View source for Chechen language

{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language of Chechnya, Russia}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Chechen
| nativename       = {{lang|ce-Cyrl|Нохчийн мотт}}<br/>{{lang|ce-Latn|Noxçiyn mott}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-all|ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː muɔt|}}
| states           = [[Russia]]
| region           = [[Chechnya]], [[Ingushetia]], [[Dagestan]]
| ethnicity        = [[Chechens]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|1.762950|2}} million
| date             = 2020
| ref              = e27
| script           = [[Cyrillic script]] <small>(present, official)</small><br/> [[Latin script]] <small>(historically)</small><br/>[[Arabic script]] <small>(historically)</small><br/>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian script]] <small>(historically)</small>
| familycolor      = Caucasian
| fam1             = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]
| fam2             = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
| fam3             = [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]]
| fam4             = [[Vainakh languages|Chechen–Ingush]]
| dia1             = Ploskost
| dia2             = Kistin
| dia3             = Cheberloi
| dia4             = Melkhin
| dia5             = Itumkala
| dia6             = Akkin<ref name=e27/>
| nation           = {{Flag|Russia}}
*{{Flag|Chechnya}}
*{{Flag|Dagestan}}
| iso1             = ce
| iso2             = che
| iso3             = che
| glotto           = chec1245
| glottorefname    = Chechen
| glottopedia      = Tschetschenisch
| notice           = IPA
| map              = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#CEDF88|Chechen}}
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Chechen is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/chechen |title=Chechen in Russian Federation 
|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>}}}}
}}

'''Chechen''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|tʃ|ɛ|n}} {{respell|CHETCH|en}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longman |first1=J.C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education ESL |isbn=978-1405881173 |edition=3}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|tʃ|ə|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|n}} {{respell|chə|CHEN}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Chechnya}}</ref> {{lang|ce-Cyrl|Нохчийн мотт}}, {{lang|ce-Latn|Noxçiyn mott}},<ref name="BGN/PCGN">{{cite web|url= https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/TABLE%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCES%20FOR%20CHECHEN.pdf 
|title= Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement) |publisher= National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date= |accessdate=2022-02-04}}</ref> {{IPA-all|ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː muɔt|}}) is a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the [[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]] and by [[Chechens|members of the Chechen diaspora]] throughout [[Russia]] and the rest of [[Europe]], [[Jordan]], [[Austria]], [[Turkey]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Central Asia]] (mainly [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]) and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].

== History ==
Before the [[Caucasian War|Russian conquest]], most writings in [[Chechnya]] consisted of [[Islamic]] texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. The Chechen literary language was created after the [[October Revolution]], and the [[Latin script]] began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The [[Cyrillic script]] was adopted in 1938. Almost the entire library of Chechen medieval writing in Arabic and Georgian script about the land of Chechnya and its people was destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944, leaving the modern Chechens and modern historians with a destroyed and no longer existent historical treasury of writings.<ref>Jaimoukha. ''Chechens''. Page 212</ref>

The Chechen diaspora in [[Jordan]], [[Turkey]], and [[Syria]] is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system. The Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries, and thus for Jordan and Syria, they most use the Arabic alphabet, while in Turkey they use the Latin alphabet.

==Classification==
Chechen is the most-spoken [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]]. Together with the closely related [[Ingush language|Ingush]], with which there exists a large degree of mutual intelligibility and shared vocabulary, it forms the [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh branch]].

== Dialects ==
There are a number of Chechen dialects: [[Aukh dialect|Aukh]], Chebarloish, Malkhish, Nokhchmakhkakhoish, Orstkhoish, Sharoish, Shuotoish, Terloish, Itum-Qalish and Himoish.

Dialects of Chechen can be classified by their geographic position within the Chechen Republic. The dialects of the northern lowlands are often referred to as "{{transliteration|ce|Oharoy muott}}" (literally "lowlander's language") and the dialect of the southern mountain tribes is known as "{{transliteration|ce|Laamaroy muott}}" (lit. "mountainer's language"). {{transliteration|ce|Oharoy muott}} forms the basis for much of the standard and literary Chechen language, which can largely be traced to the regional dialects of Urus-Martan and contemporary [[Grozny]]. Laamaroy dialects include Chebarloish, Sharoish, Itum-Qalish, Kisti, and Himoish. Until recently, however, Himoy was undocumented and was considered a branch of Sharoish, as many dialects are also used as the basis of intertribal (teip) communication within a larger Chechen "{{transliteration|ce|tukkhum}}". Laamaroy dialects such as Sharoish, Himoish and Chebarloish are more conservative and retain many features from Proto-Chechen. For instance, many of these dialects lack a number of vowels found in the standard language which were a result of [[Umlaut (linguistics)|long-distance assimilation]] between vowel sounds. Additionally, the Himoy dialect preserves word-final, post-tonic vowels as a schwa [ə].

Literary Chechen is based on Plains Chechen, spoken around [[Grozny]] and [[Urus-Martan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaimoukha |first=Amjad M. |title=The Chechens: a handbook |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-138-87445-9 |series=Caucasus world Peoples of the Caucasus |location=London New York |page=202}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
According to the [[Russian Census (2020)|Russian Census of 2020]], 1,490,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen in Russia.<ref name=e27/>

===Official status===
Chechen is an official language of [[Chechnya]].<ref>Constitution, Article 10.1</ref>

===Jordan===
{{main|Chechens in Jordan}}
Chechens in [[Jordan]] have good relations with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and are able to practice their own culture and language. Chechen language usage is strong among the Chechen community in Jordan. Jordanian Chechens are bilingual in both Chechen and Arabic, but do not speak Arabic among themselves, only speaking Chechen to other Chechens. Some Jordanians are literate in Chechen as well, having managed to read and write to people visiting Jordan from Chechnya.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEq14wCaqwAC&q=chechens+speak+their+own+language+punished+if+they+speak+arabic&pg=PA256|title=Middle Eastern minorities and diasporas|author=Moshe Maʻoz, Gabriel Sheffer|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|page=255|isbn=1-902210-84-0|access-date=12 May 2011}}</ref>

==Phonology==
Some phonological characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and the [[Salishan languages]] of North America, as well as a large vowel system resembling those of [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[German language|German]].

