View source for Convoy PQ 17

{{Use British English|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Code name for an Allied World War II convoy in the Arctic Ocean}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Convoy PQ 17
| partof            = [[Second World War]], [[Arctic naval operations of World War II|Arctic Campaign]]
| campaign          = Arctic Campaign
| image             = Convoy PQ 17 sailing in Hvalfjord.jpg
| caption           = Escorts and merchant ships at [[Hvalfjord]] May 1942 before the sailing of Convoy PQ 17.
| date              = 27 June – 10 July 1942
| place             = [[Arctic Ocean]]
| result            = German victory
| combatant1        = {{flag|United Kingdom}} <br /> {{flag|United States|1912}}<br />{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}<br />{{flagcountry|Dutch government-in-exile}}<br />{{flag|Panama}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[John Tovey]]<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Louis Hamilton]] <br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Jack Broome]]<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[John Dowding (Royal Navy officer)|John Dowding]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} [[Erich Raeder]] <br /> {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} [[Karl Dönitz]] <br /> {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} [[Hans-Jürgen Stumpff]]
| strength1         = 35 merchant ships <br />Close escort: 6 destroyers, <br />11 escort vessels, 2 anti-aircraft ships,<br />Covering forces: 1 aircraft carrier, 2 battleships, 6 cruisers, 13 destroyers (did not engage):{{sfn|Schofield|1964|pp=77–78}}
| strength2         = 1 battleship, 3 cruisers, 12 destroyers (did not engage);<br />11 U-boats:<br /> 33 torpedo aircraft, <br /> 6 bombers <br /> (''Flying over 200 sorties'')
| casualties1       = 153 merchant seamen killed<br />23 merchant ships sunk<br/>Matériel losses:<br/>3,350 vehicles<br/>210 aircraft<br/>430 tanks<br/>99,316 additional tons of cargo
| casualties2       = 5 aircraft
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Arctic Naval Operations of WWII}}
}}
'''Convoy PQ 17''' was an [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Arctic convoy]] during the [[Second World War]]. On 27 June 1942, the ships sailed from [[Hvalfjörður]], [[Iceland]], for the [[port of Arkhangelsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]]. The convoy was located by [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces on 1 July, shadowed and attacked. 

The [[First Sea Lord]], Admiral [[Dudley Pound]], acting on information that German [[Kriegsmarine#Surface ships|ships]], including {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz|up=yes}}, were moving to intercept, ordered the [[covering force]], based on the Allied battleships {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} and {{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}} away from the convoy and told the convoy to scatter. Because of vacillation by ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'' (OKW, German armed forces high command), the ''Tirpitz'' raid never materialised.{{sfn|Beesly|1990|pp=292–322}}{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=235}} The convoy was the first large joint Anglo-American naval operation under British command; in Churchill's view this encouraged a more careful approach to fleet movements.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=236}}

As the close escort and the covering cruiser forces withdrew westwards to intercept the German raiders, the merchant ships were left without escorts.{{sfn|Hill|1986|pp=45–46}} The freighters were attacked by ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' aircraft and [[U-boat]]s and of the 35 ships, only eleven reached their destination, delivering {{convert|70000|LT|MT|abbr=off}} of cargo.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=237}} The convoy disaster demonstrated the difficulty of passing adequate supplies through the Arctic, especially during the summer, with the [[midnight sun]].{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=240}} The German success was possible through German [[signals intelligence]] and cryptological analysis.{{sfn|Praun|1950|p=257}}

==Background==
During [[Operation Barbarossa]], the German war against the USSR, the British and American governments agreed to send unconditional aid to their Soviet ally. The [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Beaverbrook]]–[[W. Averell Harriman|Harriman]] Anglo-American Mission visited [[Moscow]] in October 1941, agreeing to a series of munitions deliveries to the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Langer|1979|pp=463–482}} The most direct way to carry these supplies was by sea around the [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]], through Arctic waters to the ports of [[Murmansk]] and Arkhangelsk. The agreement stated that the Soviet government was responsible for receiving the supplies in Soviet ships at British or American ports. Since the Soviets did not have enough ships for the quantities of aid, British and American ships began to constitute an increasing proportion of the convoy traffic.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|pp=228–229}} Although the defence of the Arctic convoys was the responsibility of the [[Royal Navy]], the American [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Ernest King]] assigned Task Force 39 (TF 39) – based on the carrier {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|6}} and the battleship {{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}} – to support the British.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=309}}

The first convoy, [[Operation Dervish (1941)|Operation Dervish]], sailed from the United Kingdom in August 1941, two months after the beginning of Barbarossa. By the spring of 1942, twelve more convoys had made the passage with the loss of only one of the 103 ships.<ref name=longaz1>{{citation|title=London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|page=5139|title-link= #LonGaz}}</ref> The threat of attacks on the convoys increased, with the Germans making a maximum effort to stop the flow of supplies to the USSR. In 1941, the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' had begun concentrating its strength in Norway in winter, to prevent a British invasion of Norway and to obstruct Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. The battleship {{Ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} was moved to [[Trondheim]] in January, where she was joined by the heavy cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} and in March by the [[heavy cruiser]] {{Ship|German cruiser|Admiral Hipper||2}}.<ref name=longaz2>{{citation|title= London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|page=5140|title-link=#LonGaz}}</ref> The [[battleship]]s {{Ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}}, {{Ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} and the heavy cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}} were also sent to Arctic waters but fell victim to Allied air attacks and had to turn back for repairs. The Germans had bases along the Norwegian coast, which meant, until [[escort carrier]]s became available, Allied convoys had to be sailed through these areas without adequate defence against aircraft and submarine attack.{{sfn|Hill|1986|p=26}}

