View source for Chinese ironclad Dingyuan

{{short description|Pre-dreadnought battleship}}
{{Other uses|Dingyuan (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= Dingyuan (ship, 1884) - NH 1926 - cropped.jpg
|Ship caption=''Dingyuan'' early in her career
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= China
|Ship flag= {{shipboxflag|Qing dynasty|naval}} 
|Ship name= ''Dingyuan''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=1880
|Ship builder=[[AG Vulcan Stettin|Stettiner AG Vulcan]], [[Stettin]], [[German Empire|Germany]]
|Ship laid down= March 1881  
|Ship launched= 28 December 1881 
|Ship completed=May 1883 
|Ship commissioned= November 1885
|Ship fate= Scuttled, 10 February 1895
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption= 
|Ship class={{sclass|Dingyuan|ironclad}}
|Ship displacement=
*Normal: {{cvt|7220|LT|t|lk=on}}
*[[Full load]]: {{cvt|7670|LT|t}}
|Ship length= {{cvt|308|ft}} 
|Ship beam= {{cvt|59|ft}}
|Ship draft= {{cvt|20|ft}}
|Ship propulsion=
*2 [[compound steam engine]]s
*2 × [[screw propeller]]s
|Ship power=
*8 [[fire-tube boiler]]s
*{{convert|7200|ihp|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed= {{convert|15.4|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range=  {{convert|4500|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}  
|Ship complement=350
|Ship armament=
*4 × [[30.5 cm MRK L/25| {{convert|305|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} L/25]] [[Rifled breech loader|breech-loading guns]]
*2 × [[15 cm MRK L/35|{{cvt|5.9|in}}]] breech-loading guns
*2 × {{cvt|47|mm}} [[Hotchkiss revolver cannon]]
*6 × [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|{{cvt|37|mm}} Maxim-Nordenfelt quick-firing guns]]
*3 × {{cvt|14|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=
*[[Belt armor|Belt]]: 14&nbsp;in
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|3|in}}
*[[Barbette]]s: 12–14&nbsp;in
*[[Conning tower]]: {{cvt|8|in|0}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Dingyuan''''' ({{zh|t=定遠|s=定远|p=Dìngyǔan|w=Ting Yuen or Ting Yuan}}, English: Everlasting Peace<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoE9AQAAIAAJ&q=carbonic+oxide|title=Scientific American|date=1882-02-11|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=90|language=en}}</ref>) was an [[ironclad warship|ironclad battleship]] and the [[flagship]] of the [[Qing Dynasty|Chinese]] [[Beiyang Fleet]]. She was the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Dingyuan|ironclad|4}}, which included one other vessel, {{ship|Chinese ironclad|Zhenyuan||2}}, both of which were built in [[German Empire|Germany]] in the early 1880s. Delivery of the two ironclads was delayed by the [[Sino-French War]] of 1884–1885. The ships were armed with a [[main battery]] of four {{cvt|12|in|0}} guns in a pair of [[gun turret]]s, making them the most powerful warships in East Asian waters at the time.

''Dingyuan'' served as the flagship of Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]] during her active career. In the 1880s and early 1890s, the Beiyang Fleet conducted a routine of training exercises and cruises abroad, with emphasis placed on visits to Japan to intimidate the country. The latter resulted in the [[Nagasaki Incident]] in 1886 and contributed to a rise in hostility between the two countries that culminated in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894. She led the Chinese fleet during the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September, where the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[Combined Fleet]] sank much of the Beiyang Fleet, though both ''Dingyuan'' and ''Zhenyuan'' survived despite numerous hits, thanks to their heavy armor. The survivors then retreated to [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]] for repairs, but after that city was threatened by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]], fled to [[Weihaiwei]].