===Consonants===
The Chechen language has, like most indigenous [[languages of the Caucasus]], a large number of [[consonant]]s: about 40 to 60 (depending on the [[dialect]] and the analysis), far more than most [[languages of Europe|European languages]]. Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]], [[voiceless]], [[ejective]] and [[geminate]] [[fortis (phonetics)|fortis]] [[stop consonant|stop]]s is found.<ref>[[Johanna Nichols]], Chechen, ''The Indigenous languages of the Caucasus'' (Caravan Books, Delmar NY, 1994) {{ISBN|0-88206-068-6}}.</ref> Furthermore, all variants except the ejective are subject to phonemic pharyngealization.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small> plain </small>
!<small> [[Pharyngealization|phar.]] </small>
!<small> plain </small>
!<small> [[Pharyngealization|phar.]] </small>
!<small> plain </small>
!<small> [[Pharyngealization|phar.]] </small>
!<small> plain </small>
!<small> [[Pharyngealization|phar.]] </small>
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} 
|{{IPA link|mˤ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|nˤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small> [[lenis]] </small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|pˤ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tˤ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|{{IPA link|qʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʡ}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|({{IPA link|ʔˤ}})
|-
!<small> [[Fortis consonant|fortis]] </small>
|{{IPA link|pː}}
|{{IPA link|pːˤ}}
|{{IPA link|tː}}
|{{IPA link|tːˤ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|kː}}
|{{IPA link|qː}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|bˤ}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dˤ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|{{IPA link|pʼ}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʼ}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|kʼ}}
|{{IPA link|qʼ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" |<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
!<small> [[lenis]] </small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tsˤ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃˤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small> [[Fortis consonant|fortis]] </small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|tsː}}
|{{IPA link|tsːˤ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃː}}
|{{IPA link|tʃːˤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|dz}}
|{{IPA link|dzˤ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒˤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|tsʼ}}
|
|{{IPA link|tʃʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|({{IPA link|f}})
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|sˤ}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|ʃˤ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|x}}
|{{IPA link|ʜ}}
|{{IPA link|h}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|({{IPA link|v}})
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|zˤ}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ʒˤ}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʁ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|r̥}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPA link|rˤ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}} ({{IPA link|ɥ}}) 
|{{IPA link|wˤ}}
|{{IPA link|l}} 
|{{IPA link|lˤ}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Nearly any consonant may be [[fortis and lenis|fortis]] because of focus gemination, but only the ones above are found in [[Root (linguistics)|root]]s.
The consonants of the ''t'' cell and {{IPAslink|l}} are [[denti-alveolar]]; the others of that column are [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]. 
{{IPAslink|x}} is a back [[velar consonant|velar]], but not quite [[uvular consonant|uvular]].
The lateral {{IPAslink|l}} may be [[dark L|velarized]], unless it is followed by a front vowel. 
The trill {{IPAslink|r}} is usually articulated with a single contact, and therefore sometimes described as a [[tap consonant|tap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}}.
Except in the literary [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]], and even then only for some speakers, the voiced [[affricate consonant|affricate]]s {{IPAslink|dz}}, {{IPAslink|dʒ}} have merged into the [[fricative consonant|fricative]]s {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}}. A voiceless labial fricative {{IPAslink|f}} is found only in European [[loanword]]s.
{{IPAslink|w}} appears both in diphthongs and as a consonant; as a consonant, it has an allophone {{IPAblink|v}} before front vowels.

Approximately twenty [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] consonants (marked with superscript {{IPA link|ˤ}}) also appear in the table above. [[labial consonant|Labial]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] consonants may be pharyngealized, except for [[ejective consonant|ejectives]].

Except when following a consonant, {{IPAslink|ʢ}} is [[phonetics|phonetically]] {{IPAblink|ʔˤ}}, and can be argued to be a [[glottal stop]] before a "[[pharyngealized]]" (actually epiglottalized) vowel. However, it does not have the distribution constraints characteristic of the anterior [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized (epiglottalized) consonants]]. Although these may be analyzed as an [[wiktionary:anterior|anterior]] consonant plus {{IPAslink|ʢ}} (they surface for example as [dʢ] when [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and {{IPAblink|pʰʜ}} when [[voiceless]]), [[Johanna Nichols|Nichols]] argues that given the severe constraints against [[consonant cluster]]s in Chechen, it is more useful to analyze them as single consonants.

===Vowels===
Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of [[vowel]] sounds, putting its range higher than most languages of Europe (most vowels being the product of environmentally conditioned allophonic variation, which varies by both dialect and method of analysis). Many of the vowels are due to [[I-mutation|umlaut]], which is highly productive in the standard dialect. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" |[[back vowel|Back]]~<br />[[central vowel|Central]]
|-
![[unrounded vowel|<small>unrounded</small>]]
![[rounded vowel|<small>rounded</small>]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPA link|y}} {{IPA link|yː}}
|{{IPA link|ʊ}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e̞}} {{IPA link|e̞ː}}
|{{IPA link|ø}} {{IPA link|øː}}
|{{IPA link|o̞}} {{IPA link|o̞ː}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|({{IPA link|æ}}) ({{IPA link|æː}})
|
| {{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|ɑː}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[Diphthong]]
|{{IPA|je}} {{IPA|ie}}
|{{IPA|ɥø}} {{IPA|yø}}
|{{IPA|wo}} {{IPA|uo}}
|}

All vowels may be [[Nasalization|nasalized]]. Nasalization is imposed by the [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[infinitive]], and for some speakers the [[nominative case]] of [[adjective]]s. Nasalization is not strong, but it is audible even in final vowels, which are devoiced.

Some of the [[diphthong]]s have significant [[Allophone|allophony]]: {{IPA|/ɥø/}} = {{IPA|[ɥø], [ɥe], [we]}}; {{IPA|/yø/}} = {{IPA|[yø], [ye]}}; {{IPA|/uo/}} = {{IPA|[woː], [uə]}}.

