View source for Detroit Wayne (1919 ship)

{{Short description|A design 1099 steel-hulled cargo ship}}
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| Ship image = U.S.E.D. Detroit Wayne suction dredge.jpg
| Ship caption = U.S.E.D. ''Detroit Wayne''
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{{Infobox ship career
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| Ship country = United States
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| Ship name = *''Detroit Wayne'' (1919-1940)
*''Raritan'' (1940-1942)
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| Ship builder = Detroit Shipbuilding Company
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| Ship launched = 8 November 1919
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| Ship identification = *Official number: 219258
*Radio call sign: KONX
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| Ship fate = Wrecked on Frying Pan Shoal 25 February 1942
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| Ship owner = *United States Shipping Board (1919-1940)
*Raritan Steamship Company (1940-1942)
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{{Infobox ship characteristics
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| Ship type = Design 1099 cargo ship
| Ship tonnage = 2,606 Gross registered tons
1,612 Net registered tons
4,050 [[deadweight ton|dwt]]
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| Ship length = {{convert|251|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|43|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
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| Ship power = 1500 horsepower
| Ship propulsion = Oil-fired triple-expansion steam engine
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The steamship '''''Detroit Wayne''''' was steel-hulled freighter built for the [[United States Shipping Board]] in 1919.  She carried freight across the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] in 1920 and 1921.  Afterward, she was likely idled until 1932 when she was converted into a [[Dredging|dredge]] for the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]].  She was active in the [[Mississippi River]] for several years.  In 1940, ''Detroit Wayne'' was sold to private interests, renamed ''Raritan,'' and converted back into a freighter.  She was wrecked off the [[North Carolina]] coast in February 1942.   

== Construction and characteristics ==

When the United States entered [[World War I]] in April 1917, neither it nor any [[Allies of World War I|allied power]] had shipping capacity to carry the two million Americans who sailed for [[Europe]], much less all their accompanying armament and supplies.  What shipping did exist in the Atlantic was pared back by [[Germany|Germany's]] [[U-boat|U-boats]], which sank almost 5,000 ships during the war.  The United States Shipping Board through its wholly-owned [[Emergency Fleet Corporation]] mass produced ships to a few standard designs to "build a bridge across the ocean."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrIVAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22United+states+shipping+board%22+%22Bridge+across+the+ocean%22&pg=PA2352 |title=Shipping Board Operations: Hearings Before Select Committee on U.S. Shipping Board Operations, House of Representatives, Sixty-sixth Congress, Second -[third] Session |date=1920 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=2352 |language=en}}</ref>  ''Detroit Wayne'' was one of those ships.

''Detroit Wayne'' was built to the Shipping Board's standard [[Design 1099 Ship|Design 1099]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McKellar |first=N. L. |date=September 1963 |title=Steel Shipbuilding Under the U.S. Shipping Board, 1917-1921 |url=https://shipscribe.com/mckellar/Contract6.pdf |journal=The Belgian Shiplover |issue=95–96 |pages=400a–499a}}</ref>  She was built of welded steel plates.  She was {{Convert|251|ft|m}} long [[Length between perpendiculars|between perpendiculars]], with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{Convert|43|ft|6|in|m}}, and a [[Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)|depth of hold]] of {{Convert|28|ft|2|in|m}}.  Her fully loaded [[Draft (hull)|draft]] was just over {{Convert|24|ft|m}}.  [[Deadweight tonnage]], the weight of cargo which could be carried, was 4050 tons.  [[Gross register tonnage]] was 2,606, while her [[net register tonnage]] was 1,612.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ob4IeVuttf4C&dq=%22shipping+board%22+design+1099+ship&pg=PA1996 |title=United States Shipping Board and Emergency Fleet Corporation: Hearings Before the Select Committee to Inquire Into the Operations, Policies, and Affairs of the United States Shipping Board and the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Pursuant to House Resolution 186 |date=1925 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1996–1997, 2057 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://www.shipscribe.com/mercrefs/USSB_1920/pages2/Deranof%20-%20Durango.html |title=REGISTER OF SHIPS OWNED BY UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD |date=1 August 1920 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |edition=5th |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=26}}</ref> 

