View source for English subsidy of James VI

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
Queen [[Elizabeth I]] of England paid a subsidy to King [[James VI]] of Scotland from 1586 to 1602.<ref>[[Julian Goodare]], ''State and Society in Early Modern Scotland'' (Oxford, 1999), pp. 118-9.</ref> This enabled her to influence James by delaying or deferring payments to his diplomats in London. Records survive of the yearly amounts, and details of the expenditure in some years.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & [[Michael Lynch (historian)|Michael Lynch]], ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), p. 115.</ref> A large proportion of the money was spent on the royal wardrobe of James and [[Anne of Denmark]].<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 137.</ref> Some royal expenses were met by Anne of Denmark's dowry, which was known as the "tocher".<ref>Julian Goodare, 'The Debts of James VI of Scotland', ''Economic History Review'', 62:4 (November 2009), p. 937.</ref> The regular incomes of the Scottish crown were feudal rents, customs, and "compositions" charged on grants of land.<ref>Thomas Thomson, ''Discours Particulier D'Escosse'' (Edinburgh, Bannatyne Club, 1824), pp. 3–6.</ref> Accounts for royal incomes and payments survive as the [[Exchequer Rolls of Scotland|exchequer rolls]] and [[Treasurer of Scotland|lord treasurer's accounts]] and have been published as historical sources.
[[File:Portrait of Sir John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane, attributed to Adrian Vanson.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland of Thirlestane]] and his wife [[Jean Fleming, Countess of Cassilis|Jean Fleming]] administered the English subsidy money in 1588-90]]

==A gift with consequences==
The sum of money was an annual gift from the English queen [[Elizabeth I]] to King [[James VI]] of Scotland which remained contingent on him pursuing pro-English policies in Scotland, such as the suppression of pro-Catholic northern Earls of [[George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly|Huntly]] and [[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll|Erroll]]. The situation gave Elizabeth extra leverage in border matters, including the [[Kinmont Willie Armstrong|Kinmont Willie]] affair in 1596, and in Scottish policy towards Ireland.<ref>M. S. Giuseppi, ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 253 no. 212: [[John Duncan Mackie]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603'', vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 197 no. 147.</ref> In 1601, Elizabeth wished James to take action to prevent Scottish arms and men fighting in [[Tír Eoghain|Tyrone]].<ref>Alexander Courtney, ''James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603'' (Routledge, 2024), pp. 223–24.</ref>

In May 1580, the English ambassador [[Robert Bowes (ambassador)|Robert Bowes]] had reported discussions amongst Scottish supporters of English policy, that Elizabeth's money in Scotland would be "best bestowed on the King only", so binding his nobility to the queen, and that "little matter of importance might be done without her highness' privity". This was thought better than giving pensions to individual Scottish nobles or a particular courtier. The subsidy scheme was the realisation of these suggestions.<ref>''Bowes Correspondence'' (London, 1842) p. 47.</ref>

Elizabeth signalled her disapproval of Scottish policies by keeping James' diplomats and agents waiting in London in the hope of payments and by sending sums amounting to less than James' expectations. One year, James wrote to Elizabeth of the "endless detaining" of his agent [[Robert Jousie]] on an errand "turned from one honorable annuity to a voluntary uncertainty with long begging". James more than once reminded Elizabeth and [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] of a Latin proverb in favour of prompt payment, ''bis dat qui cito dat'' – he that gives quickly gives twice.<ref>Alexander Courtney, ''James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603'' (Routledge, 2024), p. 139: John Bruce, ''Letters of Queen Elizabeth and King James VI, of Scotland'' (London, 1849), pp. 68-69: ''Calendar of State Papers, Scotland, 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), no. 64.</ref>

[[Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton|Edward Wotton]] brought James an offer of a regular payment of 20,000 crowns in July 1585.<ref>Sophie Crawford Lomas, ''Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth'', vol. 19 (london, 1916), p. 618: George Akrigg, ''Letters of King James VI & I'' (University of California, 1984), p. 69.</ref> However, a formal amount or lasting agreement was never concluded, though £4,000 [[Pound sterling|Sterling]], suggested by Elizabeth in March 1586,<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 254 no. 302.</ref> has sometimes been regarded as the usual figure.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), p. 112-3.</ref> The payment was part of the arrangements which led to the [[Union of the Crowns]] along with the [[secret correspondence of James VI]]. The historian [[Julian Goodare]] proposes the word "Subsidy" can better represent the relationship implied by the payments than the loaded historical terms used, "pension", "gratuity", or "annuity". As a gift, the money implied a relationship for which James VI should be grateful.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), pp. 113, 122-3.</ref> James' English courtier [[Thomas Fowler (courtier)|Thomas Fowler]] wrote that England sent him "a poor pension to make your majesty [James VI] their pensioner to your more disgrace and shame to all princes that knows it".<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), p. 123.</ref>

Fowler also wrote that James VI gave "to every one that asks what they desire, even to vain youths and proud fools the very lands of his crown ... Yea, what he gets from England, if it were a million, they would get it from him, so careless is he of any wealth if he may enjoy his pleasure in hunting".<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 9, p. 650 (modernised here).</ref> James VI gave money away with apparent freedom, but Julian Goodare notes such patronage and largesse was a necessary feature of early modern courts.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', p. 117.</ref> 

Fowler was an executor of the English estates of James VI's grandmother, [[Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox]].<ref>''North Country Wills'', vol. 121 (Surtees Society, 1912), p. 90, Margaret Douglas' will.</ref> Later Archbishop [[John Spottiswoode]] would write the subsidy money was compensation for these estates in England.<ref>John Spottiswoode, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu17072018&view=1up&seq=357 ''History'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1851), p. 349]</ref> However Julian Goodare finds no evidence for this, and Elizabeth never made a legal declaration or "instrument" regarding continual payment of the subsidy.<ref>Julian Goodare (2000), p. 114.</ref> [[Francis Walsingham]] tried to influence Elizabeth to pay the pension by asking a diplomat in Scotland to amplify requests for the money.<ref>Hannah Coates, 'The Moor's Counsel: Sir Francis Walsingham's Advice', Helen Matheson-Pollock, Joanne Paul, Catherine Fletcher, ''Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), p. 196.</ref>