In [[closed syllable]]s, [[long vowel]]s become short in most dialects (not [[Kist people|Kisti]]), but are often still distinct from short vowels (shortened {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}} and {{IPA|[ɑ̈]}} vs. short {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, and {{IPA|[ə]}}, for example), although which ones remain distinct depends on the dialect.

{{IPA|/æ/, /æː/}} and {{IPA|/e/, /eː/}} are in [[complementary distribution]] ({{IPA|/æ/}} occurs after [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] consonants, whereas {{IPA|/e/}} does not and {{IPA|/æː/}}—identical with {{IPA|/æ/}} for most speakers—occurs in closed syllables, while {{IPA|/eː/}} does not) but speakers strongly feel that they are distinct sounds.

[[Pharyngealization]] appears to be a feature of the consonants, though some analyses treat it as a feature of the vowels. However, [[Johanna Nichols|Nichols]] argues that this does not capture the situation in Chechen well, whereas it is more clearly a feature of the vowel in [[Ingush language|Ingush]]: Chechen {{IPA|[tsʜaʔ]}} "one", Ingush {{IPA|[tsaʔˤ]}}, which she analyzes as {{IPA|/tsˤaʔ/}} and {{IPA|/tsaˤʔ/}}. Vowels have a delayed [[breathy voice|murmured]] onset after pharyngealized voiced consonants and a noisy [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] onset after pharyngealized voiceless consonants. The high vowels {{IPA|/i/, /y/, /u/}} are diphthongized, {{IPA|[əi], [əy], [əu]}}, whereas the [[diphthong]]s {{IPA|/je/, /wo/}} undergo [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]], {{IPA|[ej], [ow]}}.

===Phonotactics===
Chechen permits syllable-initial clusters {{IPA|/st px tx/}} and non-initially also allows {{IPA|/x r l/}} plus any consonant, and any obstruent plus a uvular of the same [[manner of articulation]]. The only cluster of three consonants permitted is {{IPA|/rst/}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif|format=GIF|title=Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)|pages=10–11|website=Ingush.narod.ru|access-date=2016-01-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072204/http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch1011.gif|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

== Alphabets ==
{{Split section|Chechen alphabets|date=May 2024}}<!-- Not Cyrillic, rather a kind of fictitious/fantasy one. [[File:Noxchiyn abat.jpg|thumb|Modern Chechen Cyrillic alphabet, handwritten style]] -->

[[File:Нохчийн абат 1862 шо. Автор Къеди Досов.png|thumb|Uslar and Kedi's 1862 alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen alphabet by Uslar.JPG|thumb|Uslar's 1888 alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen Uslar.jpg|thumb|Uslar's 1911 Chechen alphabet]]
[[File:Chechen alphabet-1925.png|thumb|upright=1.36|Chechen language Arabic script alphabet from 1925 ABC book]]
[[File:Banknote north caucasian emirate.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Banknote of the [[North Caucasian Emirate]]]]
[[File:Serlo.png|thumb|Chechen-Soviet newspaper Serlo (Light), written in the Chechen Latin script during the era of [[Korenizatsiya]]]]
[[File:Beriyn Poliklinika, Sölƶa-Ġala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|Chechen Cyrillic on a plate in Grozny, using the digit 1 for palochka.]]
Numerous inscriptions in the [[Georgian script]] are found in mountainous Chechnya, but they are not necessarily in Chechen. Later, the [[Arabic script]] was introduced for Chechen, along with [[Islam]]. The Chechen Arabic alphabet was first reformed during the reign of [[Imam Shamil]], and then again in 1910, 1920 and 1922.

At the same time, the alphabet devised by [[Peter von Uslar]], consisting of Cyrillic, Latin, and Georgian letters, was used for academic purposes. In 1911 it too was reformed but never gained popularity among the Chechens themselves.

===Cyrillic alphabet===
The current official script for Chechen language is the Cyrillic alphabet. This script was created and adopted in 1938, replacing the Latin script prior to it. Up until 1992, only the Cyrillic script was used for Chechen. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the de facto secession of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] from Russia, a new Latin script was devised and was used parallel to Cyrillic until the dissolution of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|the separatist state]].

Modern alphabet:

{| style=" font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Аь аь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Гӏ гӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кх кх
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Къ къ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кӏ кӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Оь оь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Пӏ пӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Тӏ тӏ
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Уь уь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хь хь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Хӏ хӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Цӏ цӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Чӏ чӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ӏ ӏ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|
|}

Lower-case [[palochka]], {{angbr|ӏ}}, is found in handwriting. Usually, palochka uppercase and lowercase forms [[Cyrillic script#Lowercase forms|consistent]] in print or upright, but only upper-case {{angbr|Ӏ}} is normally used in computers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Алиева |first1=С. А. |title=Нохчийн мотт. Абат: йоза-дешар Ӏаморан Ӏамат. 1 класс. |last2=Касумова |first2=Б. С.-А. |last3=Серганова |first3=З. З. |last4=Хамраева |first4=Е. А. |date=2012 |language=ce}}</ref>

===1992 Latin alphabet===

In 1992, with the de facto secession of [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] from Russia, a new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced and used in parallel with the Cyrillic alphabet. This was the second time a Latin-based orthography was created for Chechen. But after the defeat of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] government by the [[Russian Armed Forces]], the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}<ref name="BGN/PCGN" />

{| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ċ ċ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç 
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ç̇ ç̇
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ġ ġ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | X x
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ẋ ẋ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Kh kh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ꞑ ꞑ<br />(Ŋ ŋ)
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ph ph
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q̇ q̇
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Th th
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ƶ ƶ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ə ə
|
|}

===1925 Latin alphabet===

The first time that the Latin alphabet was [[Latinisation in the Soviet Union|introduced]], was in 1925, replacing Arabic alphabet. Further minor modifications in 1934, unified Chechen orthography with Ingush. But the Latin alphabet was abolished in 1938, being replaced with Cyrillic.

