View source for Free Dutch Forces

{{short description|WWII military of the Dutch government-in-exile}}
[[File:KNIL troops.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL)]] troops marching through [[Melbourne]], Australia on 14 June 1943.]]
{{Campaignbox Free Dutch}}
{{Campaignbox Netherlands East Indies}}
{{Campaignbox New Guinea}}
The '''Free Dutch Forces''' refers to the [[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Dutch military]] formations of the [[Dutch government-in-exile]] and [[Dutch Colonial Empire|its colonies]] that were formed to fight alongside the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and its [[Axis powers|allies]] during [[World War II]] following the [[Battle of the Netherlands|Dutch surrender]] in May 1940.

After the [[Battle of France]], Dutch infantry that had escaped to Britain organized themselves into a "Dutch Legion," which after more structural changes became the [[Princess Irene Brigade]] and fought alongside the Allies until the [[End of World War II in Europe|end of the war]]. In the [[Dutch West Indies|West Indies]], the local defense force protected some of the largest oil refineries in the world, while the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) played a major part in the [[Pacific War]] from 1941 to 1942. The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]], the strongest branch of the [[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Dutch Armed Forces]], served all over the world.

== In Europe ==

===German invasion===

{{Main|Princess Irene Brigade}}

[[File:IWM-B-10050-Loyd-Carrier-19440918.jpg|thumb|A [[Loyd Carrier]] of the Princess Irene Brigade, in September 1944.]]
The Dutch were unprepared for the full force of [[Battle of the Netherlands|German invasion]] and by 14 May 1940 all of the Netherlands save for the south western province of [[Zeeland]] had been overrun. The Dutch government fled to London, taking with them the national [[bullion]] and diamond stocks. The [[Dutch government-in-exile]] established itself under [[Queen of the Netherlands|Queen]] [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands]] and remained in London until the end of the war.<ref>[http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-66-7-wp-40-158-38.pdf The National Archives – War Cabinet Weekly Résumé (No. 37) of the Naval, Military and Air Situation]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbkiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Free+Dutch+Forces%22 |title=Foreign visitors to Congress: Speeches and History |last=Kerr |first=Mary Lee |year=1989 |publisher=United States Capitol Historical Society |isbn=978-0-527-91823-1 |location=Washington, DC |pages=209|language=en}}</ref>

===In exile===
Free Dutch Forces in Europe primarily consisted of the Princess Irene Brigade, British commando units and those undertaking escort duty.<ref name="GoDutch"/><ref name="ArmyQuarterly1998"/> Most of the Dutch soldiers that escaped did so from Belgian and French ports at [[Brest, France|Brest]] and [[Cherbourg]].  By June 1940, 1,460 officers and soldiers had arrived in Great Britain. This Detachment Royal Netherlands' Troops in Great Britain (sometimes The Dutch Legion) was initially assigned to guard duties, being shuffled between several British Army bases<ref name="ToW"/><ref name="GoDutch">{{cite web |title=Veterans 'Prinses Irene Brigade' Help Celebrate Unit's 60th Anniversary » The Windmill news articles » goDutch |url=http://www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=316 |website=www.godutch.com}}</ref> until the Dutch government decided to establish a Dutch unit.  On 27 May 1940, the call for troops was issued. A number of Dutch personnel volunteered for American and Canadian armies with some being posted to the Dutch East Indies.<ref name="ToW"/>  Others like the [[Royal Marechaussee]] (military and civil police) were assigned to police and guard duties in London or as gunners in the [[merchant marine]].  Volunteers from 26 countries answered the call, although mostly older age men; about 80 men served in [[British Commando]] units.<ref name="GoDutch"/>  Many of these men served in the [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando#No. 2 (Dutch) Troop|No. 2 (Dutch) Troop]] of the No. 10 Inter-Allied Commando.{{sfn|Chappell|1996|p=46}} Other Dutch personnel served in the [[Royal Air Force]] as members of [[No. 320 (Netherlands) Squadron RAF|320 (Netherlands) Squadron]] and [[No. 321 (Dutch) Squadron RAF|321 (Dutch) Squadron]].{{sfn|Foot|2012|p=48}}

