old Government House, Auckland|Old Government House]]]]
On 23 June 1848, Government House burned down during Sir [[George Grey]]'s tenure as Governor. Nobody came to harm but the building was a total loss.<ref>{{cite news |title=Total destruction of Government House by fire |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZ18480624.2.9 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=New Zealander |volume=4 |issue=216 |date=24 June 1848 |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Destruction of Government House |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DSC18480624.2.7|access-date=16 July 2015 |work=[[Daily Southern Cross]] |volume=3 |issue=157 |date=24 June 1848 |page=2}}</ref> A viceregal residence was then rented for many years (known as Scoria House and located on [[Karangahape Road]]) before the new Government House was built in 1856. Construction of this building was part of Auckland's campaign to retain the seat of government, as the discussion about the capital moving further south had already started.<ref>{{cite web |title=Other Government Houses |url=https://gg.govt.nz/content/other-government-houses |publisher=[[Governor-General of New Zealand]] |access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> This building formally became part of the [[University of Auckland]] in 1969, is now known as [[Old Government House, Auckland|Old Government House]], and was registered by the [[Heritage New Zealand|New Zealand Historic Places Trust]] as a Category I heritage structure in 1983.<ref name="NZHPT 105">{{NZHPT|105|Government House (Former)|17 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Auckland Parliament Building - Shedifice.jpg|thumb|[[General Assembly House]] in Auckland in the 1870s, known as the "Shedifice"]]
The initial form of government was an executive council formed of public servant appointed by and responsible to the governor. This changed when the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]], an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] that granted [[Self-governing colony|self-government]] to the [[Colony of New Zealand]], was received. This allowed for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] General Assembly (or Parliament), consisting of the Governor, an appointed [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and an elected [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], with an [[Executive Council of New Zealand|Executive Council]] nominally appointed by the Governor. It also allowed for provincial governments, and six [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]] were initially established. The first general election was held in [[1853 New Zealand general election|1853]] and Parliament convened in Auckland for its first session, which was opened on 27 May 1854.{{sfn|Sewell|1980|p=25}} On 3 June, the question of the seat of Parliament was first discussed, with [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] arguing that the seat of government must be shifted to Wellington.{{sfn|Sewell|1980|p=31}} Travel to and from parliament was arduous, and the members from the far south had taken two months to get to Auckland. A more central location was desirable, a move not supported by the members from Auckland constituencies.<ref name="Auckland beginnings">{{cite web |title=Auckland beginnings |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/about-parliament/history-buildings/history/auckland/00PlibHstBldgsHistoryAuckland1/auckland-beginnings |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Library]] |access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> What also did not help was that the [[General Assembly House]] had been erected in a hurry and was nothing more than a shell, and members called it the "Shedifice". The wind blew through the building, it leaked in the rain, and basic amenities like toilets were missing. Built on what was then the edge of town, it was a building without comforts.<ref name="Parliament's buildings and grounds">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=John E. |title=History of Parliament's buildings and grounds |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/about-parliament/how-parliament-works/fact-sheets/00PlibJMPBG1/history-of-parliaments-buildings-and-grounds |publisher=[[New Zealand Parliamentary Library]] |access-date=23 July 2015 |date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607142724/http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/about-parliament/how-parliament-works/fact-sheets/00PlibJMPBG1/history-of-parliaments-buildings-and-grounds |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Arguments over where Parliament should meet were had for a decade.<ref name="Auckland beginnings" /> [[James FitzGerald (New Zealand politician)|James FitzGerald]], who had briefly lead the country's first ministry, moved that the next session "should be held in a more central position in the colony". He had failed to consult with others beforehand, and many of the southern members were absent when the votes were cast, and the proposal was defeated 13 to 11.<ref name="Te Ara p3" /> In 1856, a resolution that the next session should be held in Auckland was amended by substituting the phrase "a more central position" as the location, but the matter was left for the governor to decide.<ref name="Te Ara p3" /> Only a few months later, a proposal for the next session to be convened in [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] was narrowly defeated. The governor, [[Thomas Gore Browne]], suggested that there could be merit in having alternating meetings in Wellington and Auckland.<ref name="Te Ara p3" /> After much argument, it was decided to hold the second session of the [[3rd New Zealand Parliament|3rd Parliament]] in Wellington, and parliament met from July to September 1862 in the building of the [[Wellington Provincial Council]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Opening of the General Assembly at Wellington|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=OW18620719.2.32|access-date=23 July 2015|work=[[Otago Witness]]|issue=555|date=19 July 1862|page=6}}</ref> A proposal to make this move to Wellington permanent was lost by a single vote.<ref name="Te Ara p3" /> The Wellington Provincial Council buildings were built in 1858 and were opulent in style; the stark contrast to the "Shedifice" in Auckland was part of Wellington's campaign to entice members of parliament to move the capital to their city.<ref name="capital anniversary" /><ref name="Parliament's buildings and grounds" />

After the capital had moved to Wellington, the Parliament Building was eventually transferred to the [[University of Auckland]] and demolished in 1919.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/parliament-buildings/early-buildings |title=First Parliament buildings |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|access-date=23 July 2015|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> Government House remained one of the seats for the governor, who alternates between Wellington and Auckland to this day. Old Government House remained in this use until 1969, when [[Frank Mappin|Sir Frank and Lady Mappin]] donated the current [[Government House, Auckland|Government House]] (Birchlands) that is located in [[Mount Eden]]. Old Government House has since been in use by the University of Auckland.<ref name="NZHPT 105"/>

