View source for French cruiser Jurien de la Gravière

{{Use shortened footnotes|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Protected cruiser of the French Navy}}
{{Other ships|Jurien de la Gravière (disambiguation){{!}}Jurien de la Gravière}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=French cruiser Jurien de la Graviere NH 63907.jpg
|Ship caption=''Jurien de la Gravière'' underway early in her career
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Operators = {{navy|France}}
| Class before = {{sclass|D'Estrées|cruiser|4}}
| Class after = None
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=France
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|France|naval}}
|Ship name=''Jurien de la Gravière''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=Lorient
|Ship laid down=17 November 1897
|Ship launched=26 June 1899
|Ship completed=16 June 1903
|Ship commissioned=15 May 1901
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship struck=27 July 1921
|Ship fate=[[ship breaking|Broken up]], 1922
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=[[Protected cruiser]]
|Ship displacement={{cvt|6167.55|t|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{cvt|138.9|m|ftin}} [[length overall|loa]]
|Ship beam={{cvt|15.05|m|ftin}}
|Ship draft={{cvt|6.38|m|ftin}}
|Ship power=
*24 × [[water-tube boiler]]s
*{{cvt|17400|ihp|lk=on}}
|Ship propulsion=
*3 × [[triple-expansion steam engine]]s
*3 × [[screw propeller]]s
|Ship speed= {{convert|22.88|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range= {{cvt|4787.8|nmi|lk=in}} at {{cvt|10.5|kn}}
|Ship complement=463
|Ship armament=
*8 × [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|{{cvt|164|mm}} guns]]
*10 × [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|{{cvt|47|mm}} Hotchkiss guns]]
*6 × [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|{{cvt|37|mm}} guns]]
*2 × {{cvt|450|mm|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=
*[[deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{cvt|10|-|45|mm}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{cvt|100|mm}}
*[[Gun shield]]s: {{cvt|70|mm}}
}}
|}
'''''Jurien de la Gravière''''' was a [[protected cruiser]] built for the [[French Navy]] in the late 1890s and early 1900s, the last vessel of that type built in France. Intended to serve overseas in the [[French colonial empire]], the ship was ordered during a period of internal conflict between proponents of different types of cruisers. She was given a high top speed to enable her to operate as a [[commerce raider]], but the required [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] shape made her maneuver poorly. The ship also suffered from problems with her propulsion machinery that kept her from reaching her intended top speed. She carried a [[main battery]] of eight {{cvt|164|mm}} guns and was protected by a curved armor [[deck (ship)|deck]] that was {{cvt|35|-|65|mm}} thick.

Completed in 1903, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' initially served in the Atlantic Naval Division. Over the following several years, she made a number of visits to the United States, including to commemorate the centennial of the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in 1903. During another visit in 1906, she collided with and sank a [[schooner]]. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' had been transferred to the Reserve Division of the Mediterranean Squadron by 1911, though she was reactivated in 1913 to serve with the main French fleet. She remained on active service into the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914, and after ensuring the safe passage of French Army units from North Africa to France, the fleet entered the [[Adriatic Sea]] to engage the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]. This resulted in the [[Battle of Antivari]], where ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was detached to pursue the fleeing [[torpedo boat]] {{SMS|Ulan}}, though she failed to catch her.

''Jurien de la Gravière'' saw no further action during the conflict. The French fleet withdrew to [[blockade]] the southern end of the Adriatic and the Austro-Hungarians refused to send their fleet to engage them. After Italy's entry into the war in 1915, the French turned over control of the blockade and withdrew the bulk of the fleet. In October 1916, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was detached to bombard the southern [[Anatolia]]n coast of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Later that year the fleet was moved to Greek waters to try to coerce the neutral Greek government to join the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], which they eventually did. Coal shortages kept the French from conducting any significant operations in 1918. After the war, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' served with the Syrian Division until early 1920, when she was recalled to France. She was subsequently sold to [[ship breaker]]s.