On 11 January 1941, the Dutch government formally established the "Royal Dutch Brigade". This formation was renamed the "[[Princess Irene Brigade]]" on 26 August 1941 after the [[Princess Irene of the Netherlands|2nd granddaughter]] of Queen Wilhelmina.<ref name="ToW"/><ref name="ArmyQuarterly1998">{{cite book |editor-first=T. D. |editor-last= Bridge |title=The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp4rAAAAYAAJ&q=Princess+Irene+Brigade |publisher=West of England Press |pages=405 |language=en |date=1998|isbn= 9780117020351 }}</ref> In the [[21st Army Group]] (General [[Bernard Montgomery]]), the brigade fought from [[Normandy]] to Holland, participating in a liberation parade in Amsterdam.<ref name="USHMM">{{cite web |title=Jacques Grootkerk and members of the Princess Irene Brigade of Dutch Free Forces rides in a military vehicle in the liberation parade in Amsterdam. – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1050725 |website=collections.ushmm.org}}</ref>  The conscription of emigrants and their offspring was put introduced to expand the [[Dutch Armed Forces]] with men from the United States, Canada, South Africa, South America, the United Kingdom and other countries entering service. Many of these conscripts had never been to the Netherlands nor spoke or read any Dutch.<ref name="GoDutch"/><ref name="Viewfinder">{{cite book |last1=Roozeboom |first1=Willem Bakhuys |title=Through My Viewfinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=po8M7-XJ1FkC&q=Princess+Irene+Brigade&pg=PA11 |publisher=AuthorHouse |pages=12–13|language=en |date=March 2011 |isbn=9781456713270 }}</ref>  On establishment the brigade consisted of a headquarters staff, a communications unit, two battalions, a depot supply train, a medical support post, a repair unit and military police. The depot supply train would later form a third battalion.<ref name="ToW"/>  The brigade undertook training firstly in [[Guelph]], then [[Stratford, Ontario]] alongside British units.<ref name="GoDutch"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grapes |first1=Patrick |title=Stratford getting visit from Netherlands royal family |url=https://www.mystratfordnow.com/41651/stratford-getting-visit-netherlands-royal-family/ |website=My Stratford Now|date=26 April 2017 }}</ref>

The Princess Irene Brigade<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uR4CdmiXO8C&q=%22Free+Dutch+Forces%22+Princess+irene+brigade&pg=PA189|title=The Frank Family that Survived|last=Sander|first=Gordon F.|date=2007|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801473722|language=en}}</ref> consisted of a headquarters, three companies, reconnaissance unit, artillery battery, and train.  Attempts to form a complete brigade, including a full complement of artillery and a tank unit were not successful.<ref name="ToW">{{cite web |author1=Frank van der Drift |title=Prinses Irene Brigade |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/2544/Prinses-Irene-Brigade.htm?c=gw |website=www.tracesofwar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Royal Netherlands |url=http://www.prinsesirenebrigade.nl/history_of_the_royal_dutch_briga.htm |website=www.prinsesirenebrigade.nl}}</ref>  The unit never totaled more than about 2,000 men at one time with a total of around 3,000 serving, less than the 3,000 to 4,000 personnel normally associated with a [[brigade]].<ref name="GoDutch"/>

