View source for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor

{{Short description|Tokamak}}
{{Infobox fusion device
|name         = CFETR
|fullname     = China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor
|type         = Tokamak
|country      = China
|image=
|major_radius = {{val|7.2|u=m}}
|minor_radius = {{val|2.2|u=m}}
|field        = {{val|6.5|ul=T}}
|current      = {{val|14|ul=MA}}
|city=[[Hefei]]|state=[[Anhui|Anhui Province]]}}

The '''China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor''' ({{zh|c=|p=Zhōngguó Jùbiàn Gōngchéng Shíyànduī|t=|s=中国聚变工程实验堆}}), or '''CFETR''', is a proposed [[tokamak]] [[fusion reactor]], which uses a magnetic field in order to confine plasma and generate energy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Freidberg|first1=J. P.|last2=Mangiarotti|first2=F. J.|last3=Minervini|first3=J.|date=2015-07-01|title=Designing a tokamak fusion reactor—How does plasma physics fit in?|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4923266|journal=Physics of Plasmas|volume=22|issue=7|pages=070901|doi=10.1063/1.4923266|bibcode=2015PhPl...22g0901F |hdl=1721.1/111207 |osti=1547016 |s2cid=117712932 |issn=1070-664X|hdl-access=free}}</ref> 
As of 2015, tokamak devices are leading candidates for the construction of a viable and practical thermonuclear fusion reactor.<ref name=":0" /> These reactors may be used to generate [[sustainable energy]] while ensuring a lower environmental impact and a smaller [[carbon footprint]] than fossil fuel-based power plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doshi |first1=Bharat |last2=Reddy |first2=D. Chenna |date=April 2017 |title=Safety and Environment aspects of Tokamak- type Fusion Power Reactor- An Overview |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |language=en |volume=823 |issue=1 |pages=012044 |bibcode=2017JPhCS.823a2044D |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/823/1/012044 |issn=1742-6596 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Xin|first=Zheng|date=2021|title=Artificial Sun' May Make Fusion a Reality Nuclear Power to Play Key Role in China's Clean Energy Plans.|work=China Daily - Hong Kong Edition|url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/epaper/pubs//chinadaily/2021/01/08/15.pdf.|access-date=2021-06-01|archive-date=2023-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122193857/https://www.chinadailyhk.com/epaper/pubs//chinadaily/2021/01/08/15.pdf.|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The CFETR utilises and intends to build upon pre-existing nuclear fusion research from the [[International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]] (ITER) program in order to address the gaps between ITER and the next generation thermonuclear plant and successor reactor class to ITER, the [[DEMOnstration Power Plant|Demonstration Power Plant (DEMO)]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Wan|first1=Yuanxi|last2=Li|first2=Jiangang|last3=Liu|first3=Yong|last4=Wang|first4=Xiaolin|last5=Chan|first5=Vincent|last6=Chen|first6=Changan|last7=Duan|first7=Xuru|last8=Fu|first8=Peng|last9=Gao|first9=Xiang|last10=Feng|first10=Kaiming|last11=Liu|first11=Songlin|date=2017-06-23|title=Overview of the present progress and activities on the CFETR|url=https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa686a|journal=Nuclear Fusion|volume=57|issue=10|pages=102009|doi=10.1088/1741-4326/aa686a|bibcode=2017NucFu..57j2009W |s2cid=126138788 |issn=0029-5515}}</ref>

As of 2019, three domestic fusion test reactors are in operation in China. These include [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak|EAST]] in ASIPP at [[Hefei]], [[HL-2A]](M) at the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP) at [[Chengdu]] and J-TEXT located at [[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]] in [[Wuhan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=China's fusion roadmap - Nuclear Engineering International |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechina-fusion-roadmap-7436879 |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=www.neimagazine.com}}</ref> Additionally, as of 2021, in an effort to more accurately simulate a potentially functionally operational CFETR, the HL-2A at SWIP was upgraded to the [[HL-2M]].<ref name=":3" /> Construction for the [[HL-2M]] was completed in November 2019, and the device was commissioned on December 4, 2020.<ref name=":1" />

The conceptual design of the CFETR, completed in 2015, is largely based on the design of these three domestic fusion reactors.<ref name=":3" /> Construction of the CFETR will likely begin in the 2020s, with expected completion by the 2030s.<ref name=":3" />

== Aims and objectives ==
The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) will operate in two phases. In the first phase, the CFETR will be required to demonstrate steady state operation and [[tritium]] self-sufficiency with a tritium breeding ratio > 1.<ref name=":22"/> Moreover, in Phase 1, the CFETR should demonstrate generation of fusion power up to 200MW.<ref name=":22" />