===Getting it in writing===
James VI sent Elizabeth a draft agreement for regular payments in April 1586 which she never completed.<ref>William Boyd, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 301-2 no. 326-7.</ref> He wrote that she seemed "to marvel and mislike so far of the sending of yon instrument".<ref>George Akrigg, ''Letters of King James VI & I'' (University of California, 1984), pp. 68-70.</ref> A draft warrant for a yearly subsidy was made, but Elizabeth never signed it. James kept her letter from [[Greenwich Palace|Greenwich]] on 2 June 1586 which mentions the "portion meet for your own private use" which Elizabeth hoped to have "opportunity always to continue",<ref>William K. Boyd, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1585-1586'', vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 414-5 no. 443: BL Cotton Caligula B/IV f.289.</ref> and in November 1596 this letter "concerning the annuity" was copied into the register of the [[Privy Council of Scotland]].<ref>[[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Council of Scotland'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 324-5.</ref>

Elizabeth's ambassador [[William Ashby (died 1593)|William Asheby]], made a promise of a yearly payment of £5000 during the crisis of the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588.<ref>Alexander Courtney, ''James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603'' (Routledge, 2024), p. 110.</ref> Cecil recorded Asheby's offers to have been made "without warrant".<ref>Samuel Haynes, ''Collection of State Papers'' (London, 1759), p. 788.</ref> James would later claim that Asheby was "clad with commission" and had written a statement about the subsidy with Elizabeth's permission.<ref>[[Susan Doran]], ''Elizabeth I and Her Circle'' (Oxford, 2015), p. 106: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1595-1597'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 256 no. 215.</ref>

===Making ends meet===
A Scottish diplomatic agent (and former court musician), James Hudson gave a view of the situation in December 1591, when usual Scottish income and crown rentals seems not to meet the expenses of the royal households,<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), p. 140.</ref> and a secure regular income would support a royal guard:<blockquote>While I was there his table and the Queen's had like to have been unserved for want. The Queen, her house and train are more costly to him than his own, and all his servants of great place abuse him, and every (one) of them serveth one another's turn, and the King ... hath nothing that he accounts certain to come into his purse but what he hath from her Majesty, which of extreme need he is driven sore against his heart to urge her Majesty for some certainty in, and that account be made and times of payment assigned.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 611 no. 640.</ref></blockquote>

Several reports and suggestions for saving money at this time survive.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), p. 143, citing NLS Adv. MS.34.2.17, NRS E34/44.</ref> A document produced by an exchequer committee appointed to investigate crown finance for the king includes the signatures of [[Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville|Robert Melville]], [[James Melville of Halhill]], [[David Seton of Parbroath]], [[David Carnegie of Colluthie]], and James Durham of [[Duntarvie Castle|Duntarvie]].<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_33531_f270r British Library, 'Hopetoun manuscript', Add. MS 3351 f.270r]</ref> In July 1592, James had to ask Elizabeth for an extra payment after the [[Raid of Holyrood|Raid of Falkland]], to hunt down the rebels.<ref>Henry Ellis, ''Original Letters'', series 2 vol. 3 (London, 1827), pp. 162-3: George Akrigg, ''Letters of King James VI & I'' (University of California, 1984), pp. 117-8.</ref>

In July 1593 the Scottish ambassador in London [[Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville|Sir Robert Melville]], with [[Roger Aston]], insisted that the deceased diplomat [[Thomas Randolph (diplomat)|Thomas Randolph]] had promised in 1586 the sum would be £5000 yearly. William Cecil thought this unlikely, and ordered Randolph's papers to be searched for any record of this.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 133.</ref> Melville had been asked to request money for 600 soldiers and also for accounts be made of the subsidy payments since 1586. Such attempts to formalize regular payments were not successful.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 96.</ref>

===Octavians and after===
There were rumours and discussions in 1596 that James VI would no longer ask for payments, due to the administration of the [[Octavians]], but the arrangements continued.<ref>[[Thomas Birch]], ''Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth'', vol. 2 (London, 1754), pp. 183-4: Julian Goodare, ''The Octavians'', Miles Kerr-Peterson & Steven J. Reid, ''James VI and Noble Power in Scotland, 1578-1603'' (Routledge, 2017), p. 182.</ref> A payment was later and smaller than expected in 1597, and James wrote that things had changed from a "honourable annuity to a voluntary uncertainty almost, after long begging".<ref>George Akrigg, ''Letters of King James VI & I'' (University of California, 1984), p. 152.</ref> Elizabeth had decided to withhold any payment until James sent [[Robert Ker, 1st Earl of Roxburghe|Robert Ker, Laird of Cessford]] as a prisoner to England, for border raiding.<ref>Anna Groundwater, ''The Scottish Middle March, 1573-1625: Power, Kinship, Allegiance'' (Boydell, 2010), pp. 183-4.</ref>

In March 1598, Edward Bruce, Commendator of Kinloss, was sent as ambassador to London with instructions to secure an undertaking of regular payments and a settled amount. Although James VI expected £6000, Kinloss collected £3000 and Elizabeth wrote of her displeasure at James' management of the border and involvement in Ireland. David Foulis was sent to London in August 1598, and reported that James had made a proclamation against sending arms to Ireland. Foulis secured another £3000 in December 1598, but James was not satisfied. He seems to have suggested that both Kinloss and Foulis had been corrupted.<ref>''Calendar State Papers, Scotland'', 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. xxxv-xxxvi.</ref> Meanwhile, following the death of Burghley in 1598, his secretary [[Henry Maynard]] forwarded to [[Sir Robert Cecil]] a copy of the letter from Elizabeth which James VI claimed established annual payments of £4000, with a note from Burghley that in 1586 the ambassador [[Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton|Edward Wootton]] had not been authorised to offer any greater sum.<ref>''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 8 (London, 1899), p. 339.</ref>

