View source for Chacal-class destroyer

{{Short description|French destroyer class}}
{{good article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Chacal-1.jpg
|Ship caption=''Chacal'' before 1940
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=''Chacal'' or ''Jaguar''
|Builders=
|Operators={{navy|France}}
|Class before=
|Class after={{sclass|Guépard|destroyer|4}}
|Cost=
|Built range=
|In service range=   
|In commission range=  
|Total ships completed=6
|Total ships lost=5
|Total ships scrapped=1
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption= (as built)
|Ship type=Large [[destroyer]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|2126|t|LT|abbr=on}} (standard)
*{{convert|2980|-|3075|t|LT|abbr=on}} ([[Full-load displacement|full load]])
|Ship length= {{convert|126.8|m|ftin|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship beam={{convert|11.1|m|ftin|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship draft={{convert|4.1|m|ftin|abbr=on|1}}
|Ship power=*{{convert|50000|PS|kW shp|lk=on|abbr=on}}
*5 [[du Temple boiler]]s
|Ship propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 geared [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed= {{convert|35.5|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship crew=12 officers, 209 crewmen (wartime)
|Ship range={{convert|3000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn}}
|Ship armament=*5 × single [[Canon de 130 mm Modèle 1919|{{convert|130|mm|abbr=on|1}} guns]]
*2 × single [[Canon de 75 mm Modèle 1924|{{convert|75|mm|abbr=on|1}}]] [[AA gun]]s
*2 × triple {{convert|550|mm|abbr=on|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s
*2 chutes, four throwers for 46 [[depth charge]]s
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
The '''''Chacal''-class destroyer''', sometimes known as the ''Jaguar'' class, were a group of six large [[destroyer]]s (''contre-torpilleurs'') built for the [[French Navy]] during the 1920s. Their primary role was scouting for the [[battleline]]. All were named for predators: ''Chacal'' means [[jackal]], and the other five were named for big cats.

The ships were initially split between the [[Mediterranean Squadron (France)|Mediterranean Squadron]] and the Second Squadron (''2ème Escadre''), based at [[Brest, France|Brest]]. One ship served as a [[flagship]] during the 1930s, but her [[sister ship]]s were assigned as [[training ship]]s beginning in 1932. The ''Chacal'' class was assigned convoy escort duties after the start of World War II in September 1939 until three of them were committed to the [[English Channel]] after the [[Battle of France]] began on 10 May 1940. Two of these were sunk shortly afterwards by German forces.

When [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|France surrendered]] on 22 June, two ships were in [[French Algeria]], one was refitting in [[Military port of Toulon|Toulon]] and the last ship was in England. During [[Operation Catapult]] in July, an attack on the [[Vichy France|Vichy Fleet]] intended to prevent it from being turned over to the Germans, the British seized the ship in England, but failed to prevent the two in [[Mers-el-Kébir]] from escaping to Toulon when they attacked the port.

All three of the ships in Toulon were placed in [[Reserve fleet|reserve]] and two of them were captured virtually intact when the [[Case Anton|Germans attempted to seize the French fleet]] in November 1942. They were turned over to the [[Royal Italian Navy]] (''Regia Marina''), but they were only used for transport missions before [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italy surrendered in September 1943]]. The Italians [[scuttled]] one, but the other escaped to join the [[Free French Naval Forces|Free French]] and spent the remainder of the war as a convoy escort in the Mediterranean or protecting Allied forces in the [[Ligurian Sea]].

In the meantime, the British had turned {{Ship|French destroyer|Léopard||2}} over to the Free French who used her as a convoy escort before she helped to [[Battle of La Réunion|liberate the island of La Réunion]] in late 1942. She [[Ship grounding|ran aground]] shortly after being transferred to the Mediterranean in mid-1943 and became a total loss. The only ship to survive the war, {{Ship|French destroyer|Tigre||2}}, was mostly used after the war as a [[Troopship|troop transport]] and as a training ship until she was struck from the [[Navy List]] in 1954 before being [[ship breaking|scrapped]] the next year.