The second phase, the [[DEMOnstration Power Plant|DEMO]] validation phase, requires the CFETR to generate power over 1 GW.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Jiangang|last2=Wan|first2=Yuanxi|date=2019-02-01|title=Present State of Chinese Magnetic Fusion Development and Future Plans|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-018-0165-2|journal=Journal of Fusion Energy|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=113–124|doi=10.1007/s10894-018-0165-2|s2cid=254650020 |issn=1572-9591}}</ref> More generally, the CFETR will also serve as a [[research and development]] tool for the testing of various structural and functional materials to identify or develop a material with a high [[neutron flux]] resistance.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhuang|first1=G.|last2=Li|first2=G.Q.|last3=Li|first3=J.|last4=Wan|first4=Y.X.|last5=Liu|first5=Y.|last6=Wang|first6=X.L.|last7=Song|first7=Y.T.|last8=Chan|first8=V.|last9=Yang|first9=Q.W.|last10=Wan|first10=B.N.|last11=Duan|first11=X.R.|date=2019-06-05|title=Progress of the CFETR design|url=https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab0e27|journal=Nuclear Fusion|volume=59|issue=11|pages=112010|doi=10.1088/1741-4326/ab0e27|bibcode=2019NucFu..59k2010Z |s2cid=127585754 |issn=0029-5515}}</ref>

== Design ==
As of 2019, design for the CFETR was ongoing in its engineering design phase, which was expected to be completed between 2020 and 2021. The first stage,  between 2010 and 2015, is referred to as the concept design stage.<ref name=":4" /> It was necessary to demonstrate the economic viability of the construction of a small-scale machine. Moreover, this stage provided a proof of concept for the construction of a cost-effective fusion reactor capable of generating power.<ref name=":4" />

The second phase of design, the engineering design phase, began in 2015, directed towards the design of a large-scale machine with the aim of achieving 1 GW power output per [[DEMOnstration Power Plant|DEMO]]'s validation requirement.<ref name=":22" /> Since 2017, research moved towards simulating various operating scenarios, researching the nuance of various experimental designs of individual CFETR components, such as the full-sized vacuum vessel and tritium breeding technology.<ref name=":22" />

As of 2019, discoveries made since the conceptual and engineering phases of research were being consolidated, integrated and built upon..<ref name=":4" />

== Challenges ==
[[File:FusionFL.jpg|thumb|Schematic of fusion reaction: Deuterium and Tritium undergo fusion reaction to produce a single neutron helium and energy.]]

=== Location, resource and infrastructure ===
The China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor is planned in [[Hefei]], Anhui province. Some critical issues are still yet to be resolved, this includes 19 key system problems such as vertical instability control with internal coils, impurity control, alpha particle transport, disruption avoidance and mitigation, type-I ELM control and avoidance, technologies for the large heating power, tritium breeding and handling.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Zhang Rui  |date=December 24, 2020 |title=Hefei now home to major science and technology facilities- China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2020-12/24/content_77046439.htm?f=pad&a=true |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> Moreover, whilst the properties of materials needed for the construction of the CFETR are known, many of these materials have yet to be fabricated and research is still ongoing for the creation of required materials.<ref name=":22" />

Furthermore, self-sufficiency of the CFETR is one of the greatest challenges. [[Deuterium]] and [[tritium]] are the fuel sources for the CFETR, and whilst deuterium is naturally abundant, commercial tritium sources are scarce.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Nie|first1=Baojie|last2=Ran|first2=Guangming|last3=Zeng|first3=Qin|last4=Du|first4=Hongfei|last5=Li|first5=Zaixin|last6=Chen|first6=Yanjing|last7=Zhu|first7=Zuolong|last8=Zhao|first8=Xueli|last9=Ni|first9=Muyi|last10=Li|first10=Fengchen|date=2019|title=Insights into fuel start-up and self-sufficiency for fusion energy: The case of CFETR|journal=Energy Science & Engineering|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=457–468|doi=10.1002/ese3.291|issn=2050-0505|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019EneSE...7..457N }}</ref> Whilst tritium can be produced under lab conditions using [[heavy water reactor]]s, accelerators and [[light water reactor]]s,<ref name=":6" /> the present amount of tritium being produced internationally is insufficient for operating [[fusion reactor]]s.<ref name=":6" /> As such, key challenges are creating an appropriate fuel cycle concept for tritium recycling and renewal as well as formulating novel methods to produce tritium in an economical and cost-effective manner.<ref name=":6" />

