View source for Electricity sector in Hong Kong

{{Short description|Electricity sector in Hong Kong, China}}
{{Infobox electricity sector
| country               = Hong Kong
| image                 = 
| demand                = 9.942 [[Gigawatts|GW]]<ref name="2021report" />
| demandyear            = 2021
| coverage              = 
| continuity            = 99.999% (2021)
| capacity              = 13.24 [[Gigawatt|GW]]<ref name="2021report">{{cite web|url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1100002/att/B11000022021AN21B0100.pdf|title=Hong Kong Energy Statistics 2021 Annual Report|publisher=Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|date=April 2022|access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref>
| capacityyear          = 2021
| production            = {{cvt|133104|TJ|TWh|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report" />
| productionyear        = 2021
| exports               = {{cvt|0|TJ|TWh|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report" />
| exportsyear           = 2021
| imports               = {{cvt|45197|TJ|TWh|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report" />
| importsyear           = 2021
| fossilshare           = 
| renewableshare        = 2%
| greenhouse            = 26.3 [[Megatonne|Mt]] [[Global_warming_potential#Carbon_dioxide_equivalent|CO<sub>2</sub>-e]]<ref name="ghg">{{cite web|url=https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emissions%20in%20Hong%20Kong%20by%20Sector.pdf|title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Hong Kong (by Sector)|publisher=[[Environment and Ecology Bureau]]|date=June 2022|access-date=2022-08-03}}</ref>
| greenhouseyear        = 2019
| use                   = {{cvt|164578|TJ|TWh|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report" />
| useyear               = 2021
| distlosses            = {{convert|6039|TJ|TWh|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report" />
| distlossesyear        = 2021
| translosses           = {{convert|7685|TJ|TWh|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="2021report"></ref>
| translossesyear       = 2021
| tdlosses              =
| tdlossesyear          =
| residential           = 28.8
| residentialyear       = 2021
| industrial            = 6.8
| industrialyear        = 2021
| agriculture           = 
| agricultureyear       = 
| commercialpublic      = 
| commercialpublicyear  = 
| commercial            = 64.4<ref name="2021report"></ref>
| commercialyear        = 2021
| public                = 
| publicyear            = 
| traction              = 
| tractionyear          = 
| rural                 = 



| rtariff               = 
| rtariffyear           = 
| itariff               = 
| itariffyear           = 
| ctariff               = 
| ctariffyear           = 
| investment            = 
| investmentyear        = 
| selffinance           = 
| selffinanceyear       = 
| governmentfinance     = 
| governmentfinanceyear = 
| privatefinance        = 
| privatefinanceyear    = 
| unbundling            = 
| privategen            = 
| privatetrans          = 
| privatedist           = 
| largeusers            = 
| residentialusers      = 
| providers             = {{plainlist|
*[[CLP Group]]
*[[Hongkong Electric Company|Hongkong Electric]]
}}
| transmission          = 
| regulation            = [[Electrical and Mechanical Services Department]]
| policy                = 
| renewableenergy       = 
| environment           = [[Environmental Protection Department]]
| law                   = Electricity Ordinance, Cap. 406 (1990)<ref name="electricity ordinance">{{cite act|type= Ordinance|index=Cap 406|date= 2 November 1990|legislature=[[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]|title=The Electricity Ordinance|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap406!en|language=en}}</ref>
| renewablelaw          = 
| cdm                   = 
}}
{{Pie chart
| caption= Electricity generation by source (2020)
| radius = 70
| label1 = Natural gas
| value1 = 44.26
| color1 = OrangeRed
| label2 = Coal
| value2 = 28.63
| color2 = LightSlateGray
| label3 = Imports
| value3 = 26.51
| color3 = DarkTurquoise
| other  = yes
| other-color = Thistle
}}
[[File:Hong Kong center night 2.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong being lit up at night]]

'''Electricity sector in Hong Kong''' ranges from [[Electricity generation|generation]], [[Power transmission|transmission]], [[Electric power distribution|distribution]] and sales of electricity covering [[Hong Kong]]. The combustion of [[Coal-fired power station|coal]], [[Gas-fired power plant|natural gas]] and [[Oil-fired power station|oil]] are the main sources of electricity in Hong Kong. The electricity sector contributes 60.4% of Hong Kong's total [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="ghg" />

There are two main providers of electricity in Hong Kong.
==Companies==
[[File:KennedyRd HongkongElectricCentre.jpg|thumb|[[Hongkong Electric Company]] headquarter]]
[[File:HK CLPGroupHeadOfficeTower.JPG|thumb|[[CLP Group]] ex-headquarter]]

Power generation in Hong Kong is managed by two major companies under a Scheme of Control arrangement with the Hong Kong Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enb.gov.hk/en/resources_publications/agreement/ |title=Agreement |website=enb.gov.hk |access-date=2022-06-26}}</ref> These companies effectively operate in a regulated market.