==Background==
[[File:Contre-torpilleur Jaguar (1926).svg|left|thumb|Right-elevation line drawing of ''Jaguar'']]
Preliminary studies for large destroyers capable of defending the French [[battleline]] against attacks by enemy destroyers and [[torpedo boat]]s by the [[Staff (military)|Naval General Staff]] (NGS) began before World War I, but were suspended when the war began. They resumed in 1917, but serious planning did not begin until after the war when the NGS decided to split the role of the destroyer in 1919. The smaller ''torpilleur d'escadre'' would have the role of attacking the enemy's battleline with torpedoes and defending that of the French from enemy torpedo craft. The primary role of the larger ''contre-torpilleur'' was scouting; defending the battleline was secondary and attacking the enemy battleline least important. This required high speed in all weather, good endurance and a powerful armament capable of engaging small [[cruiser]]s.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 12–17</ref>

The [[List of Naval Ministers of France|Naval Minister]] selected a {{convert|1780|t|LT|lk=on|adj=on|sp=us}} design, armed with five {{convert|100|mm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} guns, in early 1920, but this was rejected by the [[French Parliament]]. Influenced by the large Italian {{sclass|Leone|destroyer|2}}s, armed with eight {{convert|120|mm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}}, and the {{convert|2060|t|LT|adj=on|sp=us}} ex-German destroyer {{SMS|S113}}, turned over to France as war reparations, that was armed with four {{convert|150|mm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} guns, the French went back to the drawing board for a much larger ship armed with six or seven of the new [[Canon de 130 mm Modèle 1919]] gun. Ordering was delayed by the negotiations during the [[Washington Naval Treaty]], but six ships of the ''Chacal'' class were approved as part of the 1922 Naval Law.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 18–20</ref>

==Description==
They had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|126.8|m|ftin|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11.1|m|ftin|sp=us}},<ref>Jordan & Moulin, p. 22</ref> and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{convert|4.1|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The ships displaced {{convert|2126|t|LT|sp=us}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard load]]<ref name=c7>Chesneau, p. 267</ref> and {{convert|2980|-|3075|t|LT|sp=us}} at [[deep load]]. A [[double bottom]] covered most of the ships' length and the [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] was subdivided by 11 transverse [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s into a dozen [[Ship floodability|watertight compartments]]. Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 187 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 209 enlisted men in wartime.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 22–23</ref>

The raised [[forecastle]] and the prominent [[sheer (ship)|sheer]] and [[flare (ship)|flare]] of the [[bow (ship)|bow]] ensured that the ''Chacal''-class ships were good seaboats, but they proved to be topheavy with poor lateral stability despite {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us|adj=mid|-long}} [[bilge keel]]s. Furthermore, they were not very maneuverable because the {{convert|14.44|m2|sp=us|adj=on}} [[rudder]] was too small and its [[servomotor]] too weak (taking 25–30 seconds to move from one side to the other).<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 25, 35</ref>

The ''Chacal'' class was powered by two geared [[steam turbine]] sets, each driving a {{convert|3.6|m|ftin|sp=us|adj=on}} [[propeller]], using steam provided by five [[du Temple boiler]]s that operated at a pressure of {{convert|18|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a temperature of {{convert|216|°C}}. Four ships were fitted with [[Auguste Rateau|Rateau]]-Bretagne turbines that were satisfactory once the initial teething problems were worked out, but {{ship|French destroyer|Léopard||2}} and {{ship|French destroyer|Lynx||2}} used [[Louis-François-Clement Breguet|Breguet]]-[[Gustaf de Laval|Laval]] turbines that were very troublesome and caused ''Léopard'' to be enter service two years late. The turbines were designed to produce {{convert|50000|PS|kW shp|lk=on|sp=us}}, which would propel the ships at {{convert|35.5|kn|lk=in}}. During their [[sea trial]]s, the turbines generated {{convert|54850|-|57810|PS|kW shp}} and they reached a maximum speed of {{convert|36.7|kn}} for a single hour. The ships carried {{convert|530|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of [[fuel oil]] which gave them a range of {{convert|3000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. Fuel consumption at high speeds was excessive and the range was only {{convert|600|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|35|kn}}. The ships were fitted with two {{convert|60|kW|adj=on}} [[turbo generator]]s in the forward [[engine room]]. In addition, two [[diesel generator]]s, one of {{convert|30|kW|adj=on}} and the other of {{convert|15|kW|adj=on}} capacity, were located in the central [[superstructure]].<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 18, 22–27, 35</ref>