As the Japanese continued to advance, they laid [[Battle of Weihaiwei|siege to Weihaiwei]] in late January 1895. On 5 February, a Japanese [[torpedo boat]] slipped into the port and hit ''Dingyuan'' with a [[torpedo]], inflicting serious damage. The Chinese crew were forced to [[ship grounding|beach]] the vessel to avoid sinking, and for the next week, ''Dingyuan'' was used as a stationary artillery battery. Japanese ground forces seized the city's coastal fortifications on 9 February, allowing their artillery to shell the ships in the harbor, which prompted Ding to surrender. ''Dingyuan'' was [[scuttling|scuttled]] in the harbor on 10 February. A full-scale replica of the ship was built in [[Weihai]] in 2003 as a [[museum ship]] and in 2019, the Chinese government announced that an underwater survey had located the original vessel's wreck.

==Design==
{{main|Dingyuan-class ironclad}}
[[file:Chinyen Brassey's.jpg|thumb|left|An overview of the layout of a ''Dingyuan''-class ironclad]]

Following the direct intervention of the imperialist European powers in the mid-19th century, including the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s, where their superior steam-powered fleets overwhelmed the small [[Imperial Chinese Navy]] that still relied on traditional [[Junk (ship)|junks]], the Chinese began a naval construction program in the 1880s to meet these threats more effectively. They enlisted British and [[German Empire|German]] assistance, and two {{sclass|Dingyuan|ironclad|1}}s were ordered from Germany.{{sfn|Wright|pp=41–49}}{{sfn|Gardiner|p=395}}

''Dingyuan'' was {{cvt|308|ft}} [[length overall|long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|59|ft}} and a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{cvt|20|ft}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{cvt|7220|LT|t|lk=on}} normally and up to {{cvt|7670|LT|t}} at [[full load]]. She was powered by a pair of [[compound steam engine]]s that each drove a [[screw propeller]]. Steam was provided by eight coal-burning [[fire-tube boiler]]s that were ducted into a pair of [[funnel (ship)|funnels]] [[amidships]]. She was capable of a top speed of {{convert|15.7|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|7500|ihp|lk=on}}. Her crew consisted of 350&nbsp;officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=395}}

The ship carried a [[main battery]] of four {{cvt|12|in|0}} 20-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] [[Rifled breech loader|breech-loading guns]] in two twin-[[gun turret]]s that were placed en echelon forward. These were supported by a [[secondary battery]] of two [[15 cm MRK L/35|{{cvt|5.9|in}} guns]] in a pair of single turrets, one at the bow and the other at the stern. For defense against [[torpedo boat]]s, she carried a pair of {{cvt|47|mm}} [[Hotchkiss revolver cannon]] and eight [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|{{cvt|37|mm}} Maxim-Nordenfelt quick-firing guns]] in [[casemate]]s. ''Dingyuan'' was also equipped with three {{cvt|14|in|0}} or {{cvt|15|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=395}}{{sfn|Feng|p=21}}

She was protected by [[compound armor]] that was 14&nbsp;in for the [[belt armor|armor belt]], which covered the central part of the ship were the ammunition [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] and propulsion machinery spaces were located. An armor [[deck (ship)|deck]] that was {{cvt|3|in}} thick provided horizontal protection. Her [[conning tower]] was covered with {{cvt|8|in|0}} of armor plate on the sides. The [[barbette]]s for the gun turrets were 12–14&nbsp;in thick. A [[strake]] of armor that was 8&nbsp;in thick protected the casemate guns.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=395}}{{sfn|Feng|p=21}}

==Service record==
===Early career===
[[File:Panzerschiff DINGYUAN (chin.) und ZHENYUAN (chin.) (Kiel 80.681).jpg|thumb|left|''Zhenyuan'' and ''Dingyuan'' in Germany before departing for China]]

''Dingyuan'' was ordered in 1880 and was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[AG Vulcan]] shipyard in [[Stettin]], Germany in March 1881; her name means "eternal peace" in Chinese. Work proceeded quickly and she was [[ship launching|launched]] on 28 December 1881 to clear the [[slipway]] so work could begin on her [[sister ship]] {{ship|Chinese ironclad|Zhenyuan||2}}. [[Fitting-out]] work continued into May 1883, when the vessel was completed, but delivery was to be delayed until ''Zhenyuan'' was finished in April 1884. The start of the outbreak of the [[Sino-French War]] in August prevented both ''Dingyuan''-class ships from being delivered until 1885, since Germany would not transfer the vessels to a country at war.{{sfn|Feng|p=21}}