These challenges are multifaceted and complex, requiring interdisciplinary co-operation and research. As such, to tackle the 19 key system problems posed by the CFETR, individual teams have been formed to tackle each issue in isolation.<ref name=":5" /> This initiative is spearheaded by the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) and their team of 300 scientists, engineers and researchers in China in an attempt to resolve these critical issues by offering practical, viable and cost-effective solutions.<ref name=":5" />

=== Economic viability ===
Prior to the introduction of [[renewable energy]] sources such as [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]], fusion was touted as the future of [[clean energy|clean]] and net [[Zero-carbon|zero carbon energy]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Nicholas|first1=T. E. G.|last2=Davis|first2=T. P.|last3=Federici|first3=F.|last4=Leland|first4=J. E.|last5=Patel|first5=B. S.|last6=Vincent|first6=C.|last7=Ward|first7=S. H.|date=February 2021|title=Re-examining the Role of Nuclear Fusion in a Renewables-Based Energy Mix|journal=Energy Policy|volume=149|pages=112043|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112043|arxiv=2101.05727|bibcode=2021EnPol.14912043N |s2cid=230570595 }}</ref> However, the introduction, greater widespread application, and utilisation of renewable energy has drastically altered the energy landscape. For instance, renewables are projected to supply 74% of the global energy by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Energy Perspectives 2019|url=https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/oil%20and%20gas/our%20insights/global%20energy%20perspective%202019/mckinsey-energy-insights-global-energy-perspective-2019_reference-case-summary.ashx|url-status=live|website=Energy Insights- Mckinsey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418120630/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Oil%20and%20Gas/Our%20Insights/Global%20Energy%20Perspective%202019/McKinsey-Energy-Insights-Global-Energy-Perspective-2019_Reference-Case-Summary.ashx |archive-date=2019-04-18 }}</ref> Moreover, with renewable energy prices falling, the economic viability of fusion power has been brought to the forefront of the discourse of the future economics of energy.<ref name=":7" />
[[File:20201019 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE, Lazard) - renewable energy.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for various sources of energy including Wind, Solar and Nuclear energy.<ref name=LazardLCOE_2024>{{cite web |title=Lazard LCOE Levelized Cost Of Energy+ |url=https://www.lazard.com/media/xemfey0k/lazards-lcoeplus-june-2024-_vf.pdf |publisher=Lazard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828224744/https://www.lazard.com/media/xemfey0k/lazards-lcoeplus-june-2024-_vf.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2024 |page=16 |date=June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Presently, economists suggest [[fusion power]] is unlikely to be as cheap as [[renewable energy]].<ref name=":7" /> Fusion plants, much like [[fission reactor|fission plants]], will have large start up and [[capital cost]]s as the cost of the materials, machinery and infrastructure required to construct these fusions plants is likely to be exorbitant. Moreover, the operation and maintenance of these highly specialised plants are likely to be costly as well.<ref name=":7" /> While the operation and construction costs of the CFETR are not well known, an EU DEMO fusion concept is projected to have a [[levelized cost of energy]] (LCOE) of $121/MWh.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-06-01|title=Approximation of the economy of fusion energy|journal=Energy|language=en|volume=152|pages=489–497|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.130|issn=0360-5442|doi-access=free|last1=Entler |first1=Slavomir |last2=Horacek |first2=Jan |last3=Dlouhy |first3=Tomas |last4=Dostal |first4=Vaclav |bibcode=2018Ene...152..489E }}</ref>

Furthermore, economists suggest that fusion energy becomes $16.5/ MWh more costly for every $1 billion increase in the price of fusion technology.<ref name=":7" /> This high LCOE is largely a result of high capital costs incurred in the construction of fusion plants.<ref name=":7" />

In contrast, the LCOE of renewables appears substantially lower. For instance, the LCOE of solar energy appears to be $40-$46/ MWh, [[Onshore wind farm|onshore wind]] is estimated at $29-$56/ MWh, and [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind]] is approximately $92/ MWh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost of Energy and Levelized Cost of Storage 2019|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2019/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Lazard.com|language=en|archive-date=2023-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219103421/http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As such, these cost-effective options appear to be the more economically viable ones.<ref name=":7" />