{| style=" font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Č č
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch ch
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Čh čh
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Gh gh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Kh kh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ņ ņ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ph ph
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Qh qh
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Š š
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Th th
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ẋ ẋ
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ž ž
|}

===Arabic alphabet===

The first, most widespread modern orthography for Chechen was the Arabic script, adopted in the 19th century.<ref>Aliroev, I. Y. (1999). ''Чеченский язык (Chechen Language)'' (pp. 24–31). {{ISBN|587444-105-0}}</ref> Chechen was not a traditionally written language, but due to the public's familiarity with the Arabic script - as the script of instruction in the region's Islamic and Quranic schools - the Arabic alphabet was first standardized and adopted for Chechen during the reign of [[Imam Shamil]]. Islam has been the dominant religion in Chechnya since the 16th century, and there were 200 religious schools as well as more than 3000 pupils in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Thus the Arabic script was well established among the speakers of Chechen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Documentation and grammatical description of Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect &#124; Endangered Languages Archive |url=https://www.elararchive.org/dk0232/}}</ref>

However, the Arabic alphabet, without modifications, would not be suitable for Chechen, and modifications would be needed. 
The Arabic alphabet underwent various iterations, improvements and modifications for the Chechen language. Within Chechen society, these modifications were not without controversy. The Muslim clergy and the more conservative segments of Chechen society initially resisted any changes to the Arabic script, with the belief that this script was sacred due to its association with Islam, and was not to be changed. The clergy and Islamic educational institutions opposed each and every iteration of proposed reforms in the Arabic script.<ref name="chentieva">Chentieva, M. D. (1958). History of Checheno-Ingush writing (История чечено-ингушской письменности). Checheno-Ingush Publishing House (Чечено-Ингушское кн. изд-во).</ref> While modifications to the Arabic script to match local languages had been common practice for centuries, for languages such as [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]], the modifications in Chechen were done independently from these two nearby and influential literary traditions and were focused on needs of Chechen language. Initially, the Chechen Arabic alphabet looked like this.

<br><span style="font-size:x-large;">ي ﻻ ه و ن م ل ڮ ك ڨ ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب ا </span>

In this alphabet, two additional letters were added to the base Arabic script:<ref name="chentieva" />
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڨ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic digraph "Къ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /qʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڮ }} equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Кӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /kʼ/}}.
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ࢰ }}

In 1910, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed additional reforms that brought Arabic alphabet closer to Chechen's phonetic requirements. Sugaip Gaisunov introduced four additional consonants:<ref name="chentieva" />

# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڥ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Пӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /pʼ/}};
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ڢ }}
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ر࣮ }} ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]]) , equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ц" and "Цӏ" and representing the sounds {{IPA| /ts/}} and {{IPA| /tsʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| چ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letters "Ч" and "Чӏ", representing the sounds {{IPA| /tʃ/}} and {{IPA| /t͡ʃʼ/}};
# The letter {{script/Arabic| گ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Г" and representing the sound {{IPA| /g/}};

In Sugaip Gaisunov's reforms, the letters {{script/Arabic| ص }} (''ṣād/sād'') and {{script/Arabic| ض }} (''zād/ḍād'') had their usage limited to Arabic loanwords but were not eliminated due to opposition from Clergy and conservative segments of Chechen society. In another short-lasting modification, Sugaip Gaisunov proposed adding a overline (◌ٙ) ([https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0659 U+0659]) over letters that can be read as either a consonant or a vowel, namely the letters {{script/Arabic| و }} (''waw'') (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "В" or to letters "О, Оь, У, Уь") and {{script/Arabic| ی }} (''yāʼ'') (equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Й" or to letter "И"). The overbar signified a vowel use when needed to avoid confusions. This modification did not persist in Chechen Alphabet. otherwise, the 1910 iteration of the Arabic script continued being used until 1920.<ref name="chentieva" />

In 1920, two Chechen literaturists, A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov, published a document. In this document they proposed new modifications, which were the addition of two new consonants:<ref name="chentieva" />

# The letter {{script/Arabic| څ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Чӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /t͡ʃʼ/}}.
#* This letter was later revised to {{script/Arabic| ڃ }}
#* Thus the letter {{script/Arabic| چ }} was reduced to only representing the sound {{IPA| /tʃ/}}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ч";
# The letter {{script/Arabic| ڗ }}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Цӏ" and representing the sound {{IPA| /tsʼ/}};
#* Thus the letter {{script/Arabic| ر̤ }} ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]]) was reduced to only representing the sound {{IPA| /ts/}}, equivalent to Cyrillic letter "Ц";

These modifications by A. Tugaev and T. Eldarkhanov were a great final step in creating a modified Arabic script that represents Chechen consonants. However, the Arabic alphabet still was not suitable in representing Chechen vowel sounds. Arabic script itself is an impure [[abjad]], meaning that most but not all vowels are shown with [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]], which are in most cases left unwritten. The process of transforming Arabic script into a full alphabet for use by a non-Arabic language has been a common occurrence, and has been done in [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]], [[Kazakh alphabets|Kazakh]], [[Sorani alphabet|Kurdish]] and several more Arabic-derived scripts.

Thus a final revision on Chechen Arabic script occurred, in which vowel sounds were standardized.

{| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:70%;text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" ‍ | '''Vowel as first sound of word'''
|-
! А а || Аь аь || Е е<br>Э э || И и || О о<br>Оь оь || У у<br>Уь уь
|- dir="rtl"
| colspan="2" | <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اە}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ایـ / ای}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٓ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" ‍ | '''Vowel as middle and final sound of word'''
|- dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا / ا / ـآ / آ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا / ا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـە / ە}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـیـ / یـ / ـی / ی}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـوٓ / وٓ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـو / و}}</span>
|-
| A a<Br>Ə ə || Ä ä || E e || I i || O o<br>Ö ö || U u<br>Ü ü
|}

Table below lists the 41 letters of the final iteration of Chechen Arabic Alphabet, as published by Chechen Authorities at the time, prior to 1925, their IPA values, and their Cyrillic equivalents.