[[File:Dingyuan temporary rigging.png|thumb|Temporary rigging for the journey to China]]
Both vessels were manned by German crews, sailing on 3 July 1885 under the German flag in company with the also German-built [[protected cruiser]] {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Jiyuan||2}}. The three ships arrived in [[Tianjin]] in November, where they were transferred to Chinese control. [[Li Hongzhang]], the [[Viceroy of Zhili]] and director of China's naval construction program, inspected the vessels following their arrival. The two ironclads were then [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the [[Beiyang Fleet]], which was based in [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]].{{sfn|Feng|pp=23, 36}} The ships steamed south to [[Shanghai]] for the winter of 1885–1886.{{sfn|Wright|p=81}}

In the 1880s, the Beiyang Fleet was occupied with an annual routine of winter training cruises to the [[South China Sea]], often in company with the [[Nanyang Fleet]]. This cruise typically involved visits to [[Zhejiang]], [[Fujian]], and [[Guangdong]] provinces, and sometimes went as far south as stops in [[Southeast Asia]]. The rest of the year was spent in northern waters off [[Zhili]], [[Shandong]], and [[Liaoning|Fengtian]] provinces, conducting training exercises. Training cruises to foreign ports were conducted in the mid-1880s and early 1890s, both to train navigational skills on voyages far from shore and to [[show the flag]]. Discipline aboard the ships of the Beiyang Fleet was poor, which contributed to a low state of readiness of the ships. During this period, the fleet was commanded by Admiral [[Ding Ruchang]], who employed ''Dingyuan'' as his [[flagship]].{{sfn|Feng|pp=23, 25–26}} At the time, China lacked [[dry dock]]s large enough to handle ''Zhenyuan'' and ''Dingyuan'', forcing the navy to rely on shipyards in [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] or in [[British Hong Kong]] for periodic maintenance.{{sfn|Wright|p=81}}

The two ''Dingyuan''-class ships began their training routine in April 1886 in joint maneuvers with the units of the [[Nanyang Fleet]], which culminated in a [[naval review]] in Port Arthur. They received the British vessels of the [[China Station]] from 19 to 20 May. ''Dingyuan'', ''Zhenyuan'', and four cruisers made the first of their overseas cruises in August 1886, which included stops in British Hong Kong, [[Busan]] and [[Wonsan]] in [[Joseon|Korea]], [[Vladivostok]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], and [[Nagasaki]], Japan. While at the latter port in August, Chinese crewmen became involved in an altercation with Japanese locals that resulted in the deaths of eight Chinese sailors and two Japanese police, with forty-two Chinese and twenty-nine Japanese injured. The so-called [[Nagasaki Incident]] was characterized by the Japanese press as an attempt by China to intimidate Japan, leading to calls for naval expansion to counter the Beiyang Fleet. The Japanese government ordered three {{sclass|Matsushima|cruiser|0}} protected cruisers in response. The Japanese also refused to allow the Chinese ironclads to return for repairs in their shipyards, hampering the ability of the Beiyang Fleet to keep the vessels operational.{{sfn|Feng|p=26}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=81–82}}

[[File:Meyers b14 s0454d.jpg|thumb|right| ''Dingyuan'' side view]]

The year 1887 passed less eventfully, with the ships spending the bulk of the year in the [[Bohai Sea]]. Late in the year, another group of four European-built cruisers arrived, further strengthening the fleet and necessitating extensive maneuvers in 1888 to familiarize the crews with the rest of the fleet. The Beiyang Fleet adopted the same black, white, and [[Buff (colour)|buff]] paint scheme used by the [[Royal Navy]] at the time, repainting their vessels at some point in 1888. In 1889, the fleet was divided into two divisions; ''Dingyuan'' and several cruisers were sent on a tour of Korean ports while ''Zhenyuan'' and the rest of the fleet remained in the Bohai Sea for exercises. The two divisions rendezvoused in Shanghai in December, thereafter proceeding to Hong Kong for ''Zhenyuan'' and ''Dingyuan'' to be drydocked. They then cruised off Korea.{{sfn|Wright|pp=82–84}}