After the embassy of the [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|Earl of Mar]] and [[Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss|Edward Bruce]] to London in April 1601 the sum paid was increased, by the persuasion of [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Sir Robert Cecil]].<ref>Alexander Courtney, 'The Secret Correspondence of James VI, 1601-3', in [[Susan Doran]] and [[Paulina Kewes]], ''Doubtful and dangerous: The question of the succession in late Elizabethan England'' (Manchester, 2014), pp. 138-9: Julian Goodare (2000), pp. 113, 166.</ref> The terms or dates of payment were now settled, as noted by the [[Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)|Secretary]] [[James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Balmerino|James Elphinstone]] and a Scottish diplomat in London, James Hudson. The payments would be made regularly on 10 June and at Christmastime.<ref>[[John Duncan Mackie]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 921 no. 748, 1002 no. 814.</ref>

===Keeping an accurate account===
There are several lists of the actual yearly amounts paid,<ref>Julian Goodare (2000), p. 115.</ref> and some records of the expenditure are held by the [[British Library]], the [[National Library of Scotland]] and the [[National Records of Scotland]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 1-94, at p. 5 fn. 16 citing British Library Add, MS. 33531, the former 'Hopetoun manuscript'.</ref> The records in the British Library were obtained from the collections of [[Dawson Turner]] and [[Hopetoun House]], possibly from the working papers of [[Alexander Hay (died 1594)|Alexander Hay]].<ref>See external links for the 'Hopetoun manuscript', the National Records of Scotland has a 19th-century transcript, RH2/2/16: Extracts from the Dawson Turner manuscripts were printed in George Duncan Gibb, [https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofrobv100gibb/page/294/mode/2up ''Life and Times of Robert Gib, Lord of Carriber'' (London, 1874), pp. 295-302]</ref> Turner also owned two letters Anne of Denmark sent to James VI from [[Flekkerøy]].<ref>Dawson Turner, ''Descriptive Index of Five Manuscript Volumes Illustrative of the History of Great Britain, in the Library of Dawson Turner'' (Great Yarmouth, 1851), p. 127: Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 1-2, 93-4, from British Library Add. MS 19401.</ref> The subsidy records complement the Scottish royal treasurers' accounts, [[Exchequer Rolls of Scotland|exchequer rolls]], vouchers, and precepts of the period held by the National Records of Scotland.

Some of the subsidy money in 1589 and 1590 and revenue collected by [[William Keith of Delny]] was accounted by [[Jean Fleming, Countess of Cassilis|Jean Fleming]], wife of the [[Chancellor of Scotland]], [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|John Maitland]] of [[Thirlestane Castle|Thirlestane]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 9-10, 62-71.</ref> Some money passed to [[William Schaw]], Master of Work, to repair royal palaces.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 13-4.</ref> Maitland was reimbursed for expenses made on the king's voyage to Norway and Denmark to meet his bride [[Anne of Denmark]] from the subsidy. The accounts detail the expense of fitting out and decorating a ship belonging to [[Robert Jameson (shipowner)|Robert Jameson]] of [[Ayr]]. Maitland also accounted expenditure of part of the dowry of Anne of Denmark and a gift from her mother [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] in Denmark in Danish dalers.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, (2020), pp. 2, 29.</ref>

By May 1591, the money came to be managed by [[Thomas Foulis]] a well connected Edinburgh goldsmith and his business partner the Edinburgh textile merchant [[Robert Jousie]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 5.</ref> Foulis and Jousie were regarded as the "chief furnishers" of the king and queen by July 1596.<ref>M. S. Giuseppi, ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 12 (Edinburgh, 1952), p. 278 no. 225.</ref> An account made by Foulis for the years 1594 to 1596 survives. The money was received for James VI from the English subsidy, from the duty on the [[Gold mining in Scotland|gold mines of Crawford Mure and Robert Mure]], money coined at the royal mint by Thomas Acheson, and further subsidy money received from the [[Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)|Secretary]], [[Richard Cockburn of Clerkington]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 74-5.</ref> Elizabeth had let it be known that the money given to Cockburn should be taken to Scotland, and not spent in London, as had happened in previous years.<ref>''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 5 (London, 1894), p. 8.</ref>

Robert Jousie was delayed in England in 1597 waiting for the subsidy. James VI wrote to Elizabeth I about his "endless detaining", saying that Jousie's "errand, it is turned from an honourable annuity to a volutntary uncertainty almost after long begging".<ref>''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 7 (London, 1899), p. 522.</ref> Foulis was bankrupted in February 1599 and the money from England was then recorded in the usual treasurer's account kept by [[Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre]] and his successor, [[Alexander Elphinstone, 4th Lord Elphinstone]].<ref>Julian Goodare (2000), p. 119.</ref><ref>Julian Goodare, 'The Octavians', Miles Kerr-Peterson & Steven J. Reid, ''James VI and Noble Power in Scotland, 1578-1603'' (Routledge, 2017), pp. 184-6.</ref> The Scottish diplomat and intriguer [[Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas|Archibald Douglas]] suggested that Foulis was dishonest in his accounting. According to Douglas, Foulis had selected a ring from a goldsmith in London as the king's gift to [[Anthony Bacon (1558–1601)|Anthony Bacon]], a secretary of the [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex]]. Bacon later tried to pawn the ring with the same London goldsmith, who said it was worth only half the amount that Foulis had allowed for it in the account of the royal subsidy.<ref>[[John Duncan Mackie]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603'', 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 918 no. 746.</ref>