==Design==
In the mid-1880s, elements in the French naval command argued over future warship construction; the {{lang|fr|[[Jeune École]]}} advocated building long-range and fast [[protected cruiser]]s for use as [[commerce raider]]s on foreign stations while a traditionalist faction preferred larger [[armored cruiser]]s and small fleet scouts, both of which were to operate as part of the main fleet in home waters. By the end of the decade and into the early 1890s, the traditionalists were ascendant, leading to the construction of several armored cruisers of the {{sclass|Amiral Charner|cruiser|4}}, though the supporters of the {{lang|fr|Jeune École}} secured approval for one large cruiser built according to their ideas, which became {{ship|French cruiser|D'Entrecasteaux||2}}. Two more large protected cruisers, {{ship|French cruiser|Châteaurenault|1898|2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Guichen|1897|2}}, were authorized in 1894.{{sfn|Ropp|p=284}}

Political conflicts over cruiser construction continued over the next three years, and the French [[Chamber of Deputies]] rejected a request to build a [[sister ship]] to ''D'Entrecasteaux'' in 1895. The then-[[List of naval ministers of France|Naval Minister]], Édouard Lockroy, decided that ''D'Entrecasteaux'' was too large, and the {{sclass|Catinat|cruiser|1}}s then under construction were too weakly armed. In early 1896, during work to set out the 1897 naval budget, Lockroy requested a pair of fast, first-class cruisers suitable for overseas service. The prominent naval engineer, [[Louis-Émile Bertin]], agreed with Lockroy's analysis, and in April 1896, proposed a design for a {{convert|5500|t|LT|lk=on|sp=us}} protected cruiser that would meet Lockroy's requirements. At the end of the month, Lockroy was replaced by Admiral [[Armand Besnard]]. He submitted a revised budget in June that included the two cruisers Lockroy had sought to build. Besnard thereafter forwarded Bertin's design to the {{lang|fr|[[Conseil des travaux|Conseil des Travaux]]}} (Council of Works), which examined it in a meeting on 20 October.{{sfn|Roberts|p=236}} 

The {{lang|fr|Conseil des Travaux}}, which had become dominated by those who favored a cruiser fleet composed of armored cruisers, rejected Besnard's proposed cruiser. They cited the vessel's limited displacement, which would have made it difficult to build a strong enough [[hull (watercraft)|hull]], and its insufficient cruising radius for a vessel intended to operate overseas. They also felt the vessel was too small and weak to serve as the [[flagship]] of an overseas cruiser squadron. Besnard nevertheless ordered the first cruiser, which became ''Jurien de la Gravière'', over their objections on 20 November 1896. The second vessel was redesigned as the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Dupleix|1900|2}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=236}}{{sfn|Ropp|pp=286–287}} She proved to be the last protected cruiser to be built for the French Navy, as the naval command decided to build larger armored cruisers for all cruiser tasks, including colonial patrol duties.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}}{{sfn|Fisher|pp=238–239}}

===General characteristics and machinery===
[[File:French cruiser Jurien de la Graviere drawing.jpg|thumb|left|Plan and profile drawing of ''Jurien de la Gravière'']]

''Jurien de la Gravière'' was {{cvt|137|m|ftin}} [[long at the waterline]] and {{cvt|138.9|m|ftin}} [[length overall|long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|15.04|m|ftin}} and an average [[draft (hull)|draft]] of {{cvt|6.38|m|ftin}}. She [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{cvt|6167.55|t}}.{{sfn|Roberts|pp=236–237}} Steering was controlled by a single [[rudder]]. She handled poorly and her turning radius was {{cvt|2200|yd|m|order=flip}}; this was a result of the ship's large length to beam ratio. Her length allowed the designers to incorporate very fine lines for greater hydrodynamic efficiency, but rendered her significantly less maneuverable compared to foreign contemporaries like the British cruiser {{HMS|Hyacinth|1898|6}}.{{sfn|Ships|p=326}} Her crew numbered 478&nbsp;officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}}

Her [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] had a long [[forecastle deck]] that extended almost her entire length, stepping down to a [[quarterdeck]] toward her [[stern]]. The hull was sheathed in wood and a layer of [[copper sheathing|copper plating]] to protect it from [[biofouling]] on lengthy cruises overseas, where shipyard facilities would be limited. Her [[superstructure]] was fairly minimal, consisting of a [[conning tower]] and [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]] structure forward and a smaller, secondary conning position aft. The ship was fitted with a pair of light pole [[mast (sailing)|masts]] for observation and signalling purposes.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}} She was equipped with six {{cvt|60|cm}} [[searchlight]]s. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was very lightly built and rolled badly in heavy seas.{{sfn|Roberts|p=236}}