However, this is not to suggest that fusion power may lack complete economic viability. Rather, fusion power will likely supply the energy gaps renewables are not able to fill.<ref name=":7" /> Thus, fusion power will likely work in tandem with renewable energy sources rather than become the primary source of energy.<ref name=":7" /> Still, in instances where renewable energy may not be readily available, fusion power could become the dominant source of energy and supply the base load of the [[electrical grid]] within those specific geographical areas.<ref name=":7" />

=== Safety ===
As of 2021,  the following safety goals have been proposed in the international community: Protecting communities and the environment from [[Ionizing radiation#Health effects|radiological hazard]]s.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Zhen|last2=Chen|first2=Zhibin|last3=Chen|first3=Chao|last4=Ge|first4=Daochuan|last5=Perrault|first5=Didier|last6=Zucchetti|first6=Massimo|last7=Subbotin|first7=Michail|date=2021-01-13|title=Quantitative safety goals for fusion power plants: Rationales and suggestions|journal=International Journal of Energy Research|volume=45|issue=6|pages=9694–9703|doi=10.1002/er.6399|bibcode=2021IJER...45.9694W |s2cid=234153700 |issn=0363-907X|doi-access=free}}</ref>and ensuring safety protocols of a fusion reactor are as competitive and comprehensive as those of fission reactor.<ref name=":8" />

These 2 goals are determined using the principle of [[acceptable risk]]s and can be further broken down into subcategories, such as but not limited to Occupational [[radiation exposure]], routine release of [[radioactive material]]s, accident response and minimisation and [[Radioactive waste]].<ref name=":8" />

Nuclear safety is regarded highly by the [[Chinese government]], though to date, no comprehensive nuclear fusion safety framework exists within China.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2019-08-23|title=Safety regulatory framework for hydrogen fusion reactors in China|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319919310262|journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy|language=en|volume=44|issue=40|pages=22704–22711|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.070|issn=0360-3199|last1=Shen |first1=Xinyuan |last2=Chen |first2=Zhibin |last3=Wang |first3=Zhen |last4=Wang |first4=Haixia |last5=Chen |first5=Shanqi |last6=Ge |first6=Daochuan |last7=Chen |first7=Chao |last8=Jiang |first8=Jieqiong |last9=Hu |first9=Liqin |last10=Yu |first10=Jie |last11=Wu |first11=Yican |bibcode=2019IJHE...4422704S |s2cid=132539839 }}</ref> as of 2019, safety protocols followed in China are based on fission reactor technology; these are outlined in Law ''of the People's Republic of China on Prevention'' and Control of Radioactive pollution'' (2003''), Nuclear Safety Act'' (2017) and ''Regulations on Safe Operation of Research Reactors'' (HAF202).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2019-03-01|title=Preliminary environmental radiation considerations for CFETR|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920379619301310|journal=Fusion Engineering and Design|language=en|volume=140|pages=16–22|doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.119|issn=0920-3796|last1=Nie |first1=Baojie |last2=Jiang |first2=Man |last3=Ni |first3=Muyi |last4=Li |first4=Fengchen |bibcode=2019FusED.140...16N |s2cid=127532912 }}</ref> 
Whilst these are beneficial in outlining general nuclear safety considerations, these are not fusion reactor specific. Furthermore, unlike fission reactors, the CFETR does not have a [[Nuclear reactor core|reactor core]]. Hence, these pieces of legislation need to be updated to accommodate the design and mechanisms of fusion reactors.<ref name=":9" />

Moreover, whilst it is widely accepted that fusion power will be safer than fission due to the plasma cooling mechanism of the [[tokamak]] style device which cools the reactor and halts reactions upon disturbances to the system, the reliance on this ideal and mechanism alone is not sufficient.<ref name=":10" /> Rather disturbance parameters need to be appropriately defined and identified to prevent potential release of radioactive materials upon system disturbances or failure.<ref name=":8" /> Hence appropriate safety measures need to be carefully considered. Moreover, tritium is a limited [[radioactive isotope]]. As such, the radioactive nature of tritium may prove hazardous in instances of hypothetical accidental release upon dual confinement system failure.<ref name=":9" /> Thus, under such circumstances, areas surrounding the CFETR will have to be evacuated and it will be 32–54 years before families may be able to return to their original homes.<ref name=":10" /> However, CFETR engineers are designing the current reactor according to a no-evacuation criterion.<ref name=":10" /> As such, technical engineers are required to produce a design which safeguards against catastrophic failure of the fusion reactor which will require evacuation.<ref name=":10" />