Another visit to Japan came in June and July 1891; the fleet stopped in [[Kobe]] on 30 June and [[Yokohama]] on 14 July. At the latter port, a large Japanese delegation of senior military commanders and members of the imperial family received the ships. Another voyage to Japan took place the following year. Coupled with the Nagasaki Incident, these voyages contributed to the growing tensions between China and Japan, since Hongzhang intended them to make clear Chinese naval strength at a time the Japanese fleet was small and poorly developed. At the core of the dispute was control over Korea, which since the [[Convention of Tientsin]] of 1884, was treated as a co-protectorate of China and Japan.{{sfn|Feng|p=26}}

===First Sino-Japanese War===
In early 1894, the [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]] broke out in Korea, prompting China to send an expedition of 28,000 to suppress the rebels. Japan viewed this as a violation of the Tientsin Convention and deployed 8,000&nbsp;troops in response, leading to the outbreak of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] on 1 August. The Chinese fleet was no match for the new [[Combined Fleet]] of Japan, as years of insufficient naval budgets had not allowed Hongzhang to update the vessels—funds he had planned to use to add new [[quick-firing gun]]s to ''Zhenyuan'' and ''Dingyuan'' were instead appropriated for the 60th birthday of the [[Dowager Empress Cixi]]—and the Chinese lacked effective commanders and sufficiently trained crews.{{sfn|Feng|p=27}} And to add to China's disadvantages during the war, the Japanese had broken the Chinese diplomatic codes in 1888, giving them access to China's internal communications.{{sfn|Lai|p=77}}

As the Chinese made preparations in August for action, they removed the gun shields from the main battery turrets. Experience at the [[Battle of Pungdo]] had revealed the thin shields created numerous splinters when struck by enemy fire, and these fragments had inflicted numerous casualties to the gun crews of the cruiser ''Jiyuan'' at Pungdo. The crews also placed bags of coal around the gun batteries as a form of improvised armor. The ships were repainted light gray to make them more difficult to observe at sea. The ships of the Beiyang Fleet then steamed to [[Taku Forts|Taku]] to take on supplies, thereafter doing little for the next month.{{sfn|Wright|p=89}}

==== Battle of the Yalu River ====
[[File:Chinese battleships at Yalu River.jpg|thumb|Sketch of ''Dingyuan'' (center) and ''Zhenyuan'' (right) under fire at the Yalu River]]

Ding took the fleet on a sweep into the [[Korea Bay]] on 12 September to clear the way for a [[convoy]] of [[troopship]]s scheduled to deliver reinforcements to Korea. While on the way to the bay, he received faulty reports indicating the presence of Japanese warships off the [[Shandong Peninsula]], prompting him to change course to search for them. Finding no enemy vessels, he took the fleet to [[Weihaiwei]] (now Weihai), and on 15 September, the fleet rendezvoused with the convoy to cover its approach to the mouth of the [[Yalu River]], where the transports deposited the men and supplies on 16 September. During the unloading process, ''Dingyuan'' and the bulk of the fleet remained underway to provide distant support and avoid presenting themselves as stationary targets to Japanese torpedo boats known to be in the area. While the Chinese were on the way back to Port Arthur, the Combined Fleet under [[Vice Admiral]] [[Itō Sukeyuki]] intercepted them on 17 September, leading to the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]]. The poorly-trained Beiyang Fleet sailed in a disorganized [[line abreast]] formation, while the Japanese approached them from the south in [[line ahead]]; the Chinese ships steamed at around {{convert|6|kn}} and the Japanese at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Feng|p=27}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=89–90}}