===Armament===
The main armament of the ''Chacal''-class ships was originally intended to be mounted in a mix of single and twin mounts, but the twin-gun mounts proved unsatisfactory so the ships were armed with five 40-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] Canon de 130&nbsp;mm mle 1919 guns in single mounts, one [[superfiring]] pair each fore and aft of the superstructure and the fifth gun [[abaft]] the aft [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]. The guns were numbered '1' to '5' from front to rear.<ref name=jm7>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 27–28</ref> The mounts had a range of elevation from -10° to +36°, which gave the gun a range of {{convert|18900|m|yd|sp=us}} at maximum elevation,<ref>Campbell, p. 302</ref> and the guns could be loaded at any angle below +16°. They fired {{convert|32.05|kg|lb|adj=on}} [[Armor-piercing shot and shell|armor-piercing]] projectiles at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|735|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} at a rate of five to six [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] per minute. The fore and aft [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] had a total capacity of 802 shells. Each mount had a ready rack holding 24 shells, except for No. 3, which had a larger supply of 30 rounds because it lacked an ammunition hoist down to the magazines.<ref name=jm7/>

The NGS deemed this gun obsolete shortly after the first ships were [[laid down]], but the gun that it wanted to use, the [[Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1923|Canon de 138 mm modèle 1923]], was not yet available, so they planned to replace the 130&nbsp;mm guns later. The guns and their larger hoists were ordered well before any of the ships were completed and had to be written off when it became apparent that the ships' stability was too marginal to tolerate the additional top weight.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 35–36</ref>

The initial plan was to fit each ship with a [[director (military)|director]] that fed data to the Mle 1923B electro-mechanical [[fire-control computer]], but development was protracted and it was not ready in time for the first four ships. They were fitted with the simpler Mle 1919 type aviso mechanical computer; only ''Léopard'' and ''Lynx'' had the Mle 1923B computer upon completion. The earlier ships had their Mle 1919 computers replaced by the later computer beginning in 1927. Development of the director was abandoned and the ships were fitted with a {{convert|3|m|ftin|sp=us|adj=on}} Mle B.1926 [[coincidence rangefinder]] that fed data to the computers. This was replaced by a [[Coincidence rangefinder#Stereoscopic rangefinders|stereoscopic rangefinder]] in 1931 and by a {{convert|5|m|ftin|sp=us|adj=on}} PC.1936 model from 1937.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 28, 38</ref>