===Normandy landings===
Following the [[landings at Normandy]] the Princess Irene Brigade, under Colonel A. C. de Ruyter van Steveninck, landed 8 August 1944.<ref name="Hunger Winter"/> The brigade first saw combat under the British [[6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|6th Airborne Division]] at the [[River Orne]]<ref name="EuropeinExile">{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Martin |last2=Gotovitch |first2=José |title=Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain, 1940–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBUPbG0kNqIC&q=Princess+Irene+Brigade&pg=PA95 |publisher=Berghahn Books |language=en |date=2001|isbn=9781571815033 }}</ref> near [[Breville]], of the [[Orne bridgehead]],<ref name="WW2 EU Encyclopedia">{{cite book |last1=Zabecki |first1=David T. |title=World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&q=Princess+Irene+Brigade&pg=PT648 |publisher=Routledge |pages=615 |language=en |date=1 May 2015|isbn=9781135812423 }}</ref> called the "Hell-Fire Corner" by the Canadians, taking a single casualty.<ref name="Hunger Winter"/>

Following on the heels of the retreating Germans, the brigade advanced losing 15 men in the process by mid-September.<ref name="Hunger Winter"/> On 11 September 1944, in eastern Belgium around [[Campine]], the brigade came into contact with German [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], [[Fallschirmjäger (World War II)|paratroopers]], and fellow enemy countrymen of the [[34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland|Dutch SS Landstorm]].<ref name="EuropeinExile"/>

===Operation Market Garden===
{{Main|Operation Market Garden}}
On 20 September 1944 at midnight they cross the Dutch border near Valkenswaard, located south of Eindhoven<ref name="Hunger Winter">{{cite book |last1=Zee |first1=Henri A. Van Der |title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_eNGEV_QL64C&pg=PA64 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |language=en |date=1998|isbn=0803296185 }}</ref> as a part of [[Operation Market Garden]]. The brigade took positions along the river [[Meuse]] ({{langx|nl|Maas}}) near the then unnamed [[John S. Thompsonbrug]] bridge.<ref name="WW2 EU Encyclopedia"/>  The unit also participated in the liberation of [[Tilburg]] in 1944.<ref name="GoDutch"/>

===End of the war===
On 25 April 1945, the brigade attempted to cross near [[Hedel]] in an attempt to force the surrender of the German garrison cut off in northern Holland. Following the German surrender the Brigade marched victoriously into The Hague.<ref name="WW2 EU Encyclopedia"/>

A monument to 12 members of the Princess Irene Brigade killed between 23 and 26 April 1945 was erected in Hedel, Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monument Princess Irene Brigade Hedel - Hedel - TracesOfWar.com |url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/12872/Monument-Princess-Irene-Brigade.htm |website=www.tracesofwar.com |language=en}}</ref> The brigade's traditions would be carried on by the [[Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene]] regiment.<ref name="GoDutch"/>

== In the West Indies ==
The Dutch presence in the Caribbean and South America was minimal. The [[Netherlands Antilles|Netherlands West Indies]] included the possessions of [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], [[Curaçao]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]], and [[Sint Eustatius]] and [[Sint Maarten]]. Just to the south lay [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]]. At the Netherlands' entrance into the war in 1940, the West Indies was only defended by local police and militia.<ref name= holland>{{cite web| url = http://www.waroverholland.nl/index.php?page=dutch-army-strategy-organisation-and-armament-in-wwii| title = Dutch army strategy and armament in WWII| website = War over Holland| publisher = Stichting Kennispunt Mei 1940 | access-date = 15 August 2016}}</ref> The only Dutch naval vessel stationed there was the [[sloop]] [[HNLMS Van Kinsbergen (1939)|''Van Kinsbergen'']].<ref name= sloop>{{cite web| url = http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/Vkinsbergen.htm| title = Artillery Instruction Ship Van Kinsbergen| last = Visser | first = Jan| date = 14 December 2004| website = Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II| access-date = 15 August 2016}}</ref> Surinam was protected by a single 200-strong company of Army infantry, supplemented by a militia rifle company and an old station ship.<ref name= holland/>