Itō turned his ships to pass in front of the oncoming Beiyang Fleet. ''Dingyuan'' opened fire first, at about 12:20, at the extreme range of {{cvt|5300|yd}}, far in excess of what [[fire-control equipment]] was capable of accurately directing at the time. The blast effect from ''Dingyuan''{{'}}s initial [[salvo]] destroyed her own [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]], collapsing it and trapping Ding and his staff for the duration of the action, depriving the Beiyang Fleet of central control. The rest of the Chinese fleet quickly followed ''Dingyuan'', but failed to score any hits as their opponents passed in front. The Japanese ships returned fire at 12:25, having divided into two [[squadron (naval)|squadrons]] and turned back to starboard to encircle the Chinese. Concentrating their fire on the cruisers on the Chinese right flank, they quickly destroyed the Chinese cruisers {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Yangwei||2}} and {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Chaoyong||2}}. The battle quickly devolved into a melee at close range, and the Chinese cruisers {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Zhiyuan||2}} and {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Jingyuan|1887|2}} were sunk. In return, the Chinese warships inflicted serious damage on the old ironclad {{ship|Japanese ironclad|Hiei||2}}, which had been unable to keep pace with the rest of Itō's fleet, and was eventually forced to disengage and flee. ''Zhenyuan'' and ''Dingyuan'' hit the [[auxiliary cruiser]] ''[[Saikyō Maru]]'' with four 12-inch shells and inflicted significant damage.{{sfn|Feng|p=28}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=90–91}}

The Japanese ships then concentrated their fire on ''Dingyuan'' and ''Zhenyuan''. The ships' heavy citadel armor proved to be impervious to the Japanese shellfire directed against it, though the large-caliber [[Canet gun]]s mounted on the ''Matsushima''-class cruisers proved to be nearly useless and the other Japanese cruisers were engaged with their Chinese counterparts. Both ships were hit numerous times and several fires broke out, but both crews adeptly suppressed them despite being under heavy fire. By around 17:00, both sides were low on ammunition and the Chinese began to reform their surviving vessels into line-ahead formation. The Japanese eventually broke off at around 17:30 and withdrew. The battered Beiyang Fleet, by then reduced to the two ''Dingyuan''-class ships and four smaller vessels, limped back to Port Arthur, arriving there the next day.{{sfn|Feng|pp=28–30}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=92–93}}

====Battle of Weihaiwei====
[[File:TingYuen-AfterTheTorpedoBoatAttack.png|thumb|''Dingyuan'' after the battle, showing extensive damage [[amidships]]]]

Repairs to the damaged ships began immediately, and fresh supplies and ammunition were sent to ready the vessels for action. By October, the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] had begun to approach Port Arthur, forcing the Chinese to withdraw the Beiyang Fleet to Weihaiwei. Ding sortied on 20 October and crossed the [[Bohai Strait]] to Weihaiwei without encountering Japanese forces. In early November, Ding sortied to cover the transfer of ''Zhenyuan'', which had remained in Port Arthur as long as possible to complete repairs. The Japanese Army had advanced to Weihaiwei by the end of January 1895, launching a major attack on the port on the 30th to begin the [[Battle of Weihaiwei]]. They quickly captured the fortifications on the eastern side of the city despite heavy fire from ''Dingyuan'' and other vessels of the fleet. The capture of the fortresses forced the Chinese ships to withdraw to the western portion of the harbor, where they would be out of range for the guns there. ''Dingyuan'' disabled one of the {{cvt|9.4|in}} [[disappearing gun]]s in the fortress at [[Luchiehtsui]], but several guns remained on operation, and Japanese gunners quickly set to work to bring them to bear on the trapped fleet. The Chinese ships bombarded Japanese forces as they advanced on the city's defenses.{{sfn|Feng|p=30}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=95, 99}}

A group of ten Japanese torpedo boats broke into the harbor on the night of 4/5 February and hit ''Dingyuan'' with a [[torpedo]] on the port side toward the stern. The attack inflicted serious damage and the crew's damage control efforts failed to contain the flooding, hampered by leaking [[watertight compartment|watertight doors]]. They got steam up in the boilers and began to get underway, but with the uncontrolled flooding threatening to sink the ship, the crew was forced to [[ship grounding|ground]] her to prevent her from sinking. The ship was thereafter employed as a stationary artillery battery and Ding shifted his flag to ''Zhenyuan''. Two of the attacking torpedo boats were discovered having been disabled in the previous night's action at dawn. The next night, the torpedo boats made another assault on the Chinese fleet, sinking a cruiser, a [[training ship]], and an auxiliary vessel.{{sfn|Feng|p=30}}{{sfn|Wright|pp=100–101}}