==British plan==

[[File:Convoy PQ-17 map 1942-en.svg|thumb|Track of Convoy PQ 17, showing approximate positions of sinkings]]
British naval intelligence in June reported [[Operation Rösselsprung (Naval)|''Unternehmen Rösselsprung'']] (Operation Knight's Move), the German plan to use their big ships to attack the next convoy, east of [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]].<ref name=longaz2/>{{sfn|Winton|1988|p=61}} German forces would operate close to the Norwegian coast, with support of shore-based air reconnaissance and striking forces, with a screen of U-boats in the channels between [[Svalbard]] and Norway.<ref name=longaz3>{{citation|title=London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|page=5143|title-link=#LonGaz}}</ref> Allied covering forces would be without air support, {{cvt|1,000|mi}} from their base and with the destroyers too short on fuel to escort a damaged ship to harbour.<ref name=longaz2/>

The Admiralty issued instructions on 27 June, which allowed the convoy to be turned back, temporarily to shorten the distance to the nearest Allied base.<ref name=longaz3/> German surface movements took place later than expected, making these instructions unnecessary.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=235}} The Admiralty also stated that the safety of the convoy from surface attack westward of Bear Island depended on Allied surface forces, while to the eastward it was to be provided by Allied submarines. The convoy's cruiser covering force was not to go east of Bear Island, unless the convoy was threatened by the presence of a surface force which the cruiser force could fight, nor to go beyond 25° East under any circumstances.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=236}}<ref name=longaz4>{{citation|title=London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|pages=5144–5145|title-link=#LonGaz}}</ref>

A decoy convoy was also organised to divert enemy forces, consisting of the First Minelaying Squadron and four colliers, escorted by the light cruisers {{HMS|Sirius|82|6}} and {{HMS|Curacoa|D41|6}}, five destroyers and several trawlers. This diversionary force assembled at [[Scapa Flow]] for a week, sailing two days after the convoy.<ref name=longaz5>{{citation|title=London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|page=5145|title-link=#LonGaz}}</ref> German reconnaissance of Scapa during the period of assembly failed to notice the diversion, which was also not sighted on its passage. The operation was repeated on 1 July, again without success.<ref name=longaz5/> On 26 June the Admiralty took the opportunity to pass the westbound [[Convoy QP 13]], in conjunction with Convoy PQ 17. The former was made up of returning merchant ships from Arkhangelsk, with some ships from Murmansk.<ref name=longaz5/> It consisted of thirty-five ships and was escorted by five destroyers, three corvettes, an anti-aircraft ship, three minesweepers, two trawlers and to the Bear Island area, a submarine. It was sighted by German aircraft on 30 June and 2 July. Convoy QP 13 was not attacked, since the German tactic was to concentrate on eastbound (laden) convoys, rather than westbound convoys in [[ballast tank|ballast]].<ref name=longaz5/>

A fresh ice reconnaissance done on 3 July found the passage north of Bear Island had widened. The Admiralty suggested the convoy should pass at least {{cvt|50|nmi}} north of it.<ref name=longaz6>{{citation|title=London Gazette, Friday, 13 October 1950|page=5146|title-link=#LonGaz}}</ref> The senior officer of the escort (SOE), [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] [[Jack Broome]], preferred to stay in the low visibility on the original route and to make ground to the eastward. [[Rear Admiral]] [[Louis Hamilton]], in command of the cruiser squadron, later decided that a more northerly route was necessary, ordered the SOE to alter course, to pass {{cvt|70|nmi}} north of Bear Island and later on to open to {{cvt|400|nmi}} from [[Banak, Norway|Banak]].<ref name=longaz6/>

==Covering forces==
[[Image:PQ17 HMS London and USS Wichita.png|thumb|{{USS|Wichita|CA-45|6}} and {{HMS|London|69|6}}, part of the cruiser covering force.]]
The convoy's close escort was the First Escort Group (EG1, SOE Jack Broome) and included the anti-aircraft auxiliary cruisers {{HMS|Palomares||6}} and HMS ''Pozarica'', the destroyers {{HMS|Keppel|D84|6}}, {{HMS|Fury|H76|2}}, {{HMS|Leamington|G19|2}}, {{HMS|Ledbury|L90|2}}, {{HMS|Offa|G29|2}} and {{HMS|Wilton|L128|2}}, the [[corvette]]s, [[minesweepers]] or [[armed trawlers]] {{HMS|Lotus|K130|6}}, {{HMS|Poppy|K213|2}}, {{HMS|La Malouine|K46|2}} and {{HMS|Dianella}}, the {{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}s {{HMS|Halcyon|J42|6}}, ''Salamander'' and {{HMS|Britomart|J22|2}} and the anti-submarine trawlers {{HMT|Lord Middleton|FY219|6}}, ''Lord Austin'', ''Ayrshire'' and ''Northern Gem''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Admiralty|title=ADM 199/427: Home Fleet Destroyer Command – April to December 1942|publisher=HMSO|title-link=#admy}}</ref> Distant cover came from the [[1st Cruiser Squadron]] (CS1, Hamilton), consisting of the British cruisers {{HMS|London|69|6}} (flagship) and {{HMS|Norfolk|78|2}}, the American cruisers {{USS|Wichita|CA-45|6}} and {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|2}} and four destroyers, two from the [[United States Navy]]. As further protection, [[Home Fleet]] battleships cruised at about {{cvt|200|nmi}} distance.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=234}}