''Detroit Wayne'' had a single propeller which was driven by a single [[Marine steam engine|triple-expansion steam engine]] with {{Convert|1500|ihp}}.  This engine had high, medium, and low pressure cylinders with diameters of 21 inches, 35 inches, and 59 inches respectively, with a stroke of 42 inches.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=S. E. |date=1938 |title=Dredges in Second New Orleans District |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44559077 |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=30 |issue=173 |pages=362–369 |jstor=44559077 |issn=0026-3982}}</ref>  Steam was provided by two boilers, which were oil-fired. The ship was capable of reaching 9.5 knots.  Her fuel tanks could hold 708 tons of oil, giving her a steaming range of just over 8,000 miles.<ref name=":1" />

She had two cargo holds, each of which had two hatches.  Each hold was serviced by four cargo booms, each of which had its own winch.  The heaviest load that could be winched aboard was 4 tons.  ''Detroit Wayne'' had an effective cargo capacity of 166,806 cubic feet for baled cargo and 180,033 cubic feet for grain.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />

The ship was named ''Lake Fairton''<ref name=":0" /> when her keel was laid, but she was launched as ''Detroit Wayne.''  Her name was changed to honor [[Detroit]] and [[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne County]] for oversubscribing to all of the [[Liberty bond|Liberty Loan]] bond issues which funded America's World War I spending.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 1919 |title=Marine Notes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1048453922/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20%22Detroit%20shipbuilding%22 |work=Detroit Free Press |pages=10}}</ref>  She was built by the [[Dry Dock Complex (Detroit, Michigan)|Detroit Shipbuilding Company]], a unit of the [[American Ship Building Company|American Shipbuilding Company]], at its [[Wyandotte, Michigan]] shipyard.  She was launched on 8 November 1919<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 1920 |title=1919 Construction Record of U.S. Yards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2quj77VQ7IC&q=%22Detroit%20wayne%22 |work=Marine Review |pages=116}}</ref> and delivered to the Shipping Board in April 1920.  Her original cost was $777,751.41.<ref name=":1" />

== Service history ==

=== United States Shipping Board (1919{{En dash}}1932) ===
After delivery to the Shipping Board, ''Detroit Wayne'' made her way through the [[Great Lakes]] to the Atlantic, passing through the [[Lachine Canal]] on 23 June 1920,<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 1920 |title=Freighter Reports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/419741936/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=The Gazette |pages=16}}</ref> and arriving at [[Portland, Maine]] on 17 July 1920.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 1920 |title=Arrived Yesterday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/471077692/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=New York Tribune |pages=19}}</ref>  She sailed for [[New York City|New York]] the next day<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 1920 |title=American Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/64389409/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=New York Herald |pages=21}}</ref> and on to [[Philadelphia]] on 30 July 1920<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 1920 |title=Cleared |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/64389966/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=New York Herald |pages=4}}</ref> to begin her work.
[[File:Clyde Steamship Company house flag.svg|thumb|Clyde Steamship Company house flag]]
The Shipping Board consigned ''Detroit Wayne'' to the [[Clyde Steamship Company]], which placed her in trans-Atlantic service.  On 29 August 1920 she left Philadelphia for [[Genoa|Genoa, Italy]] with stops in [[Marseille|Marseilles]], and [[Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône|Port St. Louis du Rhone]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 1920 |title=American Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/79774885/?match=6&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=New York Herald |pages=4}}</ref>  She passed [[Gibraltar]] on 12 September 1920<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 1920 |title=Other Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/170827172/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20gibraltar |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=22}}</ref> and arrived in Genoa on 25 September 1920.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 1920 |title=Other Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/170836144/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=17}}</ref>

''Detroit Wayne'' made seven more trans-Atlantic crossings, returning to Genoa<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 1920 |title=Delaware Bay And River News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/170750833/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=16}}</ref> twice, and sailing to [[Avonmouth|Avonmouth, U.K.]] twice.  She stopped in New York and Philadelphia on both outbound and return trips from Europe.  On each of these trips she stopped at a number of intermediate ports including [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 1920 |title=Avonmouth, Newcastle, Hull |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/186250174/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20Hull |work=New York Tribune |pages=20}}</ref> [[Naples]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 1920 |title=Genoa, Naples |url=https://www.newspapers.com/search/results/?date-end=1920&date-start=1920&keyword=%22Detroit+Wayne%22+Hull |work=New York Tribune |pages=18}}</ref> and [[Bizerte]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 1920 |title=From Lloyd's |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19201124/063/0011 |work=The Scotsman |pages=11}}</ref>  On her last trans-Atlantic crossing, she departed Marseilles, bound for Philadelphia on 18 September 1921.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 1921 |title=Other Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/170748555/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |pages=15}}</ref>  ''Detroit Wayne'' was redelivered to the Shipping Board at [[Norfolk, Virginia]] on 5 October 1921.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 1921 |title=At Other Ports |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/326112269/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=Tampa Tribune |pages=11}}</ref>

