View source for Chang'e 5-T1

{{Short description|Chinese lunar probe launched in 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Chang'e 5-T1
| image                 = Chang'e_5-T1.jpg
| image_caption         = Chang'e 5-T1's re-entry module after vacuum thermal tests
| mission_type          = [[Chang'e 5]] precursor mission, lunar flyby and Earth reentry
| operator              = [[China National Space Administration|CNSA]]
| COSPAR_ID             = 2014-065A
| SATCAT                = 40283
| mission_duration      = {{time interval|23 Oct 2014 18:00|31 Oct 2014 22:42|show=dhm|sep=,}}<br><small>Return capsule</small><br>{{time interval|23 Oct 2014|24 Nov 2020|show=ymd|sep=,}}<br><small>Flyby/orbiter bus</small>| spacecraft_bus      = DFH-3A <ref name="Gunter"/>
| manufacturer          = [[China Academy of Space Technology|CAST]]
| dry_mass              = 
| launch_mass           = 3,300 kg <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf |title=Chang'e 5-T1 |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref>;<br>(Service Module approximately 2,215 kg, return capsule under 335 kg)
| power                 =
| launch_date           = {{start-date|23 October 2014, 18:00}}&nbsp;UTC <ref name=Launched>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|title=Chinese Long March Rocket successfully launches Lunar Return Demonstrator|publisher=Spaceflight101|date=23 October 2014|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104208/http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023233932/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-10/24/c_127134592.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=23 October 2014| title=China launches test return orbiter for lunar mission| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
| launch_rocket         = [[Long March 3C]]/G2
| launch_site           = [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center|Xichang]] LC-2
| launch_contractor     =
| landing_date          = {{end-date|31 October 2014, 22:42}}&nbsp;UTC<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_completes_first_mission_to_moon_and_back_999.html |title=China completes first mission to moon and back |work=Space Daily |date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2014-11-01/07389751872.shtml|title=中国探月工程三期再入返回飞行试验获圆满成功|publisher= 中国新闻网|date=31 October 2014}}</ref><br /><small>Return capsule</small>
| landing_site          = [[Siziwang Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]]
| last_contact          = {{end-date|24 November 2020, 08:50}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name=c5t1_2020/><br><small>Flyby/orbiter bus</small>

| orbit_epoch           = 
| orbit_reference       = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = Lunar [[free return trajectory|free return]]
| orbit_periapsis       = 
| orbit_apoapsis        = 
| orbit_inclination     =
| orbit_period          = 
| apsis                 = gee
| previous_mission      = [[Chang'e 3]]
| next_mission          = [[Queqiao-1]]
| programme             = '''[[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]'''
}}

'''Chang'e 5-T1''' ({{zh|c=嫦娥五号T1|hp=Cháng'é wǔhào T1}}) was an experimental [[robotic spacecraft]] that was launched to the [[Moon]] on 23 October 2014, by the [[China National Space Administration]] (CNSA) to conduct [[Atmospheric entry|atmospheric re-entry]] tests on the capsule design planned to be used in the [[Chang'e 5]] mission.<ref name=Launched/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| title=CLunar mission：craft to conduct re-entry tests before 2015| publisher=Xinhuanet| date=14 Dec 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031214419/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-03/14/c_132232333.htm| archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019145414/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/08/11/3684s839781.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=19 October 2014| title=China's Lunar Probe Tester Ready for Chang'e 5 Mission| publisher=CRIEnglish News| date=11 August 2013}}</ref> As part of the [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]], Chang'e 5, launched in 2020, was a Moon [[sample return mission]]. Like its predecessors, the spacecraft is named after the Chinese Moon goddess [[Chang'e]]. The craft consisted of a return vehicle capsule and a service module orbiter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chang'e 5 Test Mission|url=http://spaceflight101.com/change/change-5-test-mission/|website=Spaceflight 101|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref>

The return capsule of Chang'e 5-T1, named ''Xiaofei'' ({{zh|c=小飞}}), meaning "little flyer" in Chinese, landed in [[Siziwang Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]], on 31 October 2014, 22:42 UTC.  The CE-5-T1 Service Module entered lunar orbit on 13 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-01/13/c_133915882.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125211510/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-01/13/c_133915882.htm | archive-date=25 January 2015 | title=Service module of China's lunar orbiter enters 127-minute orbit - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn }}</ref> Its initial orbit was 200 x 5,300&nbsp;km with a period of 8 hours.

==Characteristics==
[[File:2020年12月18日_研制团队成员讲述嫦娥五号23天旅程.webm|left|thumb|Successful re-entry]]
It consisted of a DFH-3A "[[Chang'e 2]] type" spacecraft with a mass of approximately 2,215&nbsp;kg (including 1,065&nbsp;kg of fuel)<ref>{{cite web|title=Chang'e 5 Test Mission Updates|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|website=Spaceflight 101|access-date=8 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104208/http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> carrying the Chang'e 5 return capsule with a mass of under 335&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chang'e 5-T1|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-065A|website=NSSDCA|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref> The craft was launched by a [[Long March 3C]] rocket into a lunar [[free return trajectory]]. It looped behind the Moon and returned to Earth, with the return capsule testing the high speed atmospheric [[skip reentry]].