A second heavy covering force, under the command of [[Admiral]] [[John Tovey]], was made up of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}}, the battleship {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} (flagship), the cruisers {{HMS|Cumberland|57|6}} and {{HMS|Nigeria|60|2}}, the US battleship ''Washington'' and nine destroyers.{{sfn|Winton|1988|p=62}} As the convoy sailed, the covering forces were moving into position. CS1 left Seidisfjord in the night of 30 June/1 July.<ref name=longaz5/> It arrived in a covering position north of the convoy on 2 July. The cruisers were not sighted by the Germans until late on 3 July.<ref name=longaz5 /> The heavy covering force was shadowed for a short period while north-east of [[Iceland]] on 1 July, while the cruiser screen was refuelling at Seidisfjord. It was shadowed for a short period early on 3 July, while in a covering position south of the convoy.<ref name=longaz5/> 

Later that day, course was altered northwards to cross the convoy's track and to reach a position north-west of Bear Island. This would place ''Victorious'' within air striking range of the convoy on the morning of 4 July. This was calculated to occur at the same time at which a surface attack was expected. While en route to the new covering area, the force was joined by {{HMS|Manchester|15|6}} and {{HMS|Eclipse|H08|2}} from Spitzbergen.<ref name=longaz6/> Air reconnaissance of Norwegian harbours had been hindered by weather but information showed German heavy units were probably moving northwards and an air photograph of Trondheim late on 3 July showed that ''Tirpitz'' and ''Hipper'' were absent.<ref name=longaz6/> The [[flying boat]] patrol and the two lines of submarines between North Cape and Bear Island were adjusted to cover the line of approach to the convoy as it moved eastwards. In view of the uncertainty of the two German ships' positions, Hamilton decided to continue to provide close cover with the cruiser squadron and to pass east of Bear Island.<ref name=longaz6/>

==German forces==
==={{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}===
Against Convoy PQ 17 the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' prepared [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]] {{lang|de|Eisteufel}} (Ice Devil), to intercept the convoy; three U-boats were in a patrol line north of the [[Denmark Strait]] to give advance warning and another five further north of [[Jan Mayen Island]]. The {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}} also had two battle groups in Norwegian ports, Force I ({{lang|de|Drontheim-Gruppe}}) consisting of the battleship ''Tirpitz'', the cruiser ''Hipper'' and the destroyers ''Karl Galster'', ''Friedrich Ihn'', ''Hans Lody'', ''Theodor Riedel'' with the torpedo boats T 7 and T 15. Force II ({{lang|de|Narvik-Gruppe}}) ''[[German cruiser Deutschland|Lützow]]'', ''Scheer'' and the destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|Z24||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z27||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z28||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z29||2}} and {{ship|German destroyer|Z30||2}}, ready to carry out a surface attack on the convoy. This was orchestrated as a complex two-stage operation codenamed {{lang|de|[[Operation Rösselsprung (1942)|Unternehmen Rösselsprung]]}} (Operation Knight's Move); the force was the strongest yet assembled for a convoy attack but was hampered by an unwieldy chain of command, with the authority to attack resting with Hitler and a contradictory mission statement; the forces were instructed to attack and destroy the convoy and also to avoid any action that would lead to damage to the capital ships, particularly ''Tirpitz''.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=175–176}} On 16 June, the cruisers ''Lützow'' and ''Scheer'' took part in a joint naval and air exercise simulating an attack on Convoy PQ 17 and its escort.<ref name="NavalReview-20Feb24">{{citation |last1=Shelley |first1=James |title=Scattered to the Arctic Winds: The Tragedy of Convoy PQ17 |url=https://www.naval-review.com/news-views/scattered-to-the-arctic-winds-the-tragedy-of-convoy-pq17/ |work=[[The Naval Review]] |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415125249/https://www.naval-review.com/news-views/scattered-to-the-arctic-winds-the-tragedy-of-convoy-pq17/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==={{lang|de|Luftflotte 5}}===
These forces were supported by aircraft of {{lang|de|[[Luftflotte 5]]}}, which had to contend with the growth of the Soviet Air Force at the terminus of the Arctic sea route. During [[Convoy PQ 16]], German attacks faded away during 27 May due to the arrival of Soviet destroyers and the arrival of Soviet bombers overhead; when the convoy came into range on 29 May, Soviet fighters began escort sorties. The rise on the number of opposing aircraft led to Germans claiming 162 aircraft shot down in May, 113 being Hurricanes provided from Britain. On 28 May the ''Luftwaffe'' claimed 22 aircraft for no loss. The German claims were exaggerated but the ''Luftwaffe'' airfields at Petsamo, Kirkenes and Banak began to receive frequent attacks by Soviet bombers and fighters, often timed to ground the ''Luftwaffe'' during convoys. On 29 May, the Soviets tried to jam ''Luftflotte 5'' wireless frequencies and raided Kirkenes with small formations of aircraft or solo attacks. The Soviet raids stretched the resources of ''Luftflotte 5'' and increased losses on raids against Murmansk.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=205–206}}

No convoys were spotted during June and the weather was too bad for convoy operations. Training in the {{lang|de|[[Golden Comb (tactic)|Goldene Zange]]}} (Golden Comb) tactic, first used against Convoy PQ 16, continued. By early June there were 264 aircraft available, a strike force of 103 Ju 88 bombers, 42 He 111 torpedo-bombers and 30 Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers, eight FW 200 Kondor and 22 Ju 88s for long-range reconnaissance, 44 Bv 138 flying boats for shorter-range reconnaissance and fifteen He 115 floatplanes for general use.{{sfn|Claasen|2001|pp=205–206}} Many of the torpedo-bombers had been hurriedly transferred from other theatres and retrained from conventional bombing, as part of Hitler's demand for greater action against the Arctic convoys.<ref name="NavalReview-20Feb24" />