===Cursed as English knights===
The subsidy was not always regarded as beneficial by the people of Scotland. In April 1591 James VI sent Sir John Carmichael and [[Walter Stewart, 1st Lord Blantyre|William Stewart of Blantyre]] to Glasgow to arrest [[Brian O'Rourke]], a rebel to Queen Elizabeth in Ireland, and take him to England.<ref>John Mackenzie, [https://archive.org/details/chronicleofkings00mait/page/142/mode/2up ''A chronicle of the kings of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 142]</ref> This caused a riot in Glasgow, because the arrest was thought likely to damage the Irish trade, and Carmichael and Blantyre were cursed as "Queen Elizabeth's knights" and the king for taking "English [[Angel (coin)|angels]]", a clear reference to the subsidy James VI received from Queen Elizabeth. Carmichael and Blantyre were disappointed by the subsequent execution of O'Rourke.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1589-1593'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 495-6, 505.</ref> James VI would later argue that he deserved increased amounts of subsidy for his compliance in the rendition of O'Rourke.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 739.</ref>

===Costume fit for a King and a Queen===
James VI asked [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|Chancellor Maitland]] to resolve issues over pay in the royal households in April 1591 after [[Hans Poppilman|kitchen staff]] deserted their posts, and discussed the subject of paying two departing members of the queen's household (Christopher Cariot and George Epping) with either money or livery clothes.<ref>[[Jemma Field]], ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 132: Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), p. 143, citing NLS Adv. MS.34.2.17.</ref> He reminded Maitland of promises he had made to Anne's mother, [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]], writing, "Suppose we be not wealthy, let us be proud poor bodies".<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 509 no. 577.</ref><ref>Maurice Lee, ''Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in His Three Kingdoms'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 134.</ref><ref>George Akrigg, ''Letters of King James VI & I'' (University of California, 1984), pp. 112-5.</ref>

Much of the subsidy was allocated to pay for clothes worn by the monarchs. In July 1594 the textile merchant Robert Jousie was paid £18,280 Scots from the subsidy money for the clothes he had supplied to the king and Anne of Denmark.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 78.</ref> Jousie declared on 1 February 1596 he had spent £71,513-14d [[Pounds Scots|Scots]] on the queen's clothes in six years.<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 137.</ref> He kept meticulous accounts of fabrics supplied to the royal tailors which are held by the National Archives of Scotland. Such expenditure demonstrated the power and stability of the Stuart monarchy.<ref>[[Jemma Field]], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14629712.2019.1626120 'Dressing a Queen: The Wardrobe of Anna of Denmark at the Scottish Court of King James VI, 1590–1603', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), pp. 154-5]</ref>

Thomas Foulis' account of subsidy money mentions eight ruffs  bought in London for Anne of Denmark that cost £24 sterling, to wear in August 1594 at the baptism of [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596' (2020), p. 79.</ref> Velvet for the livery costume of an [[Anne of Denmark and her African servants|African servant]] who attended Anne of Denmark when she went riding is mentioned in Robert Jousie's account.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), pp. 143-4.</ref>

===Baptist Hicks===
The English textile merchant and financier [[Baptist Hicks, 1st Viscount Campden|Baptist Hicks]] wrote to James VI on 1 March 1600 hoping for repayment of sums due to him by Robert Jousie. He had written twice before to the king, and was disappointed to hear from the Scottish ambassador that he would not be paid from the annuity awarded by Queen Elizabeth. Hicks supplied some of the fabrics worn by the Scottish court, especially those used at the 1594 baptism of [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]], and was not paid as late as 1606.<ref>M. S. Giuseppi, ''Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House'', 18 (London, 1940), 408-9: [[William Fraser (historian)|William Fraser]], ''Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1863), 51.</ref> Hicks employed factors at Florence and Leghorn to buy the best quality fabrics,<ref>Jane Ashelford, ''Dress in the Age of Elizabeth I'' (Batsford, 1988), p. 78.</ref> and one of his former employees [[Humphrey Dethick]] came to the baptism of [[Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne|Duke Robert]] at [[Dunfermline Palace|Dunfermline]] with tragic consequences.<ref>[[Sarah Williams (historian)|Sarah Williams]], ''Letters of John Chamberlain in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth'' (London, 1861), 139.</ref>

===English beer and pewter===
Other items sent from England "for the use of the King of Scots" and exempted from customs may have been bought with subsidy money. In November 1596 James VI was sent 20 tons of beer, 4 hampers of pewter, 2 hampers of glasses, 2 chests of sugar, 2 barrels with boxes of comfits and confections and banqueting stuff, a pack of rugs and upholsterers' wares, and two trunks of kersey wool fabrics, in a ship of [[Dysart, Fife|Dysart]] belonging to Andrew Jack.<ref>''HMC Salisbury Hatfield'', vol. 6 (London, 1895), p. 496.</ref> There was a trunk of costume for pages and lackeys in December 1597.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 139 no. 108.</ref> In April 1598 six trunks, four packs, and two hampers of clothes for James VI were sent north with the goods of the departing ambassador [[Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss|Edward Bruce]].<ref>John Roche Dasent, ''Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1597-1598'', vol. 28 (London, 1904), p. 414.</ref> From March 1595, English beer, brewed in London by Robert Sky was sent annually for the king and queen's households.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 550 no. 487: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1597-1603'', 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 424, TNA SP 52/64 f.40.</ref>