===Hongkong Electric Company===
The [[Hongkong Electric Company]] ('''HEC'''; {{zh|t=香港電燈有限公司}}) HEC's supply area includes [[Hong Kong Island]] and [[Lamma Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hkelectric.com/en/our-operations/electricity-generation |title=Electricity Generation |publisher=HK Electric |date=2014-01-10 |accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>

HEC owns and operates:
* [[Lamma Power Station]]
* [[Lamma Winds|Lamma Winds Power Station]]

===CLP Power Hong Kong Limited===
The [[CLP Group|CLP Power Hong Kong Limited]] ('''CLP'''; {{zh|t=中華電力有限公司}}) under the '''CLP Group''' was founded on 25 January 1901 as '''China Light & Power Company Syndicate''' in [[British Hong Kong]]. CLP's supply area includes Kowloon, New Territories and outlying islands except Lamma Island.

CLP owns the following power stations in Hong Kong territory under a joint-venture company Castle Peak Power Company Limited (CAPCO) with [[China Southern Power Grid Company|China Southern Power Grid International (HK) Co., Limited]].
* [[Black Point Power Station]]
* [[Castle Peak Power Station]]
* [[Penny's Bay Power Station]]

CLP also owns 25% shares of the [[Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant|Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station]] and wholly owns [[Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station]] in [[Conghua District|Conghua]].<ref name="legco1">{{cite web|url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr10-11/english/panels/se/papers/se0117cb2-767-2-e.pdf|date=11 January 2011|title=立法會Legislative Council LC Paper No. CB(2)767/10-11(02) Ref : CB2/PL/SE Panel on Security|access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref>

==Generation==
[[File:Hong Kong electricity production.svg|thumb|Hong Kong electricity supply by source|400px]]

===Fuel===
In 2012, Hong Kong relied on [[coal#Electricity generation|coal]] (53%), [[nuclear power|nuclear]] (23%), [[natural gas]] (22%) and a very small amount (2%) of [[renewable energy]] for its electricity generation.<ref name="enbreport">{{Cite report |author=Hong Kong Environment Bureau |author-link=Environment Bureau |date=March 2015|title=Report on the Public Consultation on Future Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation in Hong Kong|url=http://www.enb.gov.hk/sites/default/files/en/node2605/Report_on_the_Public_Consultationon_e.pdf |page=1|access-date=2015-12-11|quote=In  2012, coal dominated the overall fuel mix in Hong Kong (53%), followed by nuclear electricity imported from the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (DBNPS) in the Mainland (23%), natural gas (22%), and oil and renewable energy (RE) (2%) ... existing coal-fired generating units  start  to  retire  from  2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085830/https://www.enb.gov.hk/sites/default/files/en/node2605/Report_on_the_Public_Consultationon_e.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> As coal-firing generation units start to retire in 2017,<ref name="enbreport" /> the Government plans to raise the share of natural gas to 50% in 2020 while maintaining the share of nuclear power at present levels.<ref name="enbpr">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Public Consultation on Future Development of Electricity Market launched |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201503/31/P201503310641.htm |location=Hong Kong |agency=Hong Kong Environment Bureau |date=2015-03-31 |access-date=2015-12-11| quote=Having considered the public's views, the Government plans to increase the percentage of natural gas generation to around 50 per cent in 2020 ... nuclear import would account for around 25 per cent of the total fuel mix.}}</ref>

