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{{short description|Intergovernmental organisation}}
{{About|the London-based organisation|the Pennsylvania think tank|Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox organization
| name                = Commonwealth Foundation
| image               = CF logo Pos gif.png
| image_size          = 250px
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Logo
| abbreviation        = CF
| formation           = {{Start date and age|1966|df=y}}
| type                = [[Intergovernmental organisation]]
| purpose             = 
| headquarters        = [[Marlborough House]]<br>[[London]], {{postcode|SW|1}}
| coords              = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LON|display=inline,title}} -->
| membership          = [[#Member States|48 Member States +1 Associate Member]]
| membership_year     = 
| leader_title        = Chair
| leader_name         = Ambassador Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing
| leader_title2       = Director-General
| leader_name2        = Anne Gallagher 
| website             = [http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/ commonwealthfoundation.com]
}}

The '''Commonwealth Foundation''' ('''CF''') is an [[intergovernmental organisation]] that was established by the [[list of Commonwealth heads of government|Commonwealth Heads of Government]] in 1966, a year after its sister organisation, the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]]. The foundation is located at [[Marlborough House]] in [[London]], a former royal palace which was assigned for the use of these Commonwealth institutions by Her Majesty Queen [[Elizabeth II]], the former [[Head of the Commonwealth]]. As '''the Commonwealth agency for civil society''', the foundation is funded by 49 [[member state]]s to support [[participatory governance]] through its programmes. The foundation provides resources, [[grant (money)|grants]] and access to platforms to encourage better engagement between [[civil society]] and institutions of [[governance]].  Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation is voluntary and is separate from membership of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

== Structure and governance ==
=== History ===
The Commonwealth Foundation, along with its sister organisation the Commonwealth Secretariat, was conceived at the 1964 Conference of Commonwealth Prime Ministers. The idea of a Commonwealth Secretariat was first floated by President [[Kwame Nkrumah|Nkrumah]] of Ghana and the concept of the Commonwealth Foundation was proposed by [[Alec Douglas-Home]], the British Prime Minister.<ref>Conference of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, Final Communique (London, 1964).</ref> The British Government offered to contribute half the proposed annual income of £250,000. Initially, the idea of locating the foundation in London was dismissed on the basis that the Commonwealth Secretariat would be based there. However, it was later agreed that it should be based in London as many of the professional associations operating throughout the Commonwealth had offices in Britain.<ref>Chadwick J., 1982, ''The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965–1980'', pp. 51–52.</ref>

In line with the "Agreed memorandum on the Commonwealth Foundation"<ref>Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Meeting, 1965.</ref> a "distinguished private citizen" was to be appointed as the chairman and a board of trustees formed with each member government having the "right to nominate one member of the Board". In addition a director was to be appointed. In 1966, it was agreed that Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] should be the first chairman and John Chadwick the first [[director-General|director]] of the foundation. The first board of [[trustee]]s comprised both nominations of independent individuals and London-based [[High Commissioners]]. The independent trustees were Dr Leslie Farrer-Brown (Britain); [[Escott Reid]] (Canada); [[Dick Campbell (public servant)|Dick Campbell]] (New Zealand); [[Akintola Williams]] (Nigeria); Robert Loinsworth (Trinidad and Tobago); Dr Hugh Springer (Barbados); and Dr C. Columbos (Malta). All other member countries were represented by their London-based High Commissioners.

While the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]] was established to support the political endeavours of the Commonwealth, the "Foundation was brought into being in the hope that it would give further substance to the old truism that the Commonwealth is as much an association of peoples as of governments".<ref name="Chadwick J 1147">Chadwick J., 1969, "The Commonwealth Foundation: Progress 1966–1969"; Royal Society of Medicine 62 (11P1), pp. 1145–1147.</ref>

On 1 March 1966, the Commonwealth Foundation was registered as a [[Charitable Trust]] and came into being under [[English Law]]. The trust [[deed]], as registered with the [[Charity Commission]] described the aims of the foundation as, 'To maintain and improve (in the interests of the public) standards of knowledge attainment and conduct in the skilled and learned professions or skilled auxiliary occupations within the Commonwealth'.<ref>Chadwick, J., 1982, ''The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965–1980'', p. 65.</ref> Based on this, more specific aims were developed, which, in 1969, Chadwick<ref name="Chadwick J 1147"/> summarised as:

<blockquote>(1) To encourage the growth of Commonwealth-wide professional associations</blockquote>
<blockquote>(2) To help to create national professional societies as part of a general process of "deanglicization"</blockquote>
<blockquote>(3) To promote regional professional activity</blockquote>
<blockquote>(4) To encourage the personal interchange of skills and experience</blockquote>
<blockquote>(5) To aid the broadening of experience through the printed word</blockquote>

The foundation began to implement these aims by focusing on three main areas of work i.e. facilitating the creation of Commonwealth-wide [[professional association]]s; disseminating printed information and supporting the professional development of individuals. Given the modest budget of the foundation, the role of the organisation was defined as being "more catalytic than executive".<ref>Chadwick J., 1982, ''The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965–1980'', p. 64.</ref>

In 1979, the foundation's mandate was extended to include work with a broader range of non-governmental organisations involved in work such as rural development, social welfare, disability, gender and arts and culture.

In 1982, a decision was taken to reconstitute the foundation as an [[international organisation]] – a process that was completed on 14 February 1983. Since then, the remit of the Commonwealth Foundation has continued to broaden and grow. With the aim of strengthening [[civil society]] and enhancing its contribution to development in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the foundation now works with non-governmental and voluntary organisations, faith-based institutions, the media and trade unions.<ref>Commonwealth Foundation, 2006, Annual Report: July 2005 to June 2006, p. 1.</ref>

The Commonwealth Foundation was already unique as an intergovernmental body established solely to support civil society, but in 2004, the foundation took the additional step of revising its governance structure to include civil society representatives. Uniquely for an intergovernmental organisation, five members of civil society now sit on the Board of Governors alongside representatives of member governments.

=== Governance ===

Today, the Board of Governors comprises all member Governments (usually represented by their London-based [[High Commissioners]]) and five civil society representatives. The Board meets annually and is supported by the Executive and Grants Committees which meet twice yearly. In addition, there are two advisory committees namely the Civil Society Advisory Committee,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil Society Advisory Committee (CSAC)|url=https://commonwealthfoundation.com/civil-society-advisory-committee-csac/|access-date=2020-09-12|publisher=Commonwealth Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> drawn from NGOs and professional bodies across the Commonwealth and [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] Advisory Committee.

Throughout its history, the foundation has been led by highly accomplished people. The first chairman of the foundation was Nobel laureate [[Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] and the first director was John Chadwick. Today, the chair of the foundation is Ambassador Shree Baboo Chekitan Servansing, and the Director is Vijay Krishnarayan.

=== Membership ===
Membership of the foundation is open to all Commonwealth governments.

==== Member States ====
Currently, the foundation has 48 Member States:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where we work-Commonwealth Foundation|url=https://commonwealthfoundation.com/about-us/where-we-work/|access-date=2022-01-16|publisher=Commonwealth Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===== Africa =====
* {{Flag|Botswana}}
* {{Flag|Cameroon}}
* {{Flag|Eswatini}}
* {{Flag|Ghana}}
* {{Flag|Kenya}}
* {{Flag|Lesotho}}
* {{Flag|Malawi}}
* {{Flag|Mauritius}}
* {{Flag|Mozambique}}
* {{Flag|Namibia}}
* {{Flag|Nigeria}}
* {{Flag|Rwanda}}
* {{Flag|Seychelles}}
* {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{Flag|South Africa}}
*{{Flag|Tanzania}}
* {{Flag|Uganda}}
* {{Flag|Zambia}}

===== Americas =====
* {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} 
* {{Flag|Bahamas}}
* {{Flag|Barbados}}
* {{Flag|Belize}}
* {{Flag|Canada}}
* {{Flag|Dominica}}
* {{Flag|Grenada}}
* {{Flag|Guyana}}
* {{Flag|Jamaica}}
* {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
* {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
* {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
* {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

===== Asia =====
* {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
* {{flag|Bhutan}}
* {{Flag|Brunei Darussalam}}
* {{Flag|India}}
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* {{Flag|Maldives}}
* {{Flag|Pakistan}}
* {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}

===== Europe =====
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{Flag|Malta}}
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}