{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Chechen Arabic alphabet (Pre-1925)<ref>Чеченская азбука - نوٓخچیی آلفبٰا (Нохчий алфба) (1925) https://archive.org/details/chechen-abat/page/n27/mode/2up</ref>
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|آ / ا}}</span><br><small>‌( А а / Аь аь )</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɑ}}/{{IPAblink|ɑː}}/{{IPAblink|æ}}/{{IPAblink|æː}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ب}}</span><br><small>‌(Б б)</small><br>{{IPAblink|b}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ت}}</span><br><small>‌(Т т)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ث}}</span><br><small>‌(С с)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}‍
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ج}}</span><br><small>‌(Ж ж)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʒ}}/{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ح}}</span><br><small>‌(Хь хь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ħ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|خ}}</span><br><small>‌(Х х)</small><br>{{IPAblink|x}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|چ}}</span><br><small>‌(Ч ч)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڃ}}</span><br><small>‌(ЧӀ чӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡ʃʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|د}}</span><br><small>‌(Д д)</small><br>{{IPAblink|d}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ذ}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر}}</span><br><small>‌(Р р)</small><br>{{IPAblink|r}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ز}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ر̤}}</span> ([[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]])<br><small>‌(Ц ц)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڗ}}</span><br><small>‌(ЦӀ цӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|س}}</span><br><small>‌(С с)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ش}}</span><br><small>‌(Ш ш)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ص}}</span><br><small>‌(S s)</small><br>{{IPAblink|s}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ض}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ط}}</span><br><small>‌(ТӀ тӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ظ}}</span><br><small>‌(З з)</small><br>{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ع}}</span><br><small>‌(Ӏ ӏ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|غ}}</span><br><small>‌(ГӀ гӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ɡ}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ف}}</span><br><small>‌(П п / Ф ф)</small><br>{{IPAblink|p}}/{{IPAblink|f}} 
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ڢ}}</span><br><small>‌(ПӀ пӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|pʼ}}  
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>‌(Кх кх)</small><br>{{IPAblink|q}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ق}}</span><br><small>‌(Къ къ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|qʼ}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ک}}</span><br><small>‌(К к)</small><br>{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|گ}}</span><br><small>‌(Г г)</small><br>{{IPAblink|g}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ࢰ}}</span><br><small>‌(КӀ кӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|kʼ}}
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ل}}</span><br><small>‌(Л л)</small><br>{{IPAblink|l}}  
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|م}}</span><br><small>‌(М м)</small><br>{{IPAblink|m}}  
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ن}}</span><br><small>‌(Н н)</small><br>{{IPAblink|n}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|و}}</span><br><small>‌(В в)</small><br>{{IPAblink|v}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|او / و}}</span><br><small>‌(У у / Уь уь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|u}}/{{IPAblink|y}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|اوٓ / وٓ}}</span><br><small>‌(О о / Оь оь)</small><br>{{IPAblink|o}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː}}/{{IPAblink|ø}} 	 	
|-
! Arabic<br><small>(Cyrillic equivalent)</small><br><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ھ}}</span><br><small>‌(ХӀ хӀ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|h}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|اە / ە}}</span><br><small>‌(Е е / Э э)</small><br>{{IPAblink|e}}/{{IPAblink|ɛː}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ی}}</span><br><small>‌(Й й)</small><br>{{IPAblink|j}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ای / ی}}</span><br><small>‌(	И и)</small><br>{{IPAblink|i}} 
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | <span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;">{{script/Arabic|ئ}}</span><br><small>‌(Ъ ъ)</small><br>{{IPAblink|ʔ}}
|}

===Comparison chart===

The single letters and digraphs that count as separate letters of the alphabet, along with their correspondences, are as follows. Those in parentheses are optional or only found in Russian words:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin<br>(1992–2000)
! Latin<br>(1925–1938)
! Arabic<br>(1922–1925)
! IPA
|-
| А а||A a, Ə ə||A a||آ||/ɑ/, /ɑː/
|-
|[[Аь]] аь||Ä ä||Ä ä||ا||/æ/, /æː/
|-
|Б б||B b||B b||ب||/b/
|-
|В в||V v||V v||و||/v/
|-
|Г г||G g||G g||گ||/g/
|-
|Гӏ гӏ||Ġ ġ||Gh gh||غ|||/ɣ/
|-
|Д д||D d||D d||د||/d/
|-
|Е е||E e, Ie ie, Ye ye||E e, Je je||ە||/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/
|-
|Ё ё||Yo yo||—||یوٓ||/jo/
|-
|Ж ж||Ƶ ƶ||Ž ž||ج||/ʒ/, /dʒ/
|-
|З з||Z z||Z z||ز||/z/, /dz/
|-
|И и||I i||I i||ای||/i/
|-
|Й й||Y y||J j||ی||/j/
|-
|К к||K k||K k||ک||/k/
|-
|Кх кх||Q q||Q q||ق||/q/
|-
|Къ къ||Q̇ q̇||Qh qh||ڨ||/qʼ/
|-
|Кӏ кӏ||Kh kh||Kh kh||ࢰ||/kʼ/
|-
|Л л||L l||L l||ل||/l/
|-
|М м||M m||M m||م||/m/
|-
|Н н||N n, Ŋ ŋ||N n, Ŋ ŋ||ن||/n/, /ŋ/
|-
|О о||O o, Uo uo||O o||اوٓ||/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/
|-
|[[Оь]] оь||Ö ö||Ö ö||اوٓ||/ø/, /yø/
|-
|П п||P p||P p||ف||/p/
|-
|Пӏ пӏ||Ph ph||Ph ph||ڢ||/pʼ/
|-
|Р р||R r||R r||ر||/r/
|-
|С с||S s||S s||س||/s/
|-
|Т т||T t||T t||ت||/t/
|-
|Тӏ тӏ||Th th||Th th||ط||/tʼ/
|-
|У у||U u||U u||او||/u/
|-
|[[Уь]] уь||Ü ü||Ü ü||او||/y/
|-
|Ф ф||F f||F f||ف||/f/
|-
|Х х||X x||X x||خ||/x/
|-
|Хь хь||Ẋ ẋ||X̌ x̌ (Ꜧ ꜧ)||ح||/ħ/
|-
|Хӏ хӏ||H h||H h||ھ||/h/
|-
|Ц ц||C c||C c||ر̤ [[File:Reh with two dots below.svg|6px]] ||/ts/
|-
|Цӏ цӏ||Ċ ċ||Ch ch||ڗ||/tsʼ/
|-
|Ч ч||Ç ç||Č č||چ||/t͡ʃ/
|-
|Чӏ чӏ||Ç̇ ç̇||Čh čh||ڃ||/t͡ʃʼ/
|-
|Ш ш||Ş ş||Š š||ش||/ʃ/
|-
|(Щ щ)||Şç şç||Šč šč||—||
|-
|(Ъ ъ)||'||—||ئ||/ʔ/
|-
|(Ы ы)||i||—||—||
|-
|(Ь ь)|| ||—||—||
|-
|Э э||E e||E e||اە||/e/
|-
|Ю ю||Yu yu||Ju ju||یو||/ju/
|-
|Юь юь||Yü yü||Jü jü||یو||/jy/
|-
|Я я||Ya ya||Ja ja||یا||/ja/
|-
|Яь яь||Yä yä||Jä jä||یا||/jæ/
|-
|[[Ӏ|Ӏ ӏ]]||J j||Y y||ع||/ʡ/, /ˤ/
|}