== Wellington ==
[[File:Wellington Provincial Council Buildings Temple.jpg|thumb|1867 watercolour of the Wellington Provincial Council Building by L. B. Temple]]
Following a motion in parliament by [[Alfred Domett]], the 4th [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Premier]], three Australian commissioners were tasked with deciding where the capital should move to. The motion asked for the colonial governors of [[Governor of New South Wales|New South Wales]], [[Governor of Victoria|Victoria]], and [[Governor of Tasmania|Tasmania]] to appoint one representative of each of those colonies. The appointees were [[Joseph Docker]], a member of the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]], [[Francis Murphy (Australian politician)|Francis Murphy]], the [[Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]], and [[Ronald Campbell Gunn]], a former member of the [[Tasmanian House of Assembly]] and the [[Tasmanian Legislative Council]].<ref name="Te Ara p3">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Levine |first1=Stephen |title=Capital city – A new capital |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/capital-city/page-3 |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=4 May 2015 |date=13 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="NZETC Wellington Province">{{cite book|title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Wellington Provincial District|year=1897 |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc01Cycl-t1-body-d4-d1.html |author=Cyclopedia Company Limited |access-date=23 May 2010 |location=Wellington |chapter=Wellington Provincial District}}</ref> Sir [[George Grey]] appointed the commissioners to fulfil the brief "that the Seat of Government should be placed in a central position, that is to say, somewhere upon the shores of [[Cook Strait|Cook's Straits]]." The commissioners inspected [[Wellington]], [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]], [[Queen Charlotte Sound (New Zealand)|Queen Charlotte Sound]], the [[Tory Channel]], [[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]], [[Pelorus Sound / Te Hoiere]], [[Havelock, New Zealand|Havelock]] and [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]. Their criteria were the central position in New Zealand that was asked for, access by water, land availability, resources in the surrounding country, defence considerations, and any natural disadvantages. The commissioners reported their findings in a simple two-page letter, where their main finding was summed up in a single sentence without further elaboration:<ref name="Te Ara p3" />

{{blockquote|Having thus made themselves acquainted, as far as was practicable, with the character and capabilities of both shores of Cook's Strait, the Commissioners have arrived at the unanimous conclusion that Wellington, in [[Wellington Harbour|Port Nicholson]], is the site upon the shores of [[Cook Strait|Cook's Straits]] which presents the greatest advantages for the administration of the Government of the Colony.}}

The move of the capital from Auckland to Wellington was undertaken in 1865, and Wellington has been New Zealand's capital since.<ref name="Te Ara p3" /> The fifth session of the 3rd Parliament was opened on 26 July 1865 in Wellington, and this date is regarded as the move of the capital function to Wellington.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Zealand Parliament|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WI18650727.2.14|access-date=25 July 2015|work=The Wellington Independent|volume=XX|issue=2237|date=27 July 1865|page=3}}</ref><ref name="Keep it that way">{{cite news|last1=Wannan|first1=Olivia|title=Wellington as capital: 'Keep it that way'|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/70542803/wellington-as-capital-keep-it-that-way|access-date=25 July 2015|work=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]]|date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

===150th anniversary===
The [[sesquicentennial]] anniversary of the capital moving to Wellington was celebrated on the weekend of 25 and 26 July 2015. A concert organised by [[Wellington City Council]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Plumb|first1=Simon|title=Wellington celebrates 150th birthday in capital fashion|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11486962|access-date=26 July 2015|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=26 July 2015}}</ref> was held in front of [[Parliament House, Wellington|Parliament House]] and a light show depicting the history of Wellington projected onto the front of the building.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wellington to celebrate 150th milestone in style |work=[[The Press]] |date=9 July 2015 |page=A2}}</ref> The main act was musician [[Dave Dobbyn]], supported by the [[Orpheus Choir of Wellington]]. The crowd was addressed by the [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]], [[David Carter (politician)|David Carter]], and the [[Mayor of Wellington]], [[Celia Wade-Brown]].<ref name="Keep it that way" /> Several national organisations, including the [[New Zealand Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Royal New Zealand Ballet]], and the [[The NBR New Zealand Opera|New Zealand Opera]], offered free performances for the anniversary. Over 30 national institutions opened their collections to the public; this included the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand|Supreme Court]], the [[Reserve Bank of New Zealand|Reserve Bank]], the [[Katherine Mansfield Birthplace]], and the [[Premier House]].<ref name="capital anniversary">{{cite news|last1=Eagles|first1=Jim|title=Wellington: A capital anniversary|url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11476541|access-date=25 July 2015|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of New Zealand]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |title=A Most Noble Anchorage: A Story of Russell and the Bay of Islands |last=King |first=Marie |year=1992 |publisher=Northland Historical Publications Society  |location=Kerikeri | url=http://whangarei.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/1649#idx10394 |access-date=12 July 2015 |isbn=0-9597926-1-9}}
*{{cite book |title=The Penguin History of New Zealand |last=King |first=Michael | author-link=Michael King (historian) |year=2003 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Kerikeri |isbn=1-4596-2375-4}}
*{{cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |author-link = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Auckland, the city of the seas |year = 1955 |publisher = A.H. & A.W. Reed |location = Wellington}}
*{{cite book | editor-last = Scholefield | editor-first = Guy | editor-link = Guy Scholefield | title = A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography: M–Addenda | volume = II | year = 1940 | publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]] | location = Wellington | url = https://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v2.pdf | access-date = 12 July 2015}}
*{{cite book | last = Sewell | first = Henry | title = The Journal of Henry Sewell 1853–7: Volume II | year = 1980 | publisher = Whitcoulls Publishers | location = Christchurch | isbn = 0-7233-0625-7 | author-link = Henry Sewell | editor = W. David McIntyre}}

[[Category:Capitals by country|New Zealand]]
[[Category:Government of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Historical geography of New Zealand]]