==Scottish diplomats and agents and the subsidy, 1586-1602==
The following are payments and agents compiled from lists from [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]];<ref>[[Annie Cameron]], ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 103-4, 115-6, 276, 471: James Duncan Mackie, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603'', 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 202-3 nos. 153-4: Joseph Bain, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924091786057/page/n601/mode/2up ''Calendar of Border Papers'' (Edinburgh, 1894), p. 550 no. 988]</ref> in May 1586 [[Roger Aston]] and William Home received £4000 [[Pound sterling|Sterling]];<ref>Henry Ellis, ''Original Letters'', series 2 vol. 3 (London, 1827), p. 124, delivered by Thomas Randolph.</ref> in July 1588 [[Sir John Carmichael]] received £2000, and in September 1588, £2000; in May 1589 [[James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross|James Colville of Easter Wemyss]] received £3000; in May 1589 [[John Colville (c. 1540–1605)|Master John Colville]] received £3000, in June and July 1590 Carmichael received two payments of £500 and £3000; in May 1591 James Hudson, [[Thomas Foulis]], and Robert Jousie received £3000, and in July 1592, £2000; in July 1593 [[Robert Melville, 1st Lord Melville|Sir Robert Melville]] received £4000; [[Richard Cockburn of Clerkington]] received £3,000 in November 1594; [[Sir David Foulis, 1st Baronet|David Foulis]] received £4,000 in July 1594 and £3,000 in August 1595 and 1596;<ref>Murdin (1759), 807.</ref> [[Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss|Master Edward Bruce]] and Jousie collected £3000 in May 1598; Foulis collected £3000 in December 1598; [[James Sempill]], Jousie, Archibald Johnstone (a Scots merchant in London), and [[George Heriot]] collected £3000 in February 1600; Foulis, Johnstone, and Master James Hamilton collected £2000 in October 1601; Foulis and Aston collected £3,000 in January 1602; Aston collected £2,500 in June and December 1602.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), p. 115.</ref>

==Significant rewards and purchases==
===An English poet and the Highland genealogy===
An English poet named "Mr Breton" who visited the Scottish court in 1588 or 1589 and received a gift of £160 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]] may have been [[Nicholas Breton]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 24.</ref> Around the same time James VI paid a "Highlandman" for making a chart of the genealogy of all the Kings of Scotland.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 12, 22, 61.</ref><ref>George Duncan Gibb, ''Life and Times of Robert Gib, Lord of Carriber'' (London, 1874), p. 298.</ref> Such charts were displayed in the gallery of [[Linlithgow Palace]] and the English keeper Roger Aston added his own genealogy for comic effect.<ref>Joseph Bain, [https://archive.org/details/borderpaperscale02grea/page/652/mode/2up ''Calendar of Border Papers'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1894), pp. 563]</ref>

===George Beeston and his English mariners===
In 1589 the English admiral [[George Beeston]] took a fleet to Scotland. Their purpose was likely a show of support for the Danish marriage. An unfortunate incident embarrassed James VI. On 1 June Beeston arrived in the [[River Forth|Forth]] on the ''[[English ship Vanguard (1586)|Vanguard]]'' followed by Edward Croft in the ''[[HMS Tiger|Tiger]]'' with the ''Achates''. On 5 June some of the English crewmen came ashore into Edinburgh to shop and sightsee. Three got in fight in a tavern, one was stabbed, and as they returned to Leith and their ship they were attacked again by a group of Spanish sailors, survivors from the [[Spanish Armada|Armada shipwrecks]]. An English trumpet officer, was killed. Beeston and the English ambassador [[William Ashby (died 1593)|William Ashby]] had an audience with James VI on 7 June at the [[Palace of Holyroodhouse]] seeking an enquiry and justice. Ashby and [[Thomas Fowler (courtier)|Thomas Fowler]] wrote that the king treated the sailors honourably; James VI gave Beeston a locket set with diamonds and 100 [[Écu|gold crowns]] and gold chains and rings provided by the goldsmith [[Thomas Foulis]] to his captains.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 11-2, 22-3: National Records of Scotland, Treasurer's accounts, June 1589.</ref> James also requested that Edinburgh town council give Beeston his three captains, and the English ambassadors an "honest banquet" in [[Nicol Uddert|Nicol Edward's]] new house. The banquet was organised by [[William Fairlie]].<ref>[[James David Marwick|James Marwick]], ''Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh: 1573-1589'' (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 544.</ref>

James VI had given some of the subsidy money to the [[George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal|Earl Marischal]] for his voyage to Denmark to arrange his marriage to Anne of Denmark. The [[Patrick Gray, 6th Lord Gray|Master of Gray]] thought this would not please Queen Elizabeth.<ref>''Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray'' (Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 159-60.</ref> James VI spent 75% of the subsidy payment of 1589 on the wedding and matrimonial diplomacy.<ref>Lucinda H. S. Dean, '"richesse in fassone and in fairness": Marriage, Manhood and Sartorial Splendour for Sixteenth-century Scottish Kings', ''Scottish Historical Review'', 100:3 (December 2021), p. 384: Kerr-Peterson & Pearce (2020), p. 7.</ref> A payment was made to an Edinburgh tailor, [[Alexander Oustean]], who had supported the marriage.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 69.</ref>