In December 1921, the Shipping Board executed a bareboat charter agreement with Halschaw Steamship Line, Incorporated.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 1922 |title=Assigned Shipping Board Vessels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZXlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Detroit%20wayne%22 |journal=Marine Review |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=74}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 1921 |title=Port Paragraphs |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/845007738/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20steamer |work=Virginian-Pilot |pages=14}}</ref>  Halschaw failed to fund the surety bond required by the Shipping Board and litigation ensued.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEIuAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22halschaw+Steamship%22&pg=PA1173 |title=United States Shipping Board and Emergency Fleet Corporation: Hearings Before the Select Committee to Inquire Into the Operations, Policies, and Affairs of the United States Shipping Board and the United States Emergency Fleet Corporation, House of Representatives, Sixty-eighth Congress, First Session, Pursuant to House Resolution 186 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1925 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1173 |language=}}</ref>  It is not clear if ''Detroit Wayne'' ever sailed for Halschaw.
=== U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1932{{En dash}}1940) ===
In 1932, the Shipping Board transferred ''Detroit Wayne'' and sister ship ''Lake Fenn,'' both of which were idle in the [[James River, Reserve Fleet|reserve fleet]] in the [[James River]], to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY7NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Shipping+Board%22+%22war+Department%22+%22Detroit+wayne&pg=RA7-PA94 |title=Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1932 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref>  The boilers, winches, and other equipment were removed from ''Lake Fenn'' and installed on ''Detroit Wayne'' to convert her from a freighter into an agitator dredge for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Sealed bids for the work were opened on 10 June 1932.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 1932 |title=Proposals |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/845650027/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20dredge |work=Virginian-Pilot |pages=13}}</ref>  The [[Maryland Drydock Company|Maryland Drydock Company, Incorporated]] submitted the low bid of $154,000 for the project and was awarded the contract.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 1932 |title=Government To Build Dredge From Steamers |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/845651342/?match=1&terms=%22Baltimore%20dry%20dock%22 |work=Virginian-Pilot |pages=5}}</ref>  The two ships were towed from James River to the Maryland Drydock Company shipyard in [[Baltimore]], arriving on 7 July 1932.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 1932 |title=Shipping Intelligence |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/373321777/?match=1&terms=%22Lake%20Fenn%22 |work=Baltimore Sun |pages=21}}</ref>  The out-of-pocket cost of the conversion, not counting the parts removed from ''Lake Fenn'', was $156,317.13.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iOPC_rFGZYC&q=Detroit%20wayne |title=Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1932 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=479 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Starboard quarter view of USED Detroit Wayne.jpg|thumb|Starboard quarter of U.S.E.D ''Detroit Wayne'']]
The conversion was designed by U.S. Army Captain H. B. Vaughn, jr.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 1932 |title=U.S. Build Second Agitating Dredge |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/845629735/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20dredge |work=Virginian-Pilot |pages=4}}</ref> The two boilers on ''Lake Fenn'' were removed and installed on ''Detroit Wayne'' to provide additional steam for engines which drove the dredge pumps.  There were two triple-expansion steam engines, each with an indicated horsepower of 775, which drove the pumps.  They had high, medium, and low pressure cylinders of 13.25 inches, 20 inches, and 31.5 inches with a stroke of 20 inches.  The suction and output of the pumps was 30 inches in diameter.  The suction side of the pumps were connected to port and starboard drag arms which could be lowered to the bottom.  The #2 hold was converted into a pump room to accommodate the new equipment.  In her new dredge configuration, her crew was variously reported as 80<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 March 1935 |title=Detroit Wayne Operating In This District |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1041792887/?match=1&terms=dredge%20%22Detroit%20Wayne%22 |work=Vicksburg Post |pages=13}}</ref> or 99<ref name=":3" /> men, for which accommodations were provided aboard.  After the conversion, ''Lake Fenn'' was scrapped.  Two additional design 1099 ships, ''Lake Fairfax'' and ''Lake Faxon'' also underwent this conversion, with ''Lake Fairfax'' surviving as a dredge.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 1932 |title=Local Port News And Ship Activity |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/373125858/?match=1&terms=%22lake%20Fairfax%22%20dredge |work=Baltimore Sun |pages=19}}</ref>