===== Oceania =====
* {{Flag|Australia}}
* {{Flag|Kiribati}}
* {{Flag|New Zealand}}
* {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{Flag|Tonga}}
* {{Flag|Vanuatu}}

==== Associate Member State ====
In addition, the foundation has one Associate Member State:

* {{Flag|Gibraltar}} (since 2004)

==== Other Commonwealth Nations ====
The rest of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth Nations]] that are not members of the foundation are:

* {{Flag|Fiji}}
* {{Flag|Gabon}}
* {{Flag|The Gambia}}
* {{Flag|Nauru}}
* {{Flag|Samoa}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|Togo}}
* {{Flag|Tuvalu}}

=== Vision ===

A world where every person is able to fully participate in and contribute to the sustainable development of a peaceful and equitable society.

=== Mission ===

To develop the capacity of Civic Voices to tell their stories, act together and learn from each other to engage with the institutions that shape people's lives.

==Early programmes of work==

===Professional Centres===

In the 1960s, professional networks in many of the newer Commonwealth countries were weak and [[professional associations]] lacked recognition. In 1967, following a meeting in Uganda between John Chadwick, the director of the foundation, and professionals from various sectors, the idea of a "Professional Centre" was conceived. A few months later, the foundation awarded a grant that helped support the development of a Professional Centre in Kampala, Uganda. By 1981, Professional Centres were established, or being planned, in 18 Commonwealth countries. Although there was no blueprint, most centres sought to promote co-operation, professional development and provide professional advice to governments on relevant policy and legal issues.<ref>Chadwick J., 1982, ''The Unofficial Commonwealth: The Story of the Commonwealth Foundation 1965–1980'', pp. 88-107.</ref> Today, several of these professional centres, or subsequent incarnations of them, continue to prosper as independent organisations (see external links below) but they are no longer funded by the foundation.

===Commonwealth professional associations===

When the foundation was formed, at least two Commonwealth professional associations already existed, namely the Commonwealth Association of Architects and the Commonwealth Medical Association.<ref>Collard, M., 1972, "The Commonwealth Foundation: The First Five Years", Roundtable (247):329–336, p. 330.</ref>

With the foundation's encouragement and support (which included grants for travel and administrative costs), several other professional associations developed—including bodies working in the legal, veterinary and surveying fields.  Almost all of these associations continue to function today.  According to Chadwick, rather than encouraging "professional exclusivity" the secretariats of these associations were designed to "collate and disseminate professional views and experience, co-ordinate programmes for Commonwealth wide or regional meetings; stimulate studies on training, curricula, reciprocity, standards, publications and the like."<ref>Chadwick J., 1969, "The Commonwealth Foundation: Progress 1966–1969"; Royal Society of Medicine 62 (11P1), pp. 1146.</ref> Today, these organisations also have opportunities to influence the programme of work of the Commonwealth Secretariat, and to enter into dialogue with Commonwealth ministries at their various meetings.

=== Books and Journals for Professionals ===
Complementing its work with the professional associations, the foundation provided grants to help with the development of three new professional [[magazine|journals]] namely:

* ''Tropical Doctor'', a quarterly journal produced by the [[Royal Society of Medicine]] was launched in 1973.<ref>Tropical Doctor is still published by the RSM,<span class="plainlinks">{{cite web |url=http://www.rsmpress.co.uk/td.htm |title=Tropical Doctor |access-date=2007-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320111151/http://www.rsmpress.co.uk/td.htm |archive-date=20 March 2007 }}</span>.</ref>
* ''Appropriate Technology'' was launched in co-operation with the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now known as [[Practical Action]]).
* Support was given to help produce a French-language Dental Journal into a bilingual Anglo-French publication.<!-- can't find the name of this -->

In addition, the foundation supported the cost of subscriptions to some professional journals so that they could be distributed to teaching and professional institutions, for example:

* For three years the Institute of Engineers in India received copies of various journals which, because of its limited access to foreign exchange at that time, it could not purchase directly itself.
* The foundation supported the subscription costs of the ''Tropical Diseases Bulletin'' and the ''Abstracts of Hygiene'' so they could be distributed to selected [[teaching hospital]]s, [[medical association]]s and [[library|libraries]] in [[developing country|developing countries]].