By 9 February, the Japanese had seized the fortifications that overlooked the rest of the harbor. They used the position to bombard the crippled ''Dingyuan'' with [[field artillery]], further damaging the vessel. With their position in the harbor no longer tenable and most of the vessels damaged—''Zhenyuan'' had also been badly damaged and was no longer seaworthy—Ding decided to [[scuttling|scuttle]] ''Dingyuan'' the next day and then surrender. The decision provoked many of the senior officers of the Beiyang Fleet to commit suicide, including the ship's commander, Captain [[Liu Buchan]]. The exact nature of the crew's efforts to disable the vessel are unclear. Some reports indicate that a [[naval mine|mine]] detonated amidships, and observers aboard the British protected cruiser {{HMS|Edgar|1890|6}} noted seeing a large explosion aboard ''Dingyuen''. Photographic evidence, which shows the vessel aground in shallow water and with a gaping hole amidships, supports these reports, as does the observations of the British Vice Admiral [[Edmund Fremantle]], who inspected the fleet shortly after the battle.{{sfn|Feng|p=30}}{{sfn|Wright|p=105}}

==Replica and rediscovery ==
[[File:定远号仿制品20120727.JPG|thumb|right|The replica of ironclad ''Dingyuan'' as a [[museum ship]]]]

The Chinese government constructed a replica of ''Dingyuan'' at Weihai to commemorate both the original vessel and the Beiyang Fleet during the war; the vessel, built on a 1:1 scale, is open as a [[museum ship]].{{sfn|Lai|p=77}}{{sfn|Feng|p=37}} Work on the replica began at the end of 2003, with the main structure of the hull being completed one year later. The vessel was opened to the public at the end of April 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2014 |title=揭秘定远号复制舰:装有75mm口径克虏伯舢板炮 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cul/2014/07-25/6427534.shtml |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=[[China News Service]] |language=zh}}</ref>

On 2 September 2019 it was announced that the remains of ''Dingyuan'' had been located and over 150 artifacts recovered.<ref>{{cite news |title=China confirms wreck site of battleship from First Sino-Japanese War |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/02/c_138359004.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903193034/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/02/c_138359004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |access-date=3 September 2019 |work=Xinhuanet |date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chinese gunboat Zhongshan]], a [[gunboat]] preserved as a memorial and museum after its salvage in 1997

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References==
{{Commons category|Dingyuan (ship, 1884)}}

* {{cite book
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | year = 1979
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-133-5
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Gardiner}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Feng
  |first=Qing
  |chapter=The Turret Ship ''Chen Yuen'' (1882)
  |editor-first=Bruce
  |editor-last=Taylor
  |title=The World of the Battleship: The Lives and Careers of Twenty-One Capital Ships of the World's Navies, 1880–1990
  |year=2018
  |location=Barnsley
  |publisher=Seaforth Publishing
  |isbn=978-0-87021-906-1
  |ref={{sfnref|Feng}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Lai
  |first=Benjamin
  |year=2019
  |title=Chinese Battleship vs Japanese Cruiser: Yalu River 1894
  |location=Oxford
  |publisher=Osprey
  |isbn=978-1-4728-2838-5
  |ref={{sfnRef|Lai}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Wright
  |first=Richard N.J.
  |title=The Chinese Steam Navy
  |year=2000
  |publisher=Chatham Publishing
  |location=London
  |isbn=978-1-86176-144-6
  |ref={{sfnRef|Wright}}
  }}

{{Dingyuan class ironclads}}
{{1895 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|37|30|1.68|N|122|10|48.57|E|region:CN_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dingyuan}}
[[Category:Dingyuan-class ironclads]]
[[Category:Ships built in Stettin]]
[[Category:1881 ships]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Yellow Sea]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1895]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels]]
[[Category:Museum ships in China]]