The DFH-3A "service module" remained in orbit around the Earth before being relocated via [[Lagrangian point#L2|Earth-Moon L<sub>2</sub>]] to lunar [[Lissajous orbit]] by 13 January 2015, where it will use its remaining 800&nbsp;kg of fuel to test maneuvers key to future lunar missions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chang'e 5 Test Mission Updates|url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|website=Spaceflight 101|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104208/http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February and March 2015, the DFH-3A "service module" performed two "virtual target" rendezvous tests for the future [[Chang'e 5]] mission. In April 2015, the small monitoring camera was used to obtain higher resolution photos of Chang'e 5's landing zone.

==Mission profile==
=== Main Mission ===
*Launch: [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center]], 23 October 2014, 18:00 UTC
*Nominal mission duration: Chang'e 5 return capsule: 196 hours (8.17 days)
*Nominal mission duration: DFH-3A: Ongoing
*Lunar fly-by: 97 hours after final orbit insertion (4.04 days)
*Periselenium: ≈13,000&nbsp;km from Moon surface
*Distance of Moon from Earth at closest fly-by: ≈373,000&nbsp;km<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moon.luxspace.lu/the-mission/|title=The mission|publisher=LuxSpace|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913012839/http://moon.luxspace.lu/the-mission/|archive-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://amsat.org/pipermail/amsat-bb/2014-October/050932.html|title=ANS-278 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins|publisher=AMSAT News Service|date=5 October 2014|access-date=14 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021153108/http://amsat.org/pipermail/amsat-bb/2014-October/050932.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.022net.com/2014/8-27/512050372945332.html|title=天津航天爱好者谈嫦娥五号飞行试验器|access-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019110119/http://www.022net.com/2014/8-27/512050372945332.html|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>
*Landing: [[Siziwang Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]], 31 October 2014, 22:42 UTC

=== Lunar Orbiter ===
In January 2015, the service module transitioned to lunar orbit, orbiting at 200x5300 km. It was still active in early 2018 <ref name="Gunter"/> and was last heard by amateur radio-astronomers in late 2020.<ref name="c5t1_2020">{{Cite tweet|author=Scott Tilley|user=coastal8049|title=CE5T1 coming in loud and clear now as Moon clears the trees. Sidebands present. Made a change over timing to allow for accurate tracking moving forward.|number=1331037453889671168}}</ref>
[[File:Hertzsprung (LRO).png|left|thumb|Hertzsprung crater as seen by the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. The impact position for the booster was estimated at latitude 5.18 N, longitude 233.55 E.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />]]