The [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] armament of the ''Chacal'' class consisted of two 50-caliber ''[[Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924]]'' guns in single mounts positioned [[amidships]]. The mounts could [[elevation (ballistics)|elevate]] to +90° and depress to -10° and the guns could be loaded at any angle up to +75°.<ref name=jm0>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 29–30</ref> Their {{convert|5.93|kg|lb|adj=on}} shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|850|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}. The guns had a range of {{convert|14100|m|yd|sp=us}} and a [[ceiling (aircraft)|ceiling]] of about {{convert|10000|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref>Campbell, p. 306</ref> They had a theoretical [[rate of fire]] of 15 rounds per minute, but only about half that in service. The ships carried 150 rounds, plus 60 [[star shell]]s, for each gun, of which 30 rounds could be stowed in ready-use lockers. In 1932, the navy decided that the ships were too top-heavy to accept a director for the guns so they were to be replaced by four twin mounts for [[Hotchkiss M1929 machine gun|Hotchkiss {{convert|13.2|mm|adj=on|1|sp=us}}]] [[anti-aircraft machinegun]]s. These were installed in 1933–34, together with a dedicated {{convert|1|m|ftin|sp=us|adj=on}} ''OPL J.1930'' stereoscopic rangefinder. The substitution saved about {{convert|12|t|LT|sp=us}} of weight, although the machineguns proved to have limited utility in combat. Combat operations in 1939 had shown the French that their anti-aircraft defenses were inadequate and they planned to augment them beginning in 1940 by replacing the [[mainmast]] with a platform for a twin-gun mount for the [[Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1925|{{convert|37|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] light [[AA gun]]. This was only installed aboard ''Panthère'' before the armistice with Germany and it was removed shortly afterwards.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 29–30, 38–40</ref>

The ''Chacal''-class ships carried two above-water triple sets of {{convert|550|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s. Their ''Mle 1919D'' torpedoes had a {{convert|238|kg|sp=us|adj=on}}, [[Picric acid|picric-acid]] [[warhead]] and could be set for a speed of 35 knots with a range of {{convert|6000|m|yd|sp=us}} or {{convert|25|kn}} for {{convert|14000|m|yd|sp=us}}.<ref>Campbell, p. 313</ref> A pair of [[depth charge]] chutes were built into their stern; these housed a total of twenty Guiraud ''Mle 1922'' {{convert|200|kg|sp=us|adj=on}} depth charges. They were also fitted with four depth-charge throwers abreast the fore funnel for which they carried a dozen Guiraud ''Mle 1922'' {{convert|100|kg|sp=us|adj=on}} depth charges. The four depth charge throwers were removed in 1932 as they were badly positioned and their charges tended to cause leaks in the hull when used, although two were reinstalled after the war began in 1939. Space and weight was reserved for a pair of [[Ginocchio towed torpedo|Ginocchio towed anti-submarine torpedo]]es, but these were a failure and were never used in combat.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 30–33, 38–39</ref>

Space was reserved for an unsuccessful French [[sonar]] system that was cancelled in September 1930. The NGS also intended to fit a passive Walser [[Acoustic location|acoustic locator]] system in the ''Chacal'' class, but only {{ship|French destroyer|Panthère||2}} was actually fitted with one. This consisted of a set of two steel lenses, one set on each side of the ship, with a large number of diaphragms that ambient amplified sound for the operator. This proved useless while the ship was moving faster than dead slow and was removed in 1931. The Walser compartment was reused when a British Type 123 [[ASDIC]] system was installed aboard the ships in 1939–40, although ''Panthère'' did not receive one.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 32–33, 39</ref>

{{Gallery
|align=center
|File:Tigre-MnM 29 MG 24-IMG 6241.JPG|Forward 130 mm guns in superfiring single mounts [[Canon de 130 mm Modèle 1919|{{convert|130|mm|abbr=on|1}} Mle 1919 guns]], main telemeter and searchlights on top of the bridge
|File:Tigre-MnM 29 MG 24-IMG 6240.JPG|Forward triple torpedo tube behind the funnel
|File:Tigre-MnM 29 MG 24-IMG 6239.JPG|Mid-section, with the middle 130mm gun, two anti-air [[Canon de 75 mm modèle 1924|canons de 75 mm modèle 1924]], and rear torpedo tubes
|File:Tigre-MnM 29 MG 24-IMG 6238.JPG|Stern, with the aft 130 mm guns in superfiring single mounts
}}