''Detroit Wayne'' was an agitator dredge.  She would dredge while anchored or proceeding slowly up river.  Her pumps would dislodged stabilized material at the bottom and then pump it into the stream which would carry the silt away with the current.  Under certain conditions, this allowed the power of the river itself to erode the newly-exposed stream bed into a deeper channel.<ref name=":3" />

In September 1932, just after her conversion, ''Detroit Wayne'' dredged the James River between Dancing Point Shoal and Swann Point.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fhksm1mHEOUC&q=%22detroit%20wayne%22 |title=Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1933 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=279 |language=en}}</ref>  This test was successful.  In October, the ship stopped in at the [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard]] to have her drag arms unshipped and placed on deck for the voyage to her new home port.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 1932 |title=Navy Yard News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/951015313/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20dredge |work=Ledger-Star |pages=14}}</ref>  She was assigned to the 2nd U.S. Engineers District, based in [[New Orleans]], and became U.S.E.D ''Detroit Wayne''.

The ship was used to dredge multiple obstructions on the Mississippi River and in the [[Atchafalaya Basin]]<ref name=":4" /> from 1933 until at least 1937.  Among  the locations she dredged were around [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 1933 |title=Huge Dredge Boat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1041737624/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20dredge |work=Vicksburg Post |pages=2}}</ref> [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 1934 |title=River Work At Natchez Pushed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/202420891/?match=1&terms=%22Detroit%20Wayne%22%20dredge |work=Clarion-Ledger |pages=11}}</ref> [[Waterproof, Louisiana]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 1934 |title=Notice To Mariners |url=https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A1223BCE5B718A166%40GB3NEWS-129238EAD912695D%402427534-128DED5F81F8F8B5%4027-128DED5F81F8F8B5%40?h=6&fname=&mname=&lname=&rgfromDate=1933&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=dredge%20%22Detroit%20Wayne%22&kwexc=&sid=mewkerudowbinkbmynvlaueideuphwjn_ip-10-166-46-110_1718237069589 |work=Times-Picatune |pages=28}}</ref> and [[Grand Gulf, Mississippi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 1936 |title=Dredge Boat Tied Up At Natchez |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/202525545/?match=1&terms=dredge%20%22Detroit%20Wayne%22 |work=Clarion Ledger |pages=2}}</ref>
=== Raritan Steamship Corporation (1940{{En dash}}1942) ===
''Detroit Wayne'' was purchased by the Raritan Steamship Company of New York in 1940.  Her name was changed to ''Raritan,'' and she was converted back into a freighter.  Her home port was New Orleans.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMCvHeGVopMC&dq=raritan+%22Detroit+wayne%22&pg=PA582 |title=Merchant Vessels of the United States |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1942 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=52, 582 |language=en}}</ref>  The ship was managed by [[Smith-Johnson Steamship Corporation]].  In January 1941, ''Raritan'' was loaded in [[Maryland]] with defense materials bound primarily for [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]] and [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]].  These materials were intended for new U.S. facilities acquired from Britain under the [[Destroyers-for-bases deal|destroyers-for-bases-deal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 1941 |title=Defense Program To Spur Shipping |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/373668166/?match=1&terms=%22steamer%20raritan%22 |work=Baltimore Sun |pages=5}}</ref>

''Raritan'' was headed north with a load of coffee on 25 February 1942.  Unbeknownst to her captain, the [[United States lightship Frying Pan (LV-115)|Frying Pan Shoals lightship]] had been withdrawn.  The ship was advised to stay close to shore due to the U-boat threat, but the night was stormy and the crew were unsure of their position.  Just after midnight ''Raritan'' grounded hard on the shoal.  After seven hours aground, all 29 of the crew were rescued by the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]].  Two hours later the ship floated off and broke up as the tide came in, and she sank in deeper water.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bunker |date=7 September 1945 |title=Fore 'n Aft |url=http://www.seafarerslog.org/archives/files/original/a948cba80e3cba17f6fc7bdb38d1d29f.PDF |work=The Seafarers Log |pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 1942 |title=Freighter Is Lost Off Carolina Coast |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/876485653/?match=1&terms=%22frying%20pan%20shoals%22%20raritan |work=Wilmington Morning Star |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 1942 |title=Vessel Founders; Crew Is Saved |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/651468383/?match=1&terms=%22frying%20pan%20shoals%22%20raritan |work=News and Observer |pages=6}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Design 1099 ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Detroit Wayne}}

[[Category:1919 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Dredges]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks]]
[[Category:Ships built in Michigan]]
[[Category:Dredgers]]