=== Third stage disposal ===
[[File:Animation of WE0913A's orbit around Earth.gif|thumb|Animation of Chang'e 5-T1 booster's impact on the Moon on March 4, 2022<br />{{legend2| Magenta|Chang'e 5-T1 booster}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|Moon}}]]
The [[Long March 3C]] third stage booster, left in orbit between the Earth and the Moon, was predicted to hit, and did hit, the Moon on March 4, 2022, impacting near the [[Hertzsprung (crater)|Hertzsprung crater]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/02/actually-a-falcon-9-rocket-is-not-going-to-hit-the-moon/| title=Astronomers now say the rocket about to strike the Moon is not a Falcon 9 |author=Eric Berger |author-link=Eric Berger (meteorologist) |website=Ars Technica |date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pseudo-MPEC for 2014-065B = NORAD 40284 = Chang'e 5-T1 booster = lunar impactor on 2022 Mar 04|url=https://projectpluto.com/temp/dscovr.htm|access-date=2022-02-13|website=projectpluto.com}}</ref> Independent spectral analysis from the University of Arizona confirmed its Chinese origin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-15|title=UArizona students confirm errant rocket's Chinese origin, track lunar collision course|url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-students-confirm-errant-rockets-chinese-origin-track-lunar-collision-course|access-date=2022-02-16|website=University of Arizona News|language=en}}</ref> [[NASA]] has published a note on the event. China's foreign ministry has denied this identification, stating that the booster had already burned up in the Earth's atmosphere (albeit referring to the later [[Chang'e 5]] mission in his answer).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2022-02-21 |title=China claims rocket stage destined for lunar impact is not from its 2014 moon mission |url=https://spacenews.com/china-claims-rocket-stage-destined-for-lunar-impact-is-not-from-its-2014-moon-mission/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |quote=An element of possible confusion remains over which mission Wang referred to on Monday in response to the question about the impending lunar impact from the Associated Press. Both Chinese and English transcripts and Chinese language video of the press conference refer to the “Chang’e-5 mission,” rather than the Chang’e-5 T1 mission specifically.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-065A |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |quote=The booster used to launch Chang'e 5-T1 went into a highly elliptical Earth orbit after launch. Some calculations show it is on a trajectory to impact the far side of the Moon on March 4, 2022, although China's foreign ministry denied this identification, stating that the booster had already burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. Estimated time of impact for the object is 12:26 UT (7:26 a.m. EST), estimated position at latitude 5.18 N, longitude 233.55 E.}}</ref> The [[United States Space Command|US Space Command]] confirmed the third stage never reentered in Earth's atmosphere,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Moon impact: Chinese rocket stage still in space says U.S. Space Command |url=https://spacenews.com/moon-impact-chinese-rocket-stage-still-in-space-says-u-s-space-command/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> and a compatible item is now present on the [[Satellite Catalog Number|Space-Track catalogue]] as object 85900.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonathan McDowell "In tonight's Space-Track TLEs, analyst object 85900 appears to be the Moon-bound rocket, tracked in a 45785 x 686954 km x 37.0 deg orbit" |url=https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1497459706029350915 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> The impactor object was previously misidentified as 2015-007B, the second stage of the [[Falcon 9]] rocket which launched NASA's [[Deep Space Climate Observatory]] (DSCOVR) spacecraft, but was later correctly identified as the Long March stage in February 2022. The event showed the challenges of tracking small objects in deep space, underlining the importance of sustainability in space operations going forward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=2022-02-21 |title=China claims rocket stage destined for lunar impact is not from its 2014 moon mission |url=https://spacenews.com/china-claims-rocket-stage-destined-for-lunar-impact-is-not-from-its-2014-moon-mission/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2022, a compatible double crater was found by the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LROC]] team at the same location previously estimated,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Robinson |first1=Mark |title=Mystery Rocket Body Found! |url=https://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1261 |website=Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |access-date=24 October 2022 |date=23 June 2022}}</ref> and later by [[Chandrayaan-2]] OHRC.<ref>{{Cite tweet |title=Chandraayan2's OHRC has also captured images of the unknown spacecraft impact site (The suspected Chinese rocket crashed into the #Moon on March 4th, 2022).
|number=1623746378823512064|user=Ramanean |date=February 9, 2023|access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

==Secondary payloads==
{{Further|Manfred Memorial Moon Mission}}
Chang'e 5-T1 also carried the first commercial payload to the Moon<ref>{{cite web| url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/10/25/first-commercial-mission-to-the-moon-launched-from-china/ |title=First commercial mission to the moon launched from China| publisher=Spaceflight Now| date=25 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> called the 4M mission (Manfred Memorial Moon Mission) for the German space technology company [[OHB System]], in honor of the company's founder, [[Manfred Fuchs]], who died in 2014. Technical management of the 4M mission was performed by [[Luxspace|LuxSpace]]. The payload weighs 14 kilograms and contains two scientific instruments. The first instrument is a [[radio beacon]] to test a new approach for locating spacecraft. [[Amateur radio operator]]s were encouraged via prize incentives to receive the transmissions and send the results back to [[Luxspace|LuxSpace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moon.luxspace.lu/contest/|title=4M Reception Contest|publisher=LuxSpace|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024055256/http://moon.luxspace.lu/contest/|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second instrument, a radiation [[dosimeter]] provided by the Spanish company [[iC-Málaga]], continuously measured [[radiation]] levels throughout the satellite's circumlunar path.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/27422-china-moon-mission-launch-october.html|title=China Readies Moon Mission for Launch Next Week|publisher=Space.com|date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/27503-china-moon-mission-launch-thursday.html|title=China Poised to Launch Next Moon Mission on Thursday|publisher=Space.com|date=22 October 2014}}</ref>

The spacecraft also carries a radiation exposure experiment with bacteria and plants.<ref name="Gunter">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/change-5-t1.htm |title=Chang'e 5-T1 (CE 5-T1) |work=Gunter's Space Page |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Aron |first=Jacob |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26420-china-set-to-launch-probe-on-round-trip-to-the-moon.html#.VE8MVmd0wUo |title=China set to launch probe on round trip to the moon |work=New Scientist |date= 20 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Barbosa |first=Rui C. |title=China launches lunar sample return test mission |work=NASA Space Flight |date=23 October 2014 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Chinese space program]]
** [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]] (CLEP) 
* [[Exploration of the Moon]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[Robotic exploration of the Moon]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140913012832/http://moon.luxspace.lu/ Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (4M)] – Official website for secondary payload at Chang'e 5-T1
* [http://pocketspacecraft.com/ Pocket Spacecraft – Space exploration for everyone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142213/http://pocketspacecraft.com/ |date=14 February 2018 }}  – Official website for another secondary payload at Chang'e 5-T1 <!--May want to note this payload to the corresponding section.-->

{{CLEP}}
{{Chinese spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{2014 in space}}
{{Orbital launches in 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chang'e 5}}
[[Category:2014 in China]]
[[Category:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]]
[[Category:Chinese space probes]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2014]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Long March rockets]]