As of November 2020, the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) has begun working with various nations to create fusion reactor safety standards for various fusion reactor designs.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Safety in Fusion|url=https://www.iaea.org/fusion-energy/safety-in-fusion|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.iaea.org|language=en}}</ref> Moreover, they have begun investigating appropriate dose regulations as well as how radioactive waste from fusion energy should be managed and appropriately disposed of.<ref name=":11" />

=== Waste products ===
[[Neutron radiation]] damage in solid vessel walls is expected to be greater than that of fission reactors due to higher neutron energies.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-19|title=Fusion reactors: Not what they're cracked up to be|url=https://thebulletin.org/2017/04/fusion-reactors-not-what-theyre-cracked-up-to-be/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, this damage in tandem with large volumes of [[helium]] and [[hydrogen]] produced within the vessel is likely to result in infrastructural fatigue, thereby potentially damaging the vessel as well as transforming the vessel into radioactive metal and thereby [[radioactive waste]].<ref name=":12" /> Moreover, scientists have posited that many non-structural components will become [[High-level waste|highly radioactive]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=G. W.|last2=Vilkhivskaya|first2=O. V.|last3=Gilbert|first3=M. R.|date=January 2021|title=Waste expectations of fusion steels under current waste repository criteria|journal=Nuclear Fusion|language=en|volume=61|issue=3|pages=036010|doi=10.1088/1741-4326/abc933|bibcode=2021NucFu..61c6010B |s2cid=228862229 |issn=0029-5515|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Nevertheless, it is important to recognise that the radioactivity per kilogram of waste would be substantially lower for the fusion reactor compared to the fission reactor.<ref name=":12" /> While the nature of the [[deuterium–tritium fusion]] reaction is such that it will likely produce greater volumes of radioactive structural and non-structural waste,<ref name=":12" /> this issue may be circumvented with the engineering of low-activation structure alloys in order to ensure that these discarded materials qualify as [[Low-level waste|low-level radioactive waste]].<ref name=":13" /> However, with the presently available technology, the more likely outcome is the engineering of intermediate-activation structural alloys.<ref name=":13" /> This will result in the production of low- to intermediate-level [[radioactive waste]].

Nonetheless, it is important to note that the radioactivity of such wastes has a half-life of 12.3 years, and so will persist as radioactive for approximately <100 years, compared to fission radioactive waste, which remains highly radioactive for approximately 1000 years.<ref name=":12" /> Moreover, engineers behind the CFETR intend to limit output of intermediate to low level radioactive waste by introducing tritiated waste management systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-05-01|title=Tritium fuel cycle modeling and tritium breeding analysis for CFETR|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920379616301922|journal=Fusion Engineering and Design|language=en|volume=106|pages=17–20|doi=10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.02.100|issn=0920-3796|last1=Chen |first1=Hongli |last2=Pan |first2=Lei |last3=Lv |first3=Zhongliang |last4=Li |first4=Wei |last5=Zeng |first5=Qin |bibcode=2016FusED.106...17C }}</ref> This has the two-fold effect of extracting tritium to be recycled back into the machine and reducing the radioactivity of the waste produced by the fusion reactor.<ref name=":22" />

== Future ==
On December 4, 2020, the [[HL-2M]] was heated to approximately 150 million degrees Celsius, ten times hotter than the [[Solar core|Sun's core]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=China turns on nuclear-powered 'artificial sun' (Update)|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-12-china-nuclear-powered-artificial-sun.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> The successful construction and operation of the [[HL-2M]] at SWIP has likely provided an impetus to transition the CFETR into construction phase from its present engineering design phase.<ref name=":12" />

With China actively shifting towards developing its renewable and sustainable energy sector, the construction of the CFETR is not question of whether it will happen but rather when.<ref name=":12" /> According to the present fusion timeline, the CFETR is likely to begin its construction phase in the early 2020s and an industrial prototype is likely to be completed by 2035, with wide-scale commercial application by 2050.<ref name=":12" /> Moreover, by 2025 China is expected to achieve the capacity for 79 GW of nuclear power. To achieve this goal, the construction of nuclear facilities is heavily emphasized in China's 14th 5-year plan (2021-2025) as the country moves towards [[carbon neutrality]].<ref name=":12" />

==See also==
* [[Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak]] (EAST)
* [[Energy policy of China]]
* [[Nuclear power in China]]
* [[Pollution in China]]
* [[Renewable energy in China]]
* [[KSTAR]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{nuclear power in the PRC}}
{{fusion experiments}}

[[Category:Nuclear technology in China]]
[[Category:Proposed fusion reactors]]
[[Category:Tokamaks]]