===The Maitland service===
[[File:Steen Brahe (1547–1620).JPG|thumb|right|James VI took a silver service to Norway and gave some of it to [[Steen Ottesen Brahe (1547–1620)|Steen Brahe]]]] 
On 26 September 1589 the Maitlands made an inventory of a gilt silver service, known collectively a "cupboard" after the furniture with shelves where such silver was displayed at mealtimes. Part of the service came from Thomas Foulis.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 67: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 160-2: [[Annie Cameron|Annie I. Cameron]], ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 130.</ref> Other silver pieces were probably from £2,000 sterling worth of silver and silk fabrics given to James VI by Elizabeth. Master John Colville had arrived in Scotland on 22 September with the silver, which was supplied by [[Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)|Alderman Martin]].<ref>William K. Boyd & Henry Meikle, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'' vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 159-2: Annie I. Cameron, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 130.</ref> The silver service was taken to [[Denmark-Norway]] and gifts from it were given to dignitaries.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 8-9.</ref> James gave silver plate from the service to [[Steen Ottesen Brahe (1547–1620)|Steen Brahe]] and [[Axel Gyldenstierne]] in [[Oslo]], The remainder became the king's gift to Maitland.<ref>David Stevenson, ''Scotland's Last Wedding'' (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 39, 95: [[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland: 1585-1592'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1881), pp. 444-5.</ref> A gift of silver was mentioned again in March 1594. James VI wrote to Robert Bowes asking that John Colville should be reimbursed for his services from the subsidy to the tune of £1266 sterling, and noted that despite rumours against he had delivered the silver plate.<ref>James Orchard Halliwell, ''Letters of the Kings of England'', vol. 2 (London, 1846), pp. 87-8, BL Cotton Caligula D II, see ''Foedera''.</ref>

===Masque costume and rewards===
Robert Jousie's costume accounts include masque outfits for Anne of Denmark and James VI.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', ''Medieval English Theatre 43, 2021'' (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), pp. 108-123 {{doi|10.2307/j.ctv24tr7mx.9}}</ref> These include costumes for a dance at the wedding of [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar]] and for James VI and his valet at wedding celebrations for the "[[John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine|laird of Tullibardine's]] daughter". The occasion was the wedding of [[Lilias Grant|Lilias Murray]] and [[John Grant of Freuchie (d. 1622)|John Grant]] of [[Castle Grant|Freuchie]].<ref>Michael Pearce, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019) p. 149]: [[Maria Hayward]], ''Stuart Style'' (Yale, 2020), p. 59.</ref> The record mentions "ane stand of maskerye claythis to hym that wes his majesties vallett att thatt tyme".<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark', ''Medieval English Theatre 43, 2021'' (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2022), p. 117.</ref> The valet was almost certainly [[John Wemyss of Logie]], and the incident sheds further light on his troubled career.<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 135.</ref>

In 1591 Anne of Denmark received £1,000 Scots from the subsidy, as did [[Alexander Lindsay, 1st Lord Spynie|Lord Sypynie]], "Rachaell, an Englishwoman" was given £400, and [[John Wemyss of Logie]] had £300.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 5 fn. 16: [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_33531_fs001r British Library Add. MS 33531 f.289v]</ref> One "English lady" who visited Scotland gave him a copy of the [[Geneva Bible]], an edition which the King did not approve of.<ref>Sujata Iyengar, ''Shades of Difference: Mythologies of Skin Color in Early Modern England'' (Philadelphia, 2005), p. 57, citing [[Alfred W. Pollard]], ''Records of the English Bible'' (London, 1911), p. 46.</ref>

===Prince Henry and the Chapel Royal===
[[File:Linlithgow Palace (2476333408).jpg|thumb|right|In 1594 James VI requested a shipment of English lead to repair the roof of [[Linlithgow Palace]]]]
In May 1594 James VI ordered English alabaster for the Chapel Royal at [[Stirling Castle]] and lead to repair the roof of Linlithgow Palace, the responsibility of [[Roger Aston]]. The alabaster may have been for carving or to make gypsum plaster to decorate the chapel for the [[Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry|baptism of Prince Henry]].<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 79, 87: Henry Paton, ''Accounts of the Masters of Work'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1957), p. 314.</ref> James VI frequently visited [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]] at Stirling and on 16 August 1595 ordered some silver work for his chamber from Thomas Foulis. He encouraged the infant to hold a pen and make a mark on the precept, and certified it, writing "I will testify this is the prince's own mark".<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 90, voucher NRS 30/15/9.</ref>

Subsidy money was used to fund the Prince's household at Stirling. In September 1595 the Earl of Mar's servant Gilbert Mastertoun received £5,000 Scots.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', p. 83.</ref>

===Operations against the Catholic earls in the north===
[[Richard Cockburn of Clerkington]], [[Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)|Secretary of State]] was sent as ambassador to London in October 1594 and received £2000.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 471.</ref> The cost of Cockburn's embassy was met with £1,000 Scots from the Danish dowry paid to James VI which had been invested with the town council of [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]].<ref>Henry Paton, ''Register of the Privy Council of Scotland'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 156.</ref> He passed £680 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]] from the subsidy money to the goldsmith and royal financier [[Thomas Foulis]] for the king's use.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 74-86.</ref> The rest of the payment was sent to the [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox|Duke of Lennox]], who was appointed Lieutenant of the North,<ref>David M. Bergeron, ''The Duke of Lennox, 1574-1624: A Jacobean Courtier's Life'' (Edinburgh, 2022), p. 23.</ref> for the wages of his soldiers in the north of Scotland for one month.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1593-1595'', vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 499.</ref> Lennox wrote a memorandum of his activities in Aberdeenshire after the [[battle of Glenlivet]], holding trials for prisoners and placing castles and strongholds in the hands of loyal gentlemen.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, [https://digital.nls.uk/scottish-history-society-publications/browse/archive/126705195?mode=fullsize ''Warrender Papers'', 2 (Edinburgh, SHS, 1932), pp. 269–270]</ref>

===New Year gifts===
As New Year's Day gifts in 1596, Thomas Foulis supplied jewels including a gold [[Salamanders in folklore|salamander]] studded with diamonds given to the Master of Work, William Schaw. Anna of Denmark had a diamond set gold locket or tablet with a diamond and ruby necklace. [[Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie|Sir Thomas Erskine]] had a locket set with rubies and diamonds, the [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox|Duke of Lennox]] had a hat badge in the shape of a diamond set gold crown, and a courtier known as the "Little Dutchman" (possibly [[William Belo]]) received a diamond ring.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 85.</ref>