Aruba and Curaçao were home to important oil refineries, therefore the two islands were placed under British protection on 10 May 1940.<ref name="arubacura">{{cite web|url=https://www.verzetsmuseum.org/museum/nl/tweede-wereldoorlog/koninkrijkdernederlanden/suriname_antillen_aruba|title=Wereldoorlog in de West - Suriname, de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba 1940-1945|website=Verzetsmuseum|language=nl|access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> Surinam was one of the most important [[bauxite]] suppliers. Aluminium was vital to the American air plane industry. In September 1941, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] offered American troops to help protect the colony. In November 1941, the first 1,000 American troops arrived in [[Paramaribo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trisonline.nl/de-tris/tweede-wereldoorlog/|title=Tweede wereldoorlog|website=Troepenmacht in Suriname Online|access-date=7 September 2020|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Carrie |title=Empire's Crossroads: A History of the Caribbean from Columbus to the Present Day |publisher=Grove Press |date=2014 |pages=258–263 |isbn=978-0-8021-2431-9}}</ref> In 1942, protection of Aruba and Curaçao was transferred to the United States.<ref name="arubacura"/>

In 1942 funding was made available in Surinam for [[coastal artillery]] and conscription. Conscripted soldiers in Surinam and the West Indies formed national guard units, called ''Schutterij''. Hundreds of conscripts served as [[anti-aircraft]] gunners on merchant and navy vessels during the war, of whom dozens were killed. Volunteers joined the Civic Guard (''Burgerwacht'') in the West Indies and the City and Country Guard (''Stad en Landwacht'') in Surinam.<ref name= own>{{cite web| url = https://www.verzetsmuseum.org/museum/en/tweede-wereldoorlog/kingdomofthenetherlands/surinamatillesaruba/surinamatillesaruba,own_army| title = Our Own Army| website = verzetsmuseum.org| publisher = Dutch Resistance Museum| access-date = 15 August 2016}}</ref> By then a Dutch motor whaleboat patrolled Aruba<ref>{{harvnb|Morrison|2001|p=145}}</ref> while Curaçao was defended by several light craft. The latter were detached for use as convoy escorts in July 1942.<ref>{{harvnb|Morrison|2001|p=258}}</ref>

== In the East Indies ==
=== Rise of the Japanese ===
[[File:Japanese Dutch East Indies, Furthest Extent.png|thumb|The Dutch East Indies (dark red) within the Empire of Japan (light red) at its furthest extent.]]
Soon after Japan joined the Axis powers it began to expand its territory south. The Free Dutch Forces in the [[Dutch East Indies]] started preparing for the Japanese attack with the Allies. On 8 December 1941 at 7:00&nbsp;a.m. the Dutch Government declared war on Japan.<ref name="IAR"/>  The [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM)]] was formed; however, with the loss at [[Battle of the Java Sea]], the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Japanese attack]] on the Dutch East Indies<ref name="IAR">{{citation|periodical=Inter-Allied Review|date=1941-12-15|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html |title= The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan|publisher=Inter-Allied Review via Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc. hosted at ibiblio |access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> and subsequent collapse of resistance, the ABDACOM dissolved only weeks later.{{sfn|Keogh|1965|pp=93–94}} Defending against invasion were 93,000 Dutch troops and 5,000 American, Australian and British soldiers.{{sfn|Hoyt |2001|p=87}} After four months fighting the Japanese occupied most of the Dutch East Indies with only the southwestern part of the island of [[New Guinea]], including the Dutch garrison at [[Merauke]], not under their control.{{sfn|Dexter |1961|p=810}}{{sfn| Ford |1996|pp=182 & 204}} A small garrison of Dutch troops, consisting of an infantry company, remained at Merauke and was later reinforced by Australian and US personnel from [[Merauke Force]].{{sfn|McKenzie-Smith|1995|pp=66–72}}{{sfn|Dod|1966|p=158}} Meanwhile, in the wake of the loss of the Dutch East Indies, large numbers of Free Dutch personnel escaped to Australia where they were reorganised; four joint Dutch-Australian squadrons – [[No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|Nos. 18]], [[No. 19 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|19]], [[No. 119 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|119]] and [[No. 120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|120]] Squadrons – were formed within the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] during this time.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309050235/http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/australia/nei.asp |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/australia/nei.asp |title=Allies in Adversity: Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: No. 18 (NEI) Squadron, RAAF |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Barnes|2000|pp=84}}{{sfn|Hurst|2001|pp=95, 110 & 118}}{{sfn|RAAF|1995|p=105}} Several Dutch naval vessels, including the light cruiser {{HNLMS|Tromp|1937|6}},{{sfn|Hurst|2001|pp=29–32 & 57}} and several submarines, also escaped to Australia and operated throughout the war.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315012628/http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/australia/submarines.asp |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/australia/submarines.asp |title=Allies in Adversity: Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War: Dutch submarines in Australian waters |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=15 March 2020 |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>