==Ships==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Construction data
|-
! scope="col" | Ship
! scope="col" | Builder <ref name=w6/>
! scope="col" | [[Laid down]]<ref name=w6>Whitley, p. 36</ref>
! scope="col" | [[Ship naming and launching|Launched]]<ref>Jordan & Moulin, p. 20</ref>
! scope="col" | [[Ship commissioning|Commissioned]]<ref name=w6/>
! scope="col" | Fate
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Chacal||2}}
| [[Ateliers et Chantiers de Penhoët]], [[Saint-Nazaire]]
| 18 September 1923
| 27 September 1924
| 12 June 1926
| Sunk off [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] by German aircraft, 24 May 1940<ref name=c7/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Jaguar||2}}
| [[Arsenal de Lorient]]
| 24 August 1922
| 17 November 1923
| 24 July 1926
| [[Beaching (nautical)|Beached]] and wrecked after torpedoed by a German [[E-boat]] near [[Dunkirk]], 23 May 1940<ref name=c7/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Léopard||2}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire]], Saint-Nazaire
| 14 August 1923
| 29 September 1924
| rowspan=2 | 10 October 1927
| Run aground and wrecked, 27 May 1943<ref name=c7/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Lynx||2}}
| 14 January 1924
| 25 February 1925
| Scuttled at Toulon, 27 November 1942<ref name=c7/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Panthère||2}}
| Arsenal de Lorient
| 23 December 1923
| 27 October 1924
| 10 October 1926
| Scuttled by Italy, 9 September 1943<ref name=c7/>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Ship|French destroyer|Tigre||2}}
| [[Ateliers et Chantiers de Bretagne]], [[Nantes]]
| 28 September 1923
| 2 August 1924
| 1 February 1926
| Scrapped, 1955<ref>Jordan & Moulin, p. 282</ref>
|}

==Service==
[[File:Léopard X22 SAS2009-10-116.jpg|thumb|''Léopard'' in 1939]]
The first three ships to be commissioned, ''Tigre'', ''Chacal'', and ''Panthère'', were assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron at Toulon, and the last three were assigned to the Second Squadron (''2ème Escadre'') at Brest. The ships made many port visits and participated in several naval reviews during the 1920s and early 1930s. Several even made visits to [[French West Africa]] and the [[French West Indies]] in the early 1930s. ''Jaguar'' served as the flagship of several different destroyer (''torpilleur d'escadre'') [[flotilla]]s from 1928 to 1937. The ''Chacal''-class ships started to become dedicated training ships beginning in 1932 and continued to do so until the beginning of World War II.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 206–18</ref>

''Jaguar'', ''Léopard'' and ''Panthère'' were assigned to the Northern Command (''Forces maritimes du Nord'') on 7 September in anticipation of a German invasion of Belgium. They proved, however, to be too large and unmaneuverable for operations in the shallow waters of the English Channel and [[North Sea]]; ''Panthère'' ran aground on 10 September in poor visibility, but suffered only minor damage, and ''Jaguar'' did the same thing on the night of 28/29 October. The ''contre-torpilleurs'' were relieved by smaller ''torpilleurs d'escadre'' beginning in mid-October. The other ships were assigned to the Western Command (''Forces maritimes de l'Ouest'') for convoy escort duties from October 1939 to May 1940 where they guarded convoys traveling between [[Gibraltar]] and Brest as well as [[Casablanca]], [[French Morocco]], and [[Le Verdon-sur-Mer]]. They were joined by the first three ships as they were replaced in the Northern Command. ''Jaguar'' was badly damaged during a collision with a British destroyer in January 1940 and her repairs were not completed until early May.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 223–25</ref>

When the Germans invaded France on 10 May 1940, ''Panthère'' was being refitted at Toulon and her sisters were still escorting convoys. ''Jaguar'', ''Léopard'' and ''Chacal'' were assigned to the Northern Command on 22 May to support Allied forces on the French coast. ''Jaguar'' was sunk the next day off Dunkirk and ''Chacal'' on the evening of 23/24 May near Boulogne by German bombers.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 39–40, 227–231</ref> ''Léopard'' remained in the area and bombarded advancing German forces near the northern French coast.<ref>Smith, p. 27</ref> After the surrender of France, she was seized by the British in July and turned over to the [[Free French]] the following month.<ref>Whitley, p. 37</ref>