===Sapphire portrait===
In 1598 Robert Jousie's account of costume includes a payment to a Dutch craftsman in London who engraved a sapphire with Queen Elizabeth's portrait for Anne of Denmark for £17 Sterling or £280 Scots. Master David Foulis carried the sapphire "home" to Scotland.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019) p. 141.</ref> This Cornelius "Draggie" turned up in Edinburgh in 1601, attempting to set up a weaver's workshop to exploit generous subsidies for expert craftsmen, but the other weavers protested he was a lapidary, not a weaver.<ref>[[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Council'', vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), pp. 306-7.</ref> In London, Cornelius seems to have been associated with the [[Abraham Harderet|Harderet family]] workshop.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/london-record-soc/vol29/pp224-236 '1582 London Subsidy Roll: Farringdon Ward Within', in ''Two Tudor Subsidy Rolls for the City of London, 1541 and 1582'', ed. R G Lang (London, 1993), pp. 224-236. British History Online].</ref> In Edinburgh, he may have worked for the goldsmith [[George Heriot]]. Heriot was a witness at the baptism of his son Daniel in Edinburgh on 25 January 1601.<ref>'Extracts from Register of Baptisms, Edinburgh', ''Scottish Antiquary'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1891), p. 174.</ref>

The sapphire is the last item mentioned in Thomas Foulis' accounts of royal apparel. On 20 February 1600 James Sempill of Beltrees delivered £400 Sterling from the annuity directly to the goldsmith [[George Heriot]], probably for jewellery made for Anna of Denmark.<ref>''HMC 9th Report: Lord Elphinstone'' (London, 1884), p. 196 no. 66.</ref>

==Danish dowry account: the Tocher Gude==
[[File:Sophiemecklenburgdenmark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] gave her son-in-law [[James VI of Scotland|King James]] 10,000 [[Danish rigsdaler|dalers]]]]
Maitland made an account of the dowry paid to James VI in Denmark.<ref>Julian Goodare, 'The Debts of James VI of Scotland', ''Economic History Review'', 62:4 (November 2009), p. 937.</ref> The account is also part of the British Library manuscript bought from Dawson Turner. Some of dowry was spent in Denmark as gifts and rewards, but Maitland held some back for investment in Scotland.<ref>Maurice Lee, ''John Maitland of Thirlestane'' (Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 208.</ref>

The dowry was sometimes called the "tocher", "toquher", or "tocher gude". Money raised by taxation totalling £100,000 Scots to fund costs associated with the marriage was also called the "tocher", possibly leading to confusion.<ref>George Powell McNeill, [https://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir22scot/page/n43/mode/2up?q=tocher ''Exchequer Rolls of Scotland'', vol. 22 (Edinburgh, 1903), pp. xxxvi-xli, 102]</ref>

The dowry money was delivered in Denmark in February 1590. The king's previous expenses abroad had been partly met with a loan of £5000 from Maitland.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 34, 40.</ref> Maitland received 75,000 [[Danish rigsdaler|dalers]] of dowry money from [[Christoffer Valkendorff]] and a further 10,000 dalers from the Queen Mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 35.</ref> He paid out 6,030 dalers for a debt of [[George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal]] secured with Frederick Lyell (1536-1601), a merchant of Scottish origin in [[Helsingør]] and factor of [[George Bruce of Carnock]]. This was for a jewel given to Anne of Denmark at her betrothal in September 1589. This payment and the next fourteen entries were copied into the "Hopetoun manuscript".<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 36: British Library Add. MS. 33531 see external links.</ref> The account records an entertainment for the [[Newlywed|newly-weds]] at Oslo provided by acrobats called "vautis"; "And of sex scoir daleris to the tua vautis that was in Upslo".<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), p. 51, British Library Add. MS 22,958 f.12v.</ref>

Maitland recorded gifts given to the printer working for [[Tycho Brahe]] on [[Hven]], his servants, and the workmen building his paper mill and corn mill, and the boatmen who took the royal party to Tycho's island.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 44, 45.</ref> On 13 March 1590 James VI came to [[Frederiksborg Castle]]. He gave money to the poor, to the keeper of the park who lent the couple horses, to a woman who kept pheasants and "spruce" or German fowls, and 100 [[Danish rigsdaler|dalers]] to the Captain of Frederiksborg for his officers and servants. They stayed longer at [[Kronborg]] and the captain and servants there were given 2,000 dalers.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, (2020), pp. 38, 44.</ref>

Some selected items in the Danish dowry account were printed by George Duncan Gibb in 1874.<ref>George Duncan Gibb, [https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofrobv100gibb/page/294/mode/2up ''Life and Times of Robert Gib, Lord of Carriber'' (London, 1874), pp. 295-302]</ref> The whole account was edited by Miles Kerr-Peterson and published by the [[Scottish History Society]] (SHS) in 2020.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', ''Miscellany of the Scottish History Society Miscellany, XVI'' (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 1-94.</ref>