=== Return of the Dutch ===
[[File:Tarakan patrol (P02819-002).jpg|thumb|Australian and KNIL soldiers patrolling during the 1945 Battle of Tarakan]]
In early 1942, the Japanese launched a [[New Guinea campaign|campaign in New Guinea]], advancing south towards [[Port Moresby]] in the [[Territory of Papua]]. Throughout 1942 and 1943, the Allies fought several campaigns to stop the Japanese advance in the Pacific, with significant actions being fought in Papua, New Guinea and the Solomons by largely US and Australian forces.{{sfn|Costello|2009|pp=335, 379, 420}} In April 1944, the Allies launched a [[Western New Guinea campaign|campaign]] to recapture the western part of New Guinea as part of their [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|advance towards the Philippines]].{{sfn|Smith|1996|pp=1–11}} After the victory in the [[Battle of Noemfoor]], which included a 40-man Netherlands East Indies Civil Administration (NICA) detachment,{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=421}} the Allies recaptured more of western New Guinea. Later, in September, the Allies, including a NICA detachment, recaptured the [[Battle of Morotai|Morotai]] region.{{sfn|Smith|1996|p=489}}

On 5 October 1944, based on [[FRUMEL]] intelligence, the Free Dutch Forces submarine ''[[HNLMS Zwaardvisch (P322)|Zwaardvisch]]'' was  ordered to intercept the German U-boat [[U-168]]. At [[periscope depth]] on the morning of 6 October, the ''Zwaardvisch'' under the command of Lieutenant Commander H Goosens spotted the ''U-168'' off the northern coast of [[Java]].  Well positioned, Goosens ordered a six torpedo spread sinking the German U-boat with the loss of 23 men. The ''Zwaardvisch'' returned safely to [[Fremantle]] 20 days later after having sunk four more enemy ships.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Royal Australian Navy |title=German U-Boat Operations in Australian Waters |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/history/feature-histories/german-u-boat-operations-australian-waters |website=www.navy.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> On 1 May 1945, the Allies launched their last [[Borneo campaign (1945)|campaign]] against Japanese in Borneo, commencing with the [[Battle of Tarakan (1945)|Battle of Tarakan]].{{sfn|Keogh|1965|p=432}} The majority of combat troops were Australian, although the Free Dutch Forces provided a company of [[Ambon Island|Ambonese]] infantry commanded by Dutch officers and a [[Civil Affairs|civil affairs]] unit.{{sfn|Stanley|1997|p=42}}

The Dutch Army also participated in the [[Battle of Balikpapan (1945)|Balikpapan]] in July 1945, where a small number of Dutch [[KNIL]] troops were assigned to the operation alongside Australian and US personnel;{{sfn|Pauker|1962|p=188}} the Dutch contribution amounted to a company from the [[1st Infantry Battalion (KNIL)|1st NEI Battalion]].{{sfn|Long|1963|p=507}} Major operations in Borneo ended in late July, although minor clashes in Borneo continued until the Japanese surrendered in August 1945.{{sfn|Dennis|1995|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Keogh|1965|p=463}}