==Voyage==

[[Image:PQ17 USS Wainwright.png|thumb|{{USS|Wainwright|DD-419|6}} broke up an air attack on the convoy on 4 July.]]
The convoy sailed from Hvalfjord on 27 June, under the command of the [[convoy commodore]], [[John Dowding (naval officer)|John Dowding]]. With the 34 merchant ships, an oiler ({{RFAux|Grey Ranger||6}}) for the escort, and three rescue ships (''Rathlin'', ''Zamalek'', and ''Zaafaran'') sailed with the convoy.{{sfn|Turner|2013|p=103}} The escort was made up of six destroyers, four corvettes, three minesweepers, four trawlers, two anti-aircraft ships and two submarines. The route was longer than earlier convoys, since the ice allowed for a passage north of Bear Island and an evasive detour in the [[Barents Sea]]. All the convoy was bound for Arkhangelsk, because recent air attacks had destroyed most of Murmansk.{{sfn|Connell|1982|p=80}} One ship suffered mechanical failure just out of port and was forced to turn back. SS ''Exford'', turned back after sustaining ice damage.<ref>{{citation|last=NMHS|author-link=National Maritime Historical Society|title=Sea history, Issues 61-68|page=58|title-link=#NMHS}}</ref>

Part of the convoy ran into drifting ice in thick weather whilst in the Denmark Strait. Two merchant ships were damaged and had to turn back; ''Grey Ranger'' was also damaged and her speed reduced to {{cvt|8|kn}}. Since it was doubtful if she could face heavy weather, it was decided to transfer her to the fuelling position north-east of Jan Mayen in exchange for the {{RFAux|Aldersdale|X34|6}}. Shortly after it sailed, Convoy PQ 17 was sighted and tracked by ''U-456'' and shadowed continuously, except for a few short intervals in fog. This was augmented by {{lang|de|[[Luftwaffe]]}} [[BV 138]] flying boats on 1 July. On 2 July, the convoy sighted the reciprocal Convoy QP 13. Convoy PQ 17 was attacked by nine torpedo aircraft, later the same day; one aircraft was shot down. At 13:00 on 3 July, the Convoy PQ 17 destroyer screen was steering east to pass between Bear Island and Spitsbergen.{{sfn|Hill|1986|pp=29, 37, 39, 41}}

On the morning of 4 July, a [[Heinkel He 115]], from [[Küstenfliegergruppe 906]], hit the [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|Christopher Newport}}, around {{cvt|35|nmi|mi+km}} north-east of Bear Island, at {{coord|75|49|N|22|15|E|display=inline}}. The submarine [[Oruç Reis-class submarine|HMS ''P-614'']] attempted to [[scuttling|scuttle]] her but she remained afloat; {{GS|U-457||6}} sank the ship at 08:08.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1887.html |title=Christopher Newport |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728165919/https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/1887.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There was an abortive attack by six bombers in the evening.{{sfn|Turner|2013|p=105}}{{sfn|Hill|1986|p=42}} {{USS|Wainwright|DD-419|6}} broke up an air attack on the convoy the same day. Later that evening, an attack by 25 torpedo bombers took place, sinking {{SS|William Hooper}}.{{sfn|Turner|2013|p=110, 106}}

== Dispersal ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; margin:0em 0em 1em 1em;"
|+Excerpts of signals between the Admiralty (ADMY) and the First Cruiser Squadron (CS1){{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=235}}
|-
!colspan="1" style="text-align: center; background: #EFEFEF" width="40" | Time
!colspan="1" style="text-align: center; background: #EFEFEF" width="40" | From
!colspan="1" style="text-align: center; background: #EFEFEF" width="40" | To
!colspan="1" style="text-align: left; background: #EFEFEF" width="450" | Message
|-
! valign=top style="background: #EFEFEF" | 21:11
| valign=top align=center | ADMY || valign=top align=center | CS1 || width="600" valign=top align="left"|Cruiser Force withdraw to the westward at high speed.
|-
! valign=top style="background: #EFEFEF" | 21:23
| valign=top align=center | ADMY || valign=top align=center | CS1 || width="600" valign=top align="left"|Owing to threat from surface ships, convoy is to disperse and proceed to Russian ports.
|-
! valign=top style="background: #EFEFEF" | 21:36
| valign=top align=center | ADMY || valign=top align=center | CS1 || width="600" valign=top align="left"|Convoy is to scatter.
|}

At 12:30 on 4 July, the Admiralty gave Hamilton permission to proceed east of 25° east, should the situation demand, unless contrary orders were received from Tovey. This was a reversal of previous orders and as no information in Tovey's possession justified this change, Hamilton was ordered to withdraw when the convoy was east of 25° east or earlier at his discretion, unless the Admiralty assured him ''Tirpitz'' would not be met. At 18:58 the Admiralty informed Hamilton that more information was expected shortly, instructing him to remain with the convoy pending further instructions. At 21:11, the Admiralty sent a message prefixed "Most Immediate" ordering Hamilton to withdraw westwards at high speed. This was due to U-boat information, a fact not shared with Hamilton. At 21:23, the Admiralty, in a message prefixed "Immediate", ordered the convoy to disperse and proceed to Russian ports independently owing to threat from surface ships.{{sfn|Hill|1986|pp=43–44}} At 21:36, the Admiralty sent another "Most Immediate" message, ordering the convoy to scatter.{{sfn|Hinsley|Thomas|Ransom|Knight|1990|pp=213–214, 216–219}}{{Ref label|A|a|none}}