The Government announced that in the year 2020, around half of electricity generation had been met by natural gas, and generation from coal had been [[Phase-out of fossil fuels|successfully reduced]] to about a quarter, with the remaining generation from [[Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant|imported nuclear energy from the mainland]] and [[Renewable energy|renewables]] (utility and [[Off-the-grid#Electrical_power|off-grid]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/en/pdf1/web/Environment_Hong_Kong_2021_EN.pdf|title=Environment Hong Kong 2021|publisher=[[Environment Bureau]], Government of Hong Kong|year=2021|access-date=2022-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111143904/https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/en/pdf1/web/Environment_Hong_Kong_2021_EN.pdf|archive-date=2022-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Power stations in Hong Kong===
{{main|List of power stations in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Castle Peak Power Station.JPG|thumb|[[Castle Peak Power Station]], [[Tuen Mun]], the largest power station in Hong Kong]]

Hong Kong has currently 5 [[power station]]s, supplying 77% of its electricity needs in 2012.<ref name="enbreport"/>

;Black Point Power Station
Commissioned in 1996, the [[Black Point Power Station]] is a gas-fired power station located in Lung Kwu Tan, [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]] in the [[New Territories]]. It is the largest gas-fired power station in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 2,500MW.

;Castle Peak Power Station
Commissioned in 1982, the [[Castle Peak Power Station]] is a coal-fired power station located Tap Shek Kok, [[Tuen Mun District|Tuen Mun]] in the [[New Territories]]. It is the largest power station in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 4,108MW.

;Lamma Power Station
Commissioned in 1982, the [[Lamma Power Station]] is a coal-fired power station located on Po Lo Tsui, [[Lamma Island]], part of the [[Islands District]]. It is the second largest power station in Hong Kong at an installed generation capacity of 3,237 MW.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electricity Generation |url=https://www.hkelectric.com/en/our-operations/electricity-generation |website=www.hkelectric.com |publisher=Hong Kong Electric |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

;Lamma Winds Power Station
Commissioned in 2006, the [[Lamma Winds|Lamma Winds Power Station]] is a [[wind turbine]] located on [[Lamma Island]] in [[Islands District]]. It is the only industrial-sized [[wind turbine]] in Hong Kong with an installed generation capacity of 800&nbsp;kW.

;Penny's Bay Power Station
Commissioned in 1992, the [[Penny's Bay Power Station]] is a diesel-fired gas turbine power station located at [[Penny's Bay]] on [[Lantau Island]]. It is a [[peaking power station]] with an installed generation capacity of 300MW.

===Interconnection with China===
{{Location map+|Guangdong|width=220|float=right|caption=[[Guangdong]] and [[Hong Kong]]
|places=
  {{Location map~|Guangdong|lat_deg=22|lat_min=35|lon_deg=114|lon_min=32|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg|background=|label=<small>[[Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant]]</small>}}
  {{Location map~|Guangdong|lat_deg=22|lat_min=20|lon_deg=114|lon_min=7|position=left|mark=Blue pog.svg|background=|label=<small>[[Hong Kong]]</small>}}
}}
{{see also|Nuclear energy in Hong Kong}}

CLP's electrical grid is interconnected with the [[China Southern Power Grid Company|China Southern Power Grid]] of Mainland China. Hong Kong imports 23% of its total electricity needs from generating facilities with CLP's equity situated in the mainland. These include a contractual agreement of 70% electricity output from the 2 x 944 MW [[Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant]] and some [[Peaking power plant|peaking power]]/pumping load from [[Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station]] in [[Conghua District|Conghua]].<ref name="legco1"/><ref name="nucnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2014/06/06/hong-kong-needs-dedicated-nuclear-from-china-says-society|title=Hong Kong Needs 'Dedicated Nuclear' From China, Says Society|publisher=nucnet.org|access-date=2014-08-23}}</ref> Recently, [[CLP Group|CLP]] said that it would buy 10% more nuclear power from Daya Bay Plant, increasing the share to 80% of the plant's output capacity. But with the increasing electricity demand in southern China, it will be difficult for CLP to acquire 100% of the plant's output capacity.<ref name="scmp">{{cite web|author=William Yu |url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1450744/hong-kong-will-gain-more-diversified-energy-portfolio |title=Hong Kong will gain from a more diversified energy portfolio &#124; South China Morning Post |publisher=Scmp.com |date=2014-03-31 |access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>

==Transmission==
[[File:Hong Kong Transmission Line.JPG|thumb|Transmission line in [[Tai Po]] suburbs]]
[[File:HK Sheung Wan Zone Sub-station 香港電燈 Electric Co 電能 Power Assets Holdings 西消防街 Western Fire Services Street April-2012.JPG|thumb|Sheung Wan Zone Substation]]

HEC transmits electricity on Hong Kong Island at 275 kV and 132 kV voltage level to various load centres, in which the network consists mainly of underground and [[Submarine power cable|submarine cable]].  The network is owned and operated by HEC. There are only few remaining 132 kV [[overhead power line]]s in the system. The use of underground cable was chosen because it is ideal for a densely populated area like Hong Kong, and to ensure supply reliability even in bad weather, such as during typhoon.