In recent years, the foundation has continued to provide financial support for some professional journals. For example, since 1998 it has contributed to the production costs of the Commonwealth Forestry Association's newsletter and Commonwealth Judicial Journal [Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association].

==Current programmes of work==

===Programme Focus===

The foundation works across five programme areas. They complement one another to strengthen civic voice and enhance participatory governance.

'''Capacity Development''':
In its capacity development programme, the foundation aims to enhance the capacity of regional civil society organisations, networks and alliances so they can engage in participatory governance.

Capacity Development is a locally driven process of learning by leaders, coalitions and other agents of change bringing about changes in socio-political, policy-related and organisational factors to enhance local ownership and improve effectiveness and efficiency of efforts to achieve a development goal. The foundation will support this change process in pursuit of its mission to support civil society in the Commonwealth. The foundation believes that the individual, organisations and institutions involved should own and manage their own capacity development and use methodologies that contribute to sustainability.

'''Governance'''
The foundation facilitates interaction and constructive engagement between civic voices and government institutions, using its status as an intergovernmental organisation.

'''Creative expression'''
The foundation gives storytellers platforms to enable them to shape public discourse. This programme is known as [[Commonwealth Writers]].

'''Learning'''
The foundation encourages and supports a culture of learning and knowledge sharing between civic voices.

The foundation as an outcome-based learning organisation, can only make progress in fulfilling its mission, by working in partnership with other organisations. The following partners were identified via a stakeholder analysis as coming from the Commonwealth Family, multilateral organisations and international development agencies and the private sector.

===Grants===
'''Purpose of the foundation's Grants Programme'''
The Grants Programme contributes to sustainable development in the context of effective, responsive and accountable governance. The Programme brokers knowledge and ideas and supports innovation, replicable and sustainable models, and promotes good practice across the participatory governance sector.

'''Objectives of the foundation's Grants Programme'''

• To deliver an efficient and effective programme which is responsive to the development needs of CSOs across the Commonwealth.

• To complement the effectiveness of the foundation's projects by providing grants to CSOs beyond those supported through the projects.

• To generate knowledge and understanding of participatory governance and its benefits in promoting effective, responsive and accountable governance within the Commonwealth by supporting models of good proactive. This will be promoted through systematic monitoring and evaluation.

'''Grants Programme Governance'''
The board of governors provides oversight to the foundation's grant making through the Grants Committee, comprising representatives of member states and reports to the executive committee. In addition to receiving reports on grants made by the foundation, the committee is called upon to make decisions on larger awards. It also provides input to the development of the grant-making strategy and regularly reviews policy.

'''Grant Model'''
The foundation gives grants to fund activities or projects of registered CSOs. Up to 10% of the total grant will fund a monitoring, evaluation and learning element to support knowledge management for both the grant applicant and the foundation. Grants also include funding to support indirect and overhead costs. To promote sustainability, grant applicants will be encouraged to seek co-funding and provide a counterpart in the form of in-kind or financial resources to support the funding request to the foundation.

===Commonwealth People's Forum===

The Commonwealth People's Forums takes place every two years immediately before the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] (CHOGM). The Forum is organised by the host government, civil society organisations and the foundation. It gives civil society organisations (CSOs) a chance to network and dialogue with governments. Since the first Forum in 1997, the event has increased in size and the range of activities that take place has expanded.

The first Forum was in Edinburgh, Scotland (1997).  Subsequently, it has been held in Durban, South Africa (1999); Brisbane, Australia (2001); Abuja, Nigeria (2003), Malta (2005) and Kampala (2007), Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (2009), Perth, Western Australia (2011) and Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka (2013).

===Ministerial meetings===

Ministerial meetings, together with the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM), seek to build consensus on issues of concern to member states.  The work of the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]] is guided by the outcomes of all these meetings. With the support of the Commonwealth Foundation, civil society participation in CHOGM and Ministerial Meetings has been steadily increasing since the late 1990s.  Civil society participation in Ministerial Meetings on finance, women's affairs, HIPC and health has been particularly significant.