''Léopard'' escorted convoys in the [[Western Approaches]] in 1940–41 before beginning a year-long conversion into an [[escort destroyer]]. She helped to sink the {{GS|U-136|1941|6}} in July 1942 before helping to liberate the island of [[La Réunion]] in November. The ship ran aground near [[Benghazi]] just a few weeks after being transferred to the Mediterranean in mid-1943. [[Marine salvage|Salvage]] attempts failed and her wreck was abandoned after it broke in half.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 250–51</ref>

In July 1940, ''Lynx'' and ''Tigre'' were present when the British attacked the French ships at Mers-el-Kébir, but managed to escape without damage.<ref>Jordan & Dumas, p. 83</ref> After they reaching Toulon, the sisters were placed in reserve, together with ''Panthère'', as the oldest ''contre-torpilleurs'' in service and stripped of their light anti-aircraft armament.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, p. 232</ref> On 27 November 1942, ''Lynx'' was scuttled when the Germans attempted to capture the French ships at Toulon, but ''Panthère'' and ''Tigre'' were captured virtually intact. They were turned over to the Royal Italian Navy (''Regia Marina'') who renamed them ''FR 22'' and  ''FR 23'', respectively, when they [[Ship commissioning|recommissioned]] them in early 1943. They were being used as transports when Italy surrendered in September; ''FR 22'' (''Panthère'') was scuttled by the Italians, but ''FR 23'' (''Tigre'') managed to escape and join the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref>Brescia, p. 135; Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 143; Jordan & Moulin, pp. 248–49; Whitley, pp. 37, 186</ref>

''Tigre'' resumed her former name and was given to the Free French the following month, but she needed extensive repairs that lasted until early 1944. The ship returned to convoy work for a few months before beginning a more extensive reconstruction that lasted until early 1945. She was then assigned to the Flank Force that protected Allied forces in the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] from German forces in Northern Italy for the rest of the war. Several weeks after the end of the war in May, the ship supported French forces in Algeria during the [[Sétif and Guelma massacre|riots in May–June]]. ''Tigre'' was then assigned as a fast troop transport until the end of 1946. She became a gunnery training ship until mid-1948 and was then [[hulk (ship)|hulked]] for the Engineering School. The ship was stricken from the Navy List in 1954 and [[ship breaking|broken up]] the following year.<ref>Jordan & Moulin, pp. 258–59, 262, 264, 267, 282; Whitley, p. 37</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Brescia|first=Maurizio|title=Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regina Marina 1930–45|year=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-544-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
*{{cite book|editor=Jordan, John|publisher=Conway|location=London|year=2013|title=Warship 2013|isbn=978-1-84486-205-4|chapter=Toulon: The Self-Destruction and Salvage of the French Fleet|last1=Cernuschi|first1=Enrico|last2=O'Hara|first2=Vincent P.|name-list-style=amp|pages=134–48}}
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jordan|first1=John|last2=Dumas|first2=Robert|title=French Battleships: 1922–1956|year=2009|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-416-8|name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=John|last2=Moulin|first2=Jean|title=French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956|year=2015|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-84832-198-4 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.|title=Naval Warfare in the English Channel 1939–1945|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84415-580-4|location=Barnsley, Yorkshire, UK}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

==External links==
*[http://uboat.net/allies/warships/class.html?ID=284 ''Chacal'' class on uboat.net]

{{Chacal class destroyer}}
{{WWII French ships}}

[[Category:Chacal-class destroyers| ]]
[[Category:World War II destroyers of France]]
[[Category:Ship classes of the French Navy]]