In addition, several sequences of letters for long vowels and consonants, while not counted as separate letters in their own right, are presented here to clarify their correspondences:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cyrillic
! Name
! Arabic<br />(before 1925)
! Modern<br />Latin<ref name="BGN/PCGN" />
! Name
! IPA
|-
|[[Ий]] ий|| ||یی||Iy iy || ||{{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
|[[Кк]] кк|| ||کک||Kk kk|| ||{{IPA|/kː/}}
|-
|[[Ккх]] ккх|| ||قق||Qq qq|| ||{{IPA|/qː/}}
|-
|[[Ов]] ов||ов||وٓو||Ov ov||ov||{{IPA|/ɔʊ/}}
|-
|[[Пп]] пп|| ||فف||Pp pp|| ||{{IPA|/pː/}}
|-
|[[Рхӏ]] рхӏ|| ||رھ||Rh rh|| ||{{IPA|/r̥/}}
|-
|[[Сс]] сс|| ||سس||Ss ss|| ||{{IPA|/sː/}}
|-
|[[Тт]] тт|| ||تت||Tt tt|| ||{{IPA|/tː/}}
|-
|[[Ув]] ув|| ||وو||Uv uv || ||{{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
|[[Уьй]] уьй||уьй||و||Üy üy||üy||{{IPA|/yː/}}
|}

====Notes====
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Grammar==
Chechen is an [[agglutinative language]] with an [[Ergative–absolutive language|ergative–absolutive]] [[morphosyntactic alignment]]. Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb or an accompanying [[adjective]] agrees. The verb does not agree with person or number, having only tense forms and participles. Among these are an [[optative mood|optative]] and an [[antipassive voice|antipassive]]. Some verbs, however, do not take these prefixes.<ref>Awde, Nicholas and Galäv, Muhammad, ''Chechen''; p. 11. {{ISBN|0-7818-0446-9}}</ref>

Chechen is an [[ergative language|ergative]], [[dependent-marking language]] using eight [[grammatical case|cases]] ([[absolutive case|absolutive]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]], [[ergative case|ergative]], [[allative case|allative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[locative case|locative]] and [[comparative case|comparative]]) and a large number of [[postposition]]s to indicate the role of nouns in sentences.

Word order is consistently [[left-branching language|left-branching]] (like in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] or [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), so that [[adjective]]s, [[demonstrative]]s and [[relative clause]]s precede the nouns they modify. [[Complementizer]]s and [[adverbial subordinator]]s, as in other [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast]] and in [[Northwest Caucasian languages]], are [[affix]]es rather than independent words.

Chechen also presents interesting challenges for [[lexicography]], as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary, because the language's grammar does not permit the borrowing of new [[verb]]al [[morpheme]]s to express new concepts.<ref>Awde and Galäv; ''Chechen''; p. 11</ref> Instead, the verb '''dan''' (to do) is combined with [[noun phrase|nominal phrase]]s to correspond with new concepts imported from other languages.

===Noun classes===
Chechen nouns are divided into six lexically arbitrary [[noun class]]es.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtyhAwAAQBAJ&q=chechen+noun+classes&pg=PA8|title=Chechen-English English-Chechen Dictionary and Phrasebook|first1=Nicholas|last1=Awde|first2=Muhammad|last2=Galaev|date=22 May 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136802331|via=Google Books}}</ref> Morphologically, noun classes may be indexed by changes in the prefix of the accompanying verb and, in many cases, the adjective too. The first two of these classes apply to human beings, although some grammarians count these as two and some as a single class; the other classes however are much more lexically arbitrary. Chechen noun classes are named according to the prefix that indexes them:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun class 
!Noun example!! Singular prefix !! Plural prefix 
!Singular agreement
!Plural agreement
|-
| 1. v-class
|{{transl|ce|k'ant}} {{gloss|boy}} || {{transl|ce|'''v-'''}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{transl|ce|b-}}/{{transl|ce|d-}}''' 
|{{transl|ce|k'ant '''v-'''eza '''v-'''u}} {{gloss|the boy is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|k'entii '''d-'''eza '''d-'''u}} {{gloss|the boys are heavy}}
|-
| 2. y-class
|{{transl|ce|zuda}} {{gloss|woman}} || {{transl|ce|'''y-'''}} 
|{{transl|ce|zuda '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the woman is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|zudari '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the women are heavy}}
|-
| 3. y-class II 
|{{transl|ce|ph'āgal}} {{gloss|rabbit}} || colspan="2" | {{transl|ce|'''y-'''}}
|{{transl|ce|ph'āgal '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the rabbit is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|ph'āgalash '''y'''-eza '''y'''-u}} {{gloss|the rabbits are heavy}}
|-
| 4. d-class 
|{{transl|ce|naž}} {{gloss|oak}} || colspan="2" | {{transl|ce|'''d-'''}}
|{{transl|ce|naž '''d'''-eza '''d'''-u}} {{gloss|the oak is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|niežnash '''d'''-eza '''d'''-u}} {{gloss|the oaks are heavy}}
|-
| 5. b-class 
|{{transl|ce|mangal}} {{gloss|scythe}} || rowspan="2" | {{transl|ce|'''b-'''}} || '''{{transl|ce|b-/Ø-}}'''
|{{transl|ce|mangal '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the scythe is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|mangalash '''b-'''eza '''b-'''u}} {{gloss|the scythes are heavy}}
|-
| 6. b-class II 
|{{transl|ce|ˤaž}} {{gloss|apple}}|| {{transl|ce|'''d-'''}} 
|{{transl|ce|ˤaž '''b-'''eza '''b'''-u}} {{gloss|the apple is heavy}}
|{{transl|ce|ˤežash '''d-'''eza '''d-'''u}} {{gloss|the apples are heavy}}
|}