{|class="wikitable" align=right style="margin:0 0 1em 1em"
|+''Luftwaffe'' and ''Kriegsmarine'' aircraft<br />Northern Norway, June 1942{{sfn|PRO|2001|p=114}}
|-
|Bomber||Ju 88||align="right"|103
|-
|Bomber||He 111||align="right"|42
|-
|Floatplane||He 115||align="right"|15
|-
|Dive bomber||Ju 87||align="right"|30
|-
|Reconnaissance||Ju 88<br />FW 200<br />BV 138||align="right"|74
|-
|Total || ||align="right"|'''264'''
|}

Hamilton, Broome and Dowding took these signals to indicate that an attack by ''Tirpitz'' was imminent. The convoy was immediately ordered to scatter, with the escorting destroyers ordered to join the cruiser force and the merchantmen to proceed independently.{{sfn|Hill|1986|pp=45, 50}} Winston Churchill later speculated that the Admiralty's decision and orders would not have been so vehement had only British warships been concerned but the idea the first joint Anglo-American operation under British command might involve the destruction of American as well as British units may well have influenced the decisions of [[Dudley Pound]], the [[First Sea Lord]].{{sfn|Churchill|1951|pp=235–236}} The Allied cruiser squadron was already beyond the standing orders set by the Admiralty and if no new orders had gone out, the cruisers would have had to withdraw some time afterwards in any case. The earlier cruiser movement did not influence the tactical situation but in light of later knowledge, the decision was deemed precipitate.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=236}}

Unbeknownst to the escort and convoy commanders, the ''Tirpitz'' battlegroup was not advancing toward the convoy or anywhere near. ''Tirpitz'' had left Trondheim on 2 July to the port of [[Vestfjorden|Vestfjord]]; the next day, the ''Kriegsmarine'' Commander-in-Chief, Admiral [[Erich Raeder]], received permission to move ''Tirpitz'' to [[Altenfjord]] to join the ships there.{{sfn|Irving|1968|pp=75–76}} Prior to issuing the orders, Pound visited Whitehall and consulted an intelligence officer, Lieutenant Commander [[Norman Denning]], to confirm that ''Tirpitz'' had left Altentfjord. Though Denning did not know if it was still there he did explain that his sources would have confirmed if the ship had or was about to put to sea.  It was not until several hours after Pound's orders that ''Tirpitz'' was shown still to be anchored at Altenfjord.{{sfn|Kemp|1993|pp=74–75}} ''Tirpitz's'' battlegroup sailed on July 5 but the operation by surface ships to attack the convoy was cancelled and the ships returned to Altenfjord that  day.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=175–176}}

==Convoy losses==
{{See also|Order of battle for Convoy PQ 17}}
[[Image:PQ17 U255 back.jpg|thumb|''U-255'' after the attacks on Convoy PQ 17, flying four victory pennants and the captured flag of the merchant ship SS ''Paulus Potter'']]
When the order to scatter the convoy was received, it had covered more than half of its route and lost three ships. The consequences for the merchantmen were dire, the ships were spread over a wide area, stripped of mutual protection and their trained escort. As the larger escort vessels retreated from the suspected German surface force, messages on [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]] wavelengths began to be received by the destroyers: "Am being bombed by a large number of planes", "On fire in the ice", "Abandoning ship", "Six U-boats approaching on the surface".{{sfn|Hill|1986|p=48}} With the majority of the escorts ordered to return to Scapa Flow, only the close escort of anti-aircraft auxiliaries, corvettes, minesweepers and armed trawlers was left to protect the scattered ships.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=211–212}}

On 5 July, six merchantmen, including SS ''Fairfield City'' and SS ''Daniel Morgan'' were sunk by the ''Luftwaffe'' and six more by four U-boats. Among the losses that day were SS ''[[Pan Kraft]]'', ''Washington'', ''Carlton'', ''Honomu'', the Commodore's flagship {{SS|River Afton||2}}, {{SS|Empire Byron||2}} and ''Peter Kerr''. (''Kerr'' was abandoned after a fire got out of control.){{sfn|Moore|1984|p=220}} SS ''Paulus Potter'' had been abandoned by her crew after an aerial attack on 5 July; the ship was boarded by sailors from {{GS|U-255||2}} on 13 July; after taking the ship's documents and flag, ''Kapitänleutnant'' [[Reinhart Reche]] sank ''Potter'' with a torpedo.{{sfn|Wynn|1997|p=178}}

On 6 July, SS ''Pan Atlantic'' was sunk by the ''Luftwaffe'' and SS ''John Witherspoon'' by ''U-255''. From 7 to 8 July, five more ships were sunk (two by ''U-255''), including SS ''Olapana'' and SS ''Alcoa Ranger''. The remaining escorts withdrew into the [[Arctic Ocean]] on 9 July but the merchant ships suffered no more that day. The last losses were SS ''Hoosier'' and SS ''El Capitan'' on 10 July. The ''Luftwaffe'' flew over 200 sorties and lost only five aircraft in exchange for the eight merchantmen.<ref name="uboat.net">{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/pq-17.htm |title=PQ-17 The Greatest Convoy Disaster |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net |access-date=2009-04-16 |archive-date=2009-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427174205/http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/pq-17.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On receiving the third order to scatter on 4 July 1942, Lieutenant [[Leo Gradwell]] RNVR, commanding the anti-submarine trawler {{HMS|Ayrshire|FY 225|6}}, did not want to head for Archangelsk and led his convoy of ''Ayrshire'' and ''Troubador'', ''Ironclad'' and ''Silver Sword'' north. On reaching the Arctic ice, the convoy pushed into it, then stopped engines and banked their fires. The crews used white paint from ''Troubador'', covered the decks with white linen and arranged the [[Sherman tank]]s on the merchant vessels decks into a defensive formation, with loaded main guns. After a period of waiting and having evaded ''Luftwaffe'' reconnaissance aircraft, finding themselves unstuck, they proceeded to the [[Matochkin Strait]]. They were found there by a flotilla of corvettes, who escorted the four-ship convoy plus two other merchant vessels to Archangel, arriving on 25 July.{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=222, 233, 235, 248–250}}