Since 2002, civil society organisations have presented statements at the annual Commonwealth Finance Ministers Meeting.  Reflecting the themes of the meetings, statements have been published on "Financing for Development" (2002); "The Provision of Essential Services" (2003); "Capacity of International Institutions to Support Pro-Poor Trade Liberalisation in Low-Income and Vulnerable Countries" (2004); and "Giving Practical Effect to the Millennium Project Review" (2005). Each year, civil society organisations met immediately ahead of the Ministers Meeting to prepare the statements.  In 2006, the outcomes of an e-consultation process was used to further inform debate and shape the statement on "An Agenda for Growth and Livelihoods".

Meetings of Commonwealth Ministers responsible for Women's Affairs have been held every three years since 1985. In 2004, ahead of the Seventh Women's Affairs Ministers Meeting (held in Fiji), the Commonwealth Foundation organised preparatory meetings, helped establish a steering committee and supported committee members as they consulted civil society organisations in their regions.  Uniquely for a Commonwealth Ministerial meeting, civil society representatives were invited to participate in the Minster's meeting and in the committee that drafted the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality 2005–2015.<ref>Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality <span class="plainlinks">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=37938 |title=Commonwealth Secretariat – Seventh Meeting of Commonwealth Ministers Responsible for Women's Affairs (7WAMM) – the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality 2005-2015 |access-date=2007-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021742/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=37938 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</span>.</ref>

[[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]] (HIPC) are judged to have the highest levels of poverty in the world and are subject to international debt relief measures that seek to reduce their external debt to sustainable levels. Commonwealth HIPC Ministers meet twice a year to discuss issues of common interest.  The Commonwealth Foundation supports civil society participation at these meetings, giving civil society representatives an opportunity to share their views with Ministers and take information back to national and regional networks engaged in work on debt and HIPC issues.

The Commonwealth Health Ministers meet annually in Geneva, prior to meetings of the [[World Health Assembly]].  Accredited civil society organisations participate in the meetings.

===Competitions and awards===
The [[Commonwealth Foundation prizes]], including the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, were given annually between 1987 and 2011. A new initiative was started in 2011, [[Commonwealth Writers]], which presented the [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]].

==See also==

*[[Commonwealth Association of Planners]]
*[[Commonwealth Forestry Association]]
*[[Commonwealth Lawyers Association]]
*[[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]]
*[[Commonwealth Press Union]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/ Commonwealth Foundation]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.thecommonwealth.org/ Commonwealth Secretariat]</span>

Commonwealth Professional Associations
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.acarm.org/ Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.theasa.org/ Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.comarchitect.org/ Commonwealth Association of Architects]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.maltwood.uvic.ca/cam/ Commonwealth Association of Museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908024420/http://www.maltwood.uvic.ca/cam/ |date=8 September 2019 }}</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.commonwealth-planners.org/ Commonwealth Association of Planners]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.capsl.org/ Commonwealth Association of Public Sector Lawyers]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191224170231/https://www.capam.org/ Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504184217/http://castme.org.uk/ Commonwealth Association of Science, Technology and Mathematics Educators]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.casle.org/ Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190724220923/http://www.cdauk.com/ Commonwealth Dental Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.cfa-international.org/ Commonwealth Forestry Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://cjei.org/ Commonwealth Judicial Education Institute]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.commonwealthlawyers.com/ Commonwealth Lawyers Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.clgf.org.uk/ Commonwealth Local Government Forum]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/cnf/index.html Commonwealth Nurses Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.cpahq.org/ Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070409043532/http://www.commonwealthpharmacy.org/site/ Commonwealth Pharmaceutical Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.cpu.org.uk/ Commonwealth Press Union]</span>

Professional Centres
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221163859/http://www.mfpa.org.mt/about.htm Malta Federation of Professional Bodies]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.spc.org.sg/history.html/ Singapore Professional Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920135218/http://www.spc.org.sg/history.html |date=20 September 2019 }}</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930092235/http://www.opasrilanka.com/ Organisation of Professional Associations of Sri Lanka]</span>

Other useful links
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.acu.ac.uk/ Association of Commonwealth Universities]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.cba.org.uk Commonwealth Broadcasting Association]</span>
*<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.cba.org.uk/index.html/ Commonwealth Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402203318/http://www.cba.org.uk/index.html |date=2 April 2007 }}</span>

{{Commonwealth of Nations topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Commonwealth Family]]
[[Category:Foundations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1965]]
[[Category:International organisations based in London]]