When a noun denotes a human being, it usually falls into v- or y-Classes (1 or 2). Most nouns referring to male entities fall into the v-class, whereas Class 2 contains words related to female entities. Thus {{transl|ce|lūlaxuo}} {{gloss|a neighbour}} is normally considered class 1, but it takes {{transl|ce|v-}} if referring to a male neighbour and {{transl|ce|y-}} if a female. This is similar to the Spanish word {{lang|es|estudiante}} {{gloss|student}}, where {{lang|es|el estudiante}} refers to a male student, and {{lang|es|la estudiante}} refers to a female student.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://dle.rae.es/estudiante|entry=estudiante |dictionary=Diccionario de la lengua española |lang=es |edition=23.7 |date=November 2023 |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=[[Real Academia Española]]}}</ref>

In a few words, changing the prefixes before the nouns indicates grammatical gender; thus: {{transl|ce|vоsha}} {{gloss|brother}} → {{transl|ce|yisha}} {{gloss|sister}}. Some nouns denoting human beings, however, are not in Classes 1 or 2: {{transl|ce|bēr}} {{gloss|child}}, for example, is in class 3.

====Classed adjectives====
Only a few of Chechen's adjectives index noun class agreement, termed ''classed adjectives'' in the literature. Classed adjectives are listed with the d-class prefix in the romanizations below:<ref name=DottonWagner>{{Cite web|title=A Grammar of Chechen|last1=Dotton|first1=Zura|last2=Wagner|first2=John Doyle|url=https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf|publisher=Duke University, Slavic Centers|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|деза}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-eza}}): 'heavy' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|довха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ouxa}}): 'hot' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|деха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-iexa}}): 'long' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуькъа}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-yq’a}}): 'thick' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дораха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oraxa}}): 'cheap' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дерстана}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-erstana}}): 'fat' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуьткъа}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ytq’a}}): 'thin' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|доца}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oca}}): 'short' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дайн}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-ain}}): 'light' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|дуьзна}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-yzna}}): 'full' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|даьржана}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-aerzhana}}): 'spread' 
* {{lang|ce-Cyrl|доккха}} ({{transliteration|ce|d-oqqa}}): 'large/big/old'

===Declension===
Whereas [[Indo-European languages]] code noun class and case conflated in the same [[morpheme]]s, Chechen nouns show no gender marking but decline in eight [[grammatical case]]s, four of which are core cases (i.e. [[Absolutive case|absolutive]], [[Ergative case|ergative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], and [[Dative case|dative]]) in singular and plural. Below the paradigm for "говр" (horse).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! singular !! plural
|-
| absolutive || говр ''gour'' || говраш ''gourash''
|-
| genitive || говран ''gouran'' || говрийн ''gouriin''
|-
| dative || говрана ''gour(a)na'' || говрашна ''gourashna''
|-
| ergative || говро ''gouruo'' || говраша ''gourasha''
|-
| allative || говре ''gourie'' || говрашка ''gourashka''
|-
| instrumental || говраца ''gouratsa'' || говрашца ''gourashtsa''
|-
| locative || говрах ''gourax'' || говрех ''gouriäx''
|-
| comparative || говрал ''goural'' || говрел ''gouriäl''
|}

===Pronouns===
The first cell has it written in the orthography; the second in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].

{| class="wikitable"
!Case
!colspan=2|{{gcl|1SG}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|2SG}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|3SG}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|1INCL}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|1EXCL}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|2PL}}
!colspan=2|{{gcl|3PL}}
|- 
|absolutive || со  || /sʷɔ/   || хьо   || /ʜʷɔ/  || и, иза || /ɪ/, /ɪzə/  || вай || /vəɪ/   || тхо || /txʷʰo/    || шу || /ʃu/   || уьш, уьзаш || /yʃ/, /yzəʃ/
|- 
|genitive  || сан  || /sən/  || хьан || /ʜən/   || цуьнан || /tsʰynən/ || вайн || /vəɪn/  || тхан  || /txʰən/  || шун || /ʃun/  || церан || /tsʰierən/
|- 
|dative    || суна || /suːnə/ || хьуна || /ʜuːnə/ || цунна || /tsʰunːə/  || вайна || /vaɪnə/ || тхуна || /txʰunə/ || шуна || /ʃunə/  || царна || /tsʰarnə/
|- 
|ergative  || ас  || /ʔəs/   || ахь  || /əʜ/   || цо  || /tsʰuo/  || вай || /vəɪ/  || оха || /ʔɔxə/    || аша || /ʔaʃə/   || цара || /tsʰarə/
|- 
|allative  || соьга || /sɥœgə/ || хьоьга || /ʜɥœgə/ || цуьнга || /tsʰyngə/ || вайга || /vaɪgə/ || тхоьга || /txʰɥœgə/ ||  шуьга || /ʃygə/ || цаьрга || /tsʰærgə/
|- 
|instrumental || соьца || /sɥœtsʰə/ || хьоьца || /ʜɥœtsʰə/ || цуьнца || /tsʰyntsʰə/ || вайца || /vaɪtsʰə/ || тхоьца || /txʰɥœtsʰə/ || шуьца || /ʃytsʰə/ || цаьрца || /tsʰærtsʰə/
|- 
|locative || сох || /sʷɔx/    || хьох || /ʜʷɔx/   || цунах || /tsʰunəx/   || вайх || /vəɪx/  || тхох || /txʰʷɔx/  || шух || /ʃux/   || царах || /tsʰarəx/
|- 
|comparative|| сол || /sʷɔl/   || хьол || /ʜʷɔl/   || цул  || /tsʰul/   || вайл || /vəɪl/ || тхол  || /txʰʷɔl/ ||  шул || /ʃul/ || царел || /tsʰarɛl/
|-
|reflexive possessive pronouns
|сайн
|/səɪn/
|хьайн
|/ʜəɪn/
|шен
|/ʃɛn/
|вешан
|/vieʃən/
|тхайн
|/txəɪn/
|шайн
|/ʃəɪn/
|шайн
|/ʃəɪn/
|-
|substantives (mine, yours)
|сайниг
|/səɪnɪg/
|хьайниг
|/ʜəɪnɪg/
|шениг
|/ʃɛnɪg/
|вешаниг
|/vieʃənɪg/
|тхайниг
|/txəɪnɪg/
|шайниг
|/ʃəɪnɪg/
|шайниг
|/ʃəɪnɪg/
|}

The locative has still a few further forms for specific positions.