===Investing the dowry===
The unspent remainder of the dowry was carried to James' ship and taken back to Scotland.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 52.</ref> IThis money and the remainder of the marriage tax was invested in various burgh towns by the [[Comptroller of Scotland|Comptroller]], [[David Seton of Parbroath]].<ref>[[Maureen Meikle]], 'Anna of Denmark and Scottish Court Finances', p. 106: A. Montgomerie, 'King James VI's Tocher Gude and a Local Authorities Loan of 1590', ''Scottish Historical Review'', 37:123:1 (April 1958), pp. 11-16.</ref><ref>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls of Scotland'', vol. 22 (Edinburgh, 1903), p. xli.</ref> The terms were 10%, providing income for the royal households.<ref>Maurice Lee, ''John Maitland of Thirlestane'' (Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 224: [[David Moysie]], ''Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1830), p. 84: [[Marguerite Wood]], ''Edinburgh Extracts, 1589 to 1603'' (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 21: David Stevenson, ''Scotland's Last Royal Wedding'' (John Donald, 1997), p. 132 fn.36: Thomas Riis, ''Auld Acquaintaince'', 2, pp. 270–1.</ref> Probably in December 1591, James VI wrote to [[Alexander Hay (died 1594)|Alexander Hay]], Clerk of Register, urging him to forward royal business with the [[bailie]]s of Edinburgh on the "matter of the tocher", the Scots word for the dowry.<ref>Grant G. Simpson, 'The Personal Letters of James VI: a short Commentary', [[Julian Goodare]] & [[Michael Lynch (historian)|Michael Lynch]], ''The Reign of James VI'' (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 141, 144, 148-150, citing [[National Library of Scotland]] Adv. MS 34.2.17 f.148r.</ref> According to the author of the ''Historie and Life of King James the Sext'' the money had been lodged with the towns to give the queen an annual income, and James was urged to spend it by corrupt advisors to offset his expenditure on "unnecessary" armed troops.<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], ''The Historie and Life of King James the Sext'' (Edinburgh, 1825), p. 315.</ref>

The towns lent the money out at higher interest. The burgh council of Dundee made efforts to recheck the status and securities offered by the borrowers.<ref>Alexander Maxwell, ''The History of Old Dundee, Narrated Out of the Town Council Register'' (Edinburgh & Dundee, 1884), pp. 272-4.</ref> In 1593, £4000 from the "annualrent" or investment of the dowry was delivered to Anne of Denmark, and £4170 was paid to [[Sir John Arnot|John Arnot of Birswick]], a creditor of James VI. James Dalziel, an Edinburgh merchant, was given £130.<ref>George Powell McNeill, [https://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir22scot/page/314/mode/2up ''Exchequer Rolls of Scotland'', vol. 22 (Edinburgh, 1903), pp. 314, 580]</ref>

===Paying for the baptism of Prince Henry===
A part of the dowry was spent on the [[Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry|celebrations at the baptism]] of [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]] at [[Stirling Castle]] in 1594. Costumes for the women of Queen Anne's household were bought using £4000 held at [[St Andrews]] and [[Anstruther]] collected by [[John Elphinstone (courtier)|John Elphinstone of Selmes and Baberton]], while £3000 from [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] paid for upholstery and repairs to tapestry.<ref>[[David Masson]], ''Register of the Privy Council'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1882), pp. 116, 131–2, 151–2, 153–4, for some details of expenditure see [[National Records of Scotland]] E35/13.</ref> The money from Perth was delivered at Stirling Castle.<ref>''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol. 4 (1816), p. 149.</ref> Robert Jousie received £1000 (of £8000) from Aberdeen.<ref>[[John Stuart (genealogist)|John Stuart]], ''Extracts Council Register of Aberdeen: 1570–1625'', vol. 2 (Aberdeen, 1848), pp. 94–99: ''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol. 4 (1816), p. 149.</ref> Anne of Denmark was not pleased by this decision.<ref>David M. Bergeron, ''The Duke of Lennox, 1574-1624: A Jacobean Courtier's Life'' (Edinburgh, 2022), pp. 43-4.</ref>

In addition to these sums, Anne of Denmark received £18,796 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]] from Thomas Foulis from the subsidy money up to 13 September 1594, which were available to meet the costs of the household and expenses of the baptism.<ref>Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, "James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596", ''Miscellany of the Scottish History Society XVI'' (Edinburgh: SHS, 2020), p. 85.</ref>

At the banquet in the Great Hall, during the masque, James VI was styled a "New Jason", on account of his voyage to Norway. The story of [[Jason (mythology)|Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]] is told in [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' and the ''[[Argonautica]]'' of [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]. By analogy, Anne of Denmark was [[Medea]] and, as Clare McManus notes, she was also the [[Golden Fleece]] and the embodiment of her dowry.<ref>Clare McManus, ''Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court, 1590-1619'' (Manchester, 2002), pp. 87-8.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading and external links==
*Primary sources
** [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=add_ms_33531_f289r Images from the 'Hopetoun manuscript', British Library Add. MS 33531 ff.289r-290v summarising payments made from the annuity]
** [https://reedprepub.org/royal-court-of-scotland/ REED project extracts from Scottish exchequer records and the Foulis & Jousie accounts relating to costume and drama, Sarah Carpenter]
** George Duncan Gibb, [https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofrobv100gibb/page/294/mode/2up ''Life and Times of Robert Gib, Lord of Carriber'' (London, 1874), pp. 295-302]
** Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', ''Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI'' (Boydell, Woodbridge, 2020), pp.&nbsp;1–94. {{ISBN|978-0-906245-45-3}}
*Secondary sources
** Julian Goodare, 'The Debts of James VI of Scotland', ''Economic History Review'', 62:4 (2009).
** Julian Goodare, (2004, September 23). 'Foulis, Thomas (c. 1560–1628), goldsmith, financier, and mining entrepreneur', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Retrieved 29 Sep. 2018, {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/73674}}, subscription or library login required.
** Julian Goodare, 'James VI's English Subsidy', in Julian Goodare & Michael Lynch, ''The Reign of James VI'' (Tuckwell, East Linton, 2000), pp.&nbsp;110–125.
** Julian Goodare, 'Thomas Foulis and the Scottish Fiscal Crisis of the 1590s', W. Ormrod, M. Bonney, R. Bonney, ''Crises, Revolutions and Self-Sustained Growth: Essays in European Fiscal History'' (Stamford, 1999), pp.&nbsp;170–197
** Julian Goodare, ''State and Society in Early Modern Scotland'' (Oxford, 1999), pp.&nbsp;120–32.
** [http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2012/12/23/25983262.html An example of a sapphire cameo portrait of Queen Elizabeth (Locket, Christie’s 14-15 October 1992)]

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