There are also six dedicated cable tunnels to accommodate some of the 275 kV fluid-filled cable circuits in [[Hong Kong Island]] and [[Lamma Island]].<ref name="hkelectric">{{cite web|url=http://www.hkelectric.com/NR/rdonlyres/2D3E993F-1BD1-4BA5-BDCD-CB1D504DA3DF/0/TunnelFactSheet24September2007.pdf|date=24 September 2007|title=Cable Tunnels 電纜隧道|access-date=2014-08-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017122249/http://www.hkelectric.com/NR/rdonlyres/2D3E993F-1BD1-4BA5-BDCD-CB1D504DA3DF/0/TunnelFactSheet24September2007.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In most of the load centres, the voltage is being stepped down to 22 kV or 11 kV for distribution purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkelectric.com/web/AboutUs/TransmissionAndDistribution/Index_en.htm |title=Transmission & Distribution |publisher=HK Electric |date=2014-01-10 |access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>

CLP transmits electricity in [[Kowloon]] and [[New Territories]] at 400 kV and 132 kV voltage level. These transmission networks consist mainly of [[overhead line]]s. The network is owned and operated by CLP Power. In most of the load centres, the voltage is stepped down to 11 kV for distribution.

Transmission networks of CLP Power and HEC are interconnected by three 132 kV submarine circuits from [[Hung Hom]] to [[North Point]] for emergency support but no economy power interchange is normally scheduled.

CLP's 400 kV transmission network is also interconnected with the 500 kV [[China Southern Power Grid Company|China Southern Power Grid]] in [[Guangdong]] Province.

==Distribution==
[[File:Pak Kok fields1.jpg|thumb|Overhead distribution line in [[Lamma Island]]]]
[[File:HK Sheung Wan 151 Caine Road 2nd Floor metering April-2011.jpg|thumb|[[Electricity meter|kWh meters]] in Hong Kong]]

Electricity is distributed at 22 kV and 11 kV voltage level to over 3,800 [[Electrical substation|distribution substations]] on HEC side. CLP distributes power mainly at 11 kV level. Voltage is further stepped down to 380 V [[Three-phase electric power|three-phase]] or 220 V [[Single-phase electric power|single-phase]] and supplied through [[low voltage]] cables to customers.

===Control centres===
The system control centre located at [[Ap Lei Chau]] monitors and controls all of the switching in HEC's distribution substations remotely. CLP has its system control centre in [[Tai Po District|Tai Po district]].

==Consumption==
In 2021, {{cvt|178,301|TJ|TWh|abbr=on}} of electricity was consumed, accounting for 51.8% of total energy consumption in Hong Kong. Electricity usage based on industry in Hong Kong are 66% (commercial), 26% (residential), 6% (industrial) and 2% (transportation). Peak demand of electricity use was 9.942 [[Gigawatts|GW]].<ref name="emsd">{{cite web|url = https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/data/stat_report/product/B1100002/att/B11000022021AN21B0100.pdf|title = Hong Kong Energy Statistics: 2021 Annual Report|date = April 2022|access-date = 2022-08-21|publisher= [[Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)|Census and Statistics Department]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Energy in Hong Kong]]
*[[List of electricity sectors]]
*[[Electricity sector in China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news |last= Leung|first= C.T. |date= December 1979|title= Alternative Energy Sources in Hong Kong: Policy Considerations and Constraints|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/eb71fef4600dcefc1a6ac548d42cf397.pdf |newspaper= Hong Kong Journal of Public Administration|location= [[Hong Kong]]|volume=1|issue=2|pages=40–49|access-date=Sep 15, 2014 }}

{{Asia topic|Electricity sector in}}

[[Category:Electric power in Hong Kong]]