===Verbs===
Verbs do not inflect for person (except for the special d- prefix for the 1st and 2nd persons plural), only for number and tense, aspect, mood. A minority of verbs exhibit agreement prefixes, and these agree with the noun in the absolutive case (what in English translation would the subject, for intransitive verbs, or the object, with transitive verbs).

Example of verbal agreement in intransitive clause with a composite verb:
*{{lang|ce|Со цхьан сахьтехь '''вогІур ву'''}} ({{transliteration|ce|so tsHan saHteH '''voghur vu'''}}) = I (male) will come in one hour
*{{lang|ce|Со цхьан сахьтехь '''йогІур ю'''}} ({{transliteration|ce|so tsHan saHteH '''yoghur yu'''}}) = I (female) will come in one hour
Here, both the verb's future stem ''-oghur'' (will come) and the auxiliary ''-u'' (present tense of 'be') receive the prefix ''v-'' for masculine agreement and ''y-'' for feminine agreement.

In transitive clauses in compound continuous tenses formed with the auxiliary verb ''-u'' 'to be', both agent and object are in absolutive case. In this special case of a ''biabsolutive'' construction, the main verb in participial form agrees with the object, while the auxiliary agrees with the agent.
*{{lang|ce|Cо бепиг '''деш''' '''ву'''}} ({{transliteration|ce|so bepig '''diesh vu'''}}) = I (male) am making bread.
Here, the participle ''d-iesh'' agree with the object, whereas the auxiliary ''v-u'' agrees with the agent.<ref name=DottonWagner/>

Verbal tenses are formed by ablaut or suffixes, or both (there are five conjugations in total, below is one). Derived stems can be formed by suffixation as well (causative, etc.):

{| class="wikitable" 
|- bgcolor='#C0F0F0' 
!Tense
!Example
|- 
|Imperative (=infinitive) || д*ига
|- 
|simple present     ||  д*уьгу
|- 
|present composite  || д*уьгуш д*у
|- 
|near preterite    || д*игу
|- 
|witnessed past  || д*игира 
|- 
|perfect          || д*игна
|- 
|plusquamperfect  || д*игнера 
|- 
|repeated preterite || д*уьгура
|- 
|possible future  || д*уьгур 
|- 
|real future || д*уьгур д*у 
|}

{| class="wikitable" 
|- bgcolor='#C0F0F0' 
!Tempus
!Basic form ("drink")
!Causative ("make drink, drench")
!Permissive ("allow to drink")
!Permissive causative ("allow to make drink")
!Potential ("be able to drink")
!Inceptive ("start drinking")
|-
|Imperative (=infinitive)  || мала || мало || малийта || мала д*айта  || мала д*ала || мала д*āла 
|-
|simple present       || молу || мала д*о || молуьйто || мала д*ойту || малало || мала д*олу 
|-
|near preterite      || малу || малий || малийти || мала д*айти || мала д*ели || мала д*ēли 
|-
|witnessed past || мелира || малийра || малийтира || мала д*айтира || мала д*елира || мала д*ēлира 
|-
|perfect               ||мелла ||малийна || малийтина || мала д*айтина || мала д*елла || мала д*аьлла 
|-
|plusquamperfect ||меллера || малийнер || малийтинера || мала д*айтинера || мала д*елера || мала д*аьллера 
|-
|repeated past  || молура || мала д*ора || молуьйтура || мала д*ойтура || малалора || 
|-
|possible future       || молур || мала д*ер || молуьйтур || мала д*ойтур || малалур || мала д*олур 
|-
|real future          || молур д*у || мала д*ийр д*у || молуьйтур д*у || мала д*ойтур д*у || малалур д*у || мала д*олур д*у 
|}

==Vocabulary==
Most Chechen vocabulary is derived from the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family, although there are significant minorities of words derived from [[Arabic]] (Islamic terms, like "Iman", "Ilma", "Do'a") and a smaller amount from Turkic (like "kuzga", "shish", belonging to the universal Caucasian stratum of borrowings) and most recently Russian (modern terms, like computer – "kamputar", television – "telvideni", televisor – "telvizar", metro – "metro" etc.).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|author=Pieter Muysken|title=From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWs6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|date=6 February 2008|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-9136-3|pages=29, 46, 47, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 70–74, 77, 93}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Language}}
{{InterWiki|code=ce}}
{{Wikibooks|Chechen}}
{{wikivoyage|Chechen phrasebook}}
*[[wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script|Appendix:Cyrillic script]]
*[http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/chechen.pdf The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets]
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~chechen/ The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott] Wealth of linguistic information. (No longer active, some information is retained)
*[http://www.radiomarsho.com/ Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)]
*[http://www.tsumada.ru/slovar Russian–Chechen on-line dictionary]
*[https://erwinkomen.ruhosting.nl/che/dict/lexicon/main.htm Chechen-Russian dictionary]
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1 Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*[http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/ce/ Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter]
*ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0232 Chechen including the Cheberloi dialect]
*[https://baltoslav.eu/nox/index.php?mova=en Chechen Text Corpus]

{{Languages of Russia}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Arabic alphabets}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chechen Language}}
[[Category:Chechen language| ]]
[[Category:Northeast Caucasian languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]
[[Category:Languages of Jordan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Cyrillic script]]