In the voyage to the Russian ports, some of the ships and lifeboat craft took refuge along the frozen coast of [[Novaya Zemlya]], landing at Matochkin.{{sfn|Riesenberg|1956|p=320}} The Soviet tanker ''Azerbaijan'' lost her cargo of linseed oil and much of SS ''Winston-Salem'''s cargo was jettisoned in Novaya Zemlya.{{sfn|Morison|2001|p=187}} Many of the ships' locations were unknown, in spite of searches by [[Coastal Command]] aircraft, which had proceeded to north Russia after their patrols and by minesweepers and corvettes. A fortnight elapsed before the results of the attacks and the fate of the convoy were fully known.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=236}} Of the 34 ships which had left Iceland, 23 were sunk; two British, four American, one [[Panama|Panamanian]] and two Russian merchant ships reached Arkhangelsk. Two American ships, ''Samuel Chase'' and ''Benjamin Harrison'', docked at Murmansk.{{sfn|Bunker|1972|p=67}} The deliveries amounted to {{cvt|70000|ST}} out of the {{cvt|200000|ST}} which had started from Iceland.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=237}} Matériel losses in the convoy were: 3,350 vehicles, 210 aircraft, 430 tanks and 109,466 short tons (99,316 t) of other cargo such as food and ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-25 |title=Horror in the Arctic: The Catastrophe of Convoy PQ-17 |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/horror-arctic-catastrophe-convoy-pq-17 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414011001/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/horror-arctic-catastrophe-convoy-pq-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Analysis===
The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]], called the event, "one of the most melancholy naval episodes in the whole of the war".{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=237}} An inquiry assigned no blame to anyone, since orders were issued by the First Sea Lord and blaming the First Sea Lord himself was considered politically unacceptable.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=238}} The Soviet Union did not believe so many ships could be lost in one convoy and openly accused the Western Allies of lying. Despite the help provided by the material delivered, Convoy PQ 17 worsened Soviet–Allied relations over the short term, with the Soviets never acknowledging the efforts of Allied merchant seaman or sailors in either navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-convoy-pq-17.htm/6|title=World War II: Convoy PQ-17|last=Denkhaus|first=Richard A.|date=February 1997|access-date=2009-04-16|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909190251/https://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-convoy-pq-17.htm/6}}</ref>

[[Joseph Stalin]] and Soviet naval experts found it difficult to understand the order to scatter given by the Admiralty, given "that the escorting vessels of the Convoy PQ 17 should return, whereas the cargo boats should disperse and try to reach the Soviet ports one by one without any protection at all".{{sfn|Wykes|1972|p=107}} Admiral King, already known to distrust the British, was furious with what he perceived as Admiral Pound's bungling and promptly withdrew TF 39, sending it to the [[Pacific]]. He hesitated to conduct further joint operations under British command.{{sfn|Miller|1997|p=312}} Admiral [[Dan Gallery]], USN, serving in Iceland at that time, called Convoy PQ 17 "a shameful page in naval history".<ref name=gallery>{{citation|last=Gallery|title=Eight Bells and All's Well|page=133|title-link=#gallery}}</ref>

In view of the Convoy PQ 17 disaster, the Admiralty proposed to suspend the Arctic convoys at least until the ice receded and perpetual daylight passed.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=238}} At a conference with [[Hitler]], Raeder stated, "...our submarines and aircraft, which totally destroyed the last convoy, have forced the enemy to give up this route temporarily...".{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=243}} At a meeting with the head of the Soviet Military Mission, Admiral [[Nikolay Kharlamov]] and the Soviet ambassador in London, [[Ivan Maisky]], the Soviets requested to know when Convoy PQ 18 would sail. Pound said nothing could be done until better Russian air cover was arranged, after which Kharlamov criticised the order to withdraw the cruisers from Convoy PQ 17. Pound was furious and deeply resented the Russian attitude. Pound angrily admitted that Convoy PQ 17 was scattered on his order while Maisky stated that "even British admirals make mistakes".{{sfn|Hawkins|Deighton|2003|p=176}}

===Subsequent operations===
It was not until September that [[Convoy PQ 18]] set out for North Russia. The convoy's defence scheme was revised, with a very strong constant close escort of sixteen destroyers and the first of the new escort carriers, {{HMS|Avenger|D14|6}}, with twelve fighters and three Swordfish ASW aircraft.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=244}} After the war there was criticism of this delay in American and Soviet sources.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=244}} Soviet historians give varying reasons for the suspension and reduction in supply caused by the halt in the Arctic convoys. Some considered it the result of "the fact that in 1942, Anglo-American (ocean) communications were destroyed".{{sfn|Howarth|1994|p=554}}