==See also==
* [[Battle of the Netherlands]]
* [[Dutch government-in-exile]]
* [[Dutch East Indies campaign]]
* [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Norman |title=The RAAF and the Flying Squadrons |year=2000 |location=St Leonards, New South Wales |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-86508-130-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chappell |first=Mike |title=Army Commandos 1940–1945 |year=1996 |series=Elite, No. 64 |publisher=Osprey/Reed Consumer Books |location=London |isbn=1-85532-579-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Costello |first=John |title=The Pacific War |orig-year=1981 |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-68-801620-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dennis |first=Peter |year=1995 |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=0-19-553227-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Dexter |first=David |title=The New Guinea Offensives |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070205/|series=[[Australia in the War of 1939–1945]]. Series 1 – Army |volume=VI |year=1961 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |oclc=2028994 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dod |first=Karl C. |title=The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan |year=1966 |publisher=Center of Military History |series=United States Army in World War II |location=Washington, DC |isbn =978-016001-879-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Foot |first=M. R. D. |title=Holland at War Against Hitler: Anglo-Dutch Relations 1940–1945 |orig-year=1990 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tPFBQAAQBAJ&q=Dutch+personnel+in+Nos.+320+and+321+Squadrons+RAF&pg=PA48 |isbn=978-1-136-29166-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ford |first= Jack |title=Allies in a Bind: Australia and the Netherlands East Indies in the Second World War |year=1996 |edition=2nd |publisher=Australian Netherlands Ex-Servicemen and Women's Association |location=Loganholme, Queensland |isbn=0-646-29557-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Hoyt |first=Edwin Palmer |title=Warlord: Tojo Against the World |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpvmcH3Ao9gC&q=93,000+Dutch+troops+and+5,000+American+and+British+soldiers&pg=PA87
|isbn=978-0-8154-1171-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hurst |first=Doug |title=The Fourth Ally: The Dutch Forces in Australia in WWII |year=2001 |publisher=D. Hurst |location=Chapman, Australian Capital Territory |isbn=978-0-9579252-0-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keogh |first=Eustace |authorlink=Eustace Graham Keogh|title=The South West Pacific 1941–45 |year=1965 |publisher=Grayflower Productions |location=Melbourne, Victoria |oclc=7185705 }}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Gavin |title=The Final Campaigns|series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1&nbsp;– Army |volume=VII |year=1963 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206/|oclc=1297619 }}
* {{cite book |title=Australia's Forgotten Army: Defending the Northern Gateways, Northern Territory and Torres Strait 1938 to 1945 |volume=II |last=McKenzie-Smith |first=Graham R. |authorlink=Graham McKenzie-Smith |year=1995 |publisher=Grimwade Publications |location=Canberra |isbn=0-646-24404-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Samuel Elliot |title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |edition=illus., repr. |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwvs7TDDXyoC |isbn=978-0-252-06963-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pauker |first=Guy J. |editor=Johnson, John Asher |year=1962 |chapter=The Role of the Military in Indonesia |title=The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, New Jersey |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkfWCgAAQBAJ&q=KNIL+troops+Balikpapan+1945&pg=PA188 |isbn=978-1-40087-886-4 |pages=185–230 }}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: Bomber Units |volume=III |year=1995 |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |location=Canberra |isbn=0-644-42795-7 |ref={{harvid|RAAF|1995}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Robert Ross |title=The Approach to the Philippines |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Approach/index.html |year=1996 |publisher=Center of Military History, U.S. Army |location=Washington D.C. |lccn=53060474 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stanley |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Stanley |title=Tarakan: An Australian Tragedy |year=1997 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Sydney |isbn=1-86448-278-8 }}

== External links ==
* [http://www.niehorster.org/016_netherlands/__nl.htm Order of Battle, Netherlands Armed Forces], Leo Niehorster

{{World War II}}
{{WWII Dutch ships}}

<!--- Categories --->
[[Category:Armies in exile during World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Netherlands in World War II]]
[[Category:Netherlands in World War II]]