==Awards and commemorations==
At least sixteen officers and men of the Merchant Navy were honoured for gallantry or distinguished service for the actions in the convoy. A supplement to the ''[[London Gazette]]'' published on 6 October 1942 carried notification of two [[George Medal]]s, six appointments to various grades of the [[Order of the British Empire]], six [[British Empire Medal]]s and two [[King's Commendation for Brave Conduct]].<ref>See {{citation|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=T335/47|title=Piece details T 335/47—Merchant Navy Awards (Awards for Convoy PQ 17): London Gazette 6 October 1942|work=The Catalogue|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|access-date=16 April 2010|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828123147/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=%2Aarg_requestreference|url-status=live}} and {{London Gazette|issue=35732 |supp=y|pages=4349–4350|date=2 October 1942}}</ref> In December 2012 the [[Arctic Star]] [[military decoration|medal]] was created and on 19 March 2013 the first medals were presented to approximately 40 [[veteran]]s, in London.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bannister|first=Sam|title=Veterans presented with their Arctic Star medals in London|url=http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/campaigns/veterans-presented-with-their-arctic-star-medals-in-london-1-4912447|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=The News|date=19 March 2013|archive-date=3 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103061905/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/campaigns/veterans-presented-with-their-arctic-star-medals-in-london-1-4912447|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-19 |title=Convoy veterans given first Arctic Star medals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-21845753 |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629211516/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-21845753 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==''Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd''==
In 1968, [[David Irving]] published a controversial book about Convoy PQ 17. It concentrated on Allied blunders and shortcomings, alleging that Broome's decision to withdraw his destroyers was the primary cause of the disaster to the convoy. Broome litigated in ''[[Broome v Cassell & Co Ltd]]'', to defend his reputation. Broome won his case and was awarded £40,000 in damages and secured the withdrawal of all copies of the offending book from circulation (it has since been republished, with corrections). The damages (donated by Broome to charity) were the highest paid in English legal history until 1987.

==See also==
* [[Convoy battles of World War II]]
* ''[[Action in the North Atlantic]]'', a 1943 war movie starring Humphrey Bogart and Raymond Massey, includes a section which is drawn from Lieutenant Gradwell's actions after PQ-17 scattered.
* ''[[HMS Ulysses (novel)|HMS Ulysses]]'' (1955), a novel written by [[Alistair MacLean]], who served on {{HMS|Royalist|89|6}} on Arctic convoys and against {{Ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}}.
* ''[[The Captain (1967 novel)|The Captain]]'', a 1967 novel based on the experiences of this convoy by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] writer [[Jan de Hartog]], also translated into [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as ''De kapitein''.
* ''A Northern Saga'', a 1976 novel written by Steven C. Lawrence, a World War II U.S. Merchant Marine officer, recounts the story of PQ-17.
* ''[[Requiem for Convoy PQ-17]]'', a novel by [[Valentin Pikul]] is dedicated to the fate of the convoy. The book is also interesting since it describes the Soviet belief that [[Soviet submarine K-21|Soviet submarine ''K-21'']] hit the Tirpitz. From 2003–04, a film was released in Russia based on this book.
* ''Requiem for Convoy PQ-17'' is also the title of a dance, orchestra, and choir piece based on the events surrounding the sinkings. Choreographer and dancer Bill Coleman's father was a merchant mariner on board the ''Bolton Castle''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Everett-Green|first1=Robert|title=Requiem for Convoy PQ-17|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/requiem-for-convoy-pq-17/article4152108/?page=all|access-date=26 June 2017|work=The Globe & Mail|date=21 March 2009|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728165923/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/requiem-for-convoy-pq-17/article4152108/?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://colemanlemieux.com/company/billcoleman/ |title=Self Pack International Shipping |website=colemanlemieux.com |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111183717/http://colemanlemieux.com/company/billcoleman/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In January 2014, the hour-long [[BBC Two]] documentary ''PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster'', written and narrated by [[Jeremy Clarkson]], retold the story of the convoy with first-hand testimony from the men who served.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03n3297 |title=PQ17: An Arctic Convoy Disaster |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=2 January 2014 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103015125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03n3297 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Konvoi|no|Konvoi (film)|sv|Konvojen}}, a 2023 Norwegian film by {{ill|Henrik Martin Dahlsbakken|no|Henrik Martin Dahlsbakken}} inspired by Convoy PQ17.

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} This latter signal was intended merely as a correction of technical wording from "disperse" to "scatter", but this was not known at the time. The order to scatter was only used under immediate threat of surface attack. Detailed instructions in each ship's signal book laid down the actions that were to be taken by each ship on receipt of this order.{{sfn|Churchill|1951|p=235}}
{{refend}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Beesly |first=Patrick |title=Convoy PQ 17: A Study of Intelligence and Decision-Making |journal=Intelligence & National Security |year=1990 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=292–322 |location=London |publisher=Frank Cass |issn=1743-9019 |doi=10.1080/02684529008432054}}
* {{cite book |last=Bunker |first=John |title=Liberty ships: The ugly ducklings of World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |url=https://archive.org/details/libertyshipsugly00bunk |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-87021-340-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston S. |series=The Second World War |volume=IV |title=The Hinge of Fate |publisher=Cassell |year=1951 |oclc=153203701}}
* {{cite book |last=Claasen |first=A. R. A. |title=Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945 |year=2001 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, KS |isbn=0-7006-1050-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Connell |first=G. G. |title=Arctic destroyers: The 17th Flotilla |publisher=W. Kimber |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-7183-0428-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ian |last2=Deighton |first2=Len |title=Destroyer: An Anthology of First-hand Accounts of the War at Sea, 1939–1945 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-85177-947-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Hill |first=Roger P. |title=Destroyer Captain |publisher=Periscope |year=1986 |isbn=1-904381-25-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hinsley |first1=F. H. |last2=Thomas |first2=Edward Eastaway |last3=Ransom |first3=C. F. G. |last4=Knight |first4=R. C. |series=History of the Second World War |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations |volume=II |publisher=HMSO |location=London |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-11-630934-1}}
* <cite style="font-style:normal" id="admy">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |series=Admiralty War Diaries |title=Home Fleet Destroyer Command, April to June 1942 ADM 199/427 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-HF1942b.htm |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230015/http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-HF1942b.htm |url-status=live }}</cite>
* <cite style="font-style:normal" id="admy">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |series=Admiralty War Diaries |title=Home Fleet Destroyer Command, July to September 1942 ADM 199/427 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-HF1942c.htm |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517230047/http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-HF1942c.htm |url-status=live }}</cite>
* {{cite book |last=Howarth |first=Stephen |title=The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1945: The 50th Anniversary International Naval Conference |issue=770 |publisher=Greenhill |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-55750-058-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=David |title=The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17 |date=1968 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-586-06275-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters |publisher=Cassell |year=1993 |isbn=0-304-35451-1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Langer |first=John D. |title=The Harriman-Beaverbrook Mission and the Debate over Unconditional Aid for the Soviet Union, 1941 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=463–482 |location=London |publisher=Sage |year=1979 |issn=0022-0094 |doi=10.1177/002200947901400306 |s2cid=159474803}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Nathan |title=War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-511038-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Arthur R. |title="A careless word...a needless sinking": A History of the Staggering losses suffered by the U.S. Merchant Marine, both in Ships and Personnel during World War II |publisher=American Merchant Marine Museum |location=Kings Point, NY |year=1984 |oclc=475918989}}
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel E. |title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943 |volume=I |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-252-06963-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Albert |last=Praun |year=1950 |title=German Radio Intelligence |publisher=United States Army European Command Historical Division, United States Department of the Army Office of Military History |location=Washington, DC |url=https://archive.org/details/41748999078819/page/n1/mode/2up?q=pq17 |oclc=37001114 }}
* {{cite book |last=Riesenberg |first=Felix |title=Sea War |url=https://archive.org/details/seawarstoryofthe00ries |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |publisher=Rinehart |location=New York |year=1956 |oclc=1263591 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-date=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=978-1-86176-257-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Schofield |first=Bernard |year=1964 |title=The Russian Convoys |url=https://archive.org/details/russianconvoys0000scho |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |publisher=B. T. Batsford |location=London |oclc=862623 }}
* <cite style="font-style:normal" id="Bookseller">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Bookseller |issue=3394–3405 |publisher=Authors Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-340-12512-0}}</cite>
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|PRO|2001}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force |id=Air 41/10 (No. 248) |year=2001 |orig-date=1948 |publisher=Air Ministry |location=Richmond |edition=repr. Public Record Office War Histories |isbn=978-1-903365-30-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=John Frayn |title=Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from the Second World War |year=2013 |publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-78159-268-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Winton |first=John |title=ULTRA at Sea: How Breaking the Nazi code affected Allied naval Strategy during World War II |publisher=Leo Cooper |location=london |year=1988 |isbn=0-85052-883-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Woodman |year=2004 |orig-date=1994 |title=Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5752-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Wykes |first=Alan |title=1942, The Turning Point |publisher=Macdonald |location=London |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-356-03969-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Wynn |first=Kenneth G. |title=U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1–U510 |publisher=Chatham |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-55750-860-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Frayn Turner |first=John |title=Fight for the Sea: Naval Adventures from World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-55750-884-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Geroux |first=William. |title=The Ghost Ships of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage that Defied the Nazis |publisher=Viking |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-525-55746-3}}
* {{London Gazette |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |issue=39041 |supp=y |pages=5139–5145 |date=17 October 1950}}
* {{cite book |last=Ransome Wallis |first=R. |title=Two Red Stripes |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |year=1973 |isbn=0-7110-0461-7}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Sea History |issue=61–68 |publisher=National Maritime Historical Society |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |last=Winn |first=G. |author-link=Godfrey Winn |title=P.Q. 17: A Story of a Ship |publisher=Universal Book Club |location=London |year=1948 |oclc=560650526}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060202095710/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-2.htm U.S. Naval Historical Center account of Convoy PQ 17]
* [http://www.bismarck-class.dk/tirpitz/history/tiroperrosselsprung.html Description of ''Rösselsprung'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090624/http://lib.aldebaran.ru/author/pikul_valentin/pikul_valentin_rekviem_karavanu_pq17/ The Requiem on Convoy PQ 17], Russian novel by [[Valentin Pikul]]
* [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Memoir-PQ17-Carswell.htm Memoirs of Chief Steward Horace Carswell DSM, MM, BEM during Convoy PQ 17]
* [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Memoir-RussianConvoyCoxswain.htm Coxswain Sid Kerslake of armed trawler "Northern Gem" in Convoy PQ 17]
* [http://www.pq17.eclipse.co.uk/ Convoy PQ.17], a primary source diary and supporting material by Jack Bowman, ERA aboard HMS ''La Malouine''
* [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/pq/index.html Convoy PQ 17 at Convoyweb]
* [url=http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=PQ-17 Convoy PQ 17 Helgason, Guðmundur]

{{Arctic convoys}}
{{World War II}}

[[Category:Arctic convoys of World War II|PQ 17]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|C]]
[[Category:White Sea]]