The ship's propulsion system consisted of three vertical [[triple-expansion steam engine]]s driving three [[screw propeller]]s. Each engine was placed in an individual [[engine room]]. Steam was provided by twenty-four coal-burning, Guyot-[[Du Temple boiler|du Temple-type]] [[water-tube boiler]]s. These were ducted into four funnels that were placed in widely spaced pairs, one set directly aft of the fore mast and the other pair further aft.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}} This arrangement reflected the layout of the propulsion system; the engine rooms were placed amidships, and the boilers were divided into [[fire room|boiler rooms]] that were placed on either end.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}}

Her machinery was rated to produce {{convert|17400|ihp|lk=on}},{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}} but during her initial speed tests, it reached {{cvt|18401|ihp}} for a top speed of {{convert|22.88|kn|lk=in}}. Coal storage amounted to {{cvt|1109|t}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} Her cruising range was intended to be {{convert|9300|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}},{{sfn|Brassey & Leyland 1904|p=10}} but ''Jurien de la Gravière''{{'}}s boilers proved to be particularly voracious, and in service, she was only capable of steaming for {{convert|4787.8|nmi}} at a speed of about {{convert|10.5|kn}}.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} Her propulsion system suffered from several other problems, including cramped engine rooms and excessive vibration at high speed.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}} The problem was particularly severe when the engines operated at around 95&nbsp;[[revolutions per minute|rpm]], which corresponded to her cruising speed. Vibrations at this speed were so serious that they threatened to damage the ship's light [[scantling]]s and boiler piping, vindicating the {{lang|fr|Conseil}}, which had objected to the lightness of the vessel.{{sfn|Roberts|p=236}}

===Armament and armor===
[[File:Positions dans le secteur de Narès (juin 1916) - Narès (anciennement) ; Nea Filadelfeia (actuellement) (environs) - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - APOR050432.jpg|thumb|A [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|{{cvt|164.7|mm}} Modèle 1893 gun]] converted for use ashore during [[World War I]]]]

''Jurien de la Gravière'' was armed with a [[main battery]] of eight [[Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893|{{cvt|164|mm}} M1893]] 45-[[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] (cal.) [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing]] (QF) gun in single [[pivot mount]]s. Two of the guns were in [[gun shield|shielded]] pivot mounts on the upper deck, both on the [[centerline (nautical)|centerline]], one forward and one aft. The other six were in [[sponson]]s in the upper deck, three guns per [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]]. The guns fired a variety of shells, including solid [[cast iron]] projectiles, and explosive [[armor-piercing shell|armor-piercing]] and semi-armor-piercing shells. The [[muzzle velocity]] ranged from {{cvt|770|to|880|m/s}}.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}}{{sfn|Friedman|p=221}}

For defense against [[torpedo boat]]s, she carried a [[secondary armament|secondary battery]] of ten [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss|{{cvt|47|mm}} 40-cal. M1885 Hotchkiss guns]] and six [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom|{{cvt|37|mm}} 20-cal. M1885 guns]]. All of these guns were carried in individual pivot mounts in various positions along the ship's upper deck and superstructure. In addition, she carried a pair of {{cvt|65|mm}} 16-cal. M1881 [[field gun]]s that could be sent ashore with a landing party. She carried a pair of {{cvt|450|mm|1}} [[torpedo tube]]s; according to ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships'', and the historian Stephen Roberts, these were submerged in the hull.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}}{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} But the contemporary ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'' states that the tubes were mounted in the hull above the [[waterline]].{{sfn|Ships|p=326}} The [[torpedo]]es were the M1892 variant, which carried a {{cvt|75|kg}} [[warhead]] and had a range of {{cvt|800|m}} at a speed of {{convert|27.5|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=345}}

The ship had a curved armor deck that consisted of [[mild steel]] that curved down at the sides to provide a measure of vertical protection. It was {{cvt|25|mm}} thick on the flat portion amidships, directly above the ship's engine rooms and the torpedo tubes; the downward sloping sides increased to {{cvt|45|mm}} and then tapered back down to 25&nbsp;mm. Further forward and aft of the middle section, where the deck covered the boiler rooms and ammunition [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]], the deck was reduced to {{cvt|15|mm}} on the flat and {{cvt|35|to|15|mm}} on the slopes. The bow received {{cvt|10|mm}} of plating, and all sections of the deck were layered on {{cvt|20|mm}} of hull plating.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} Above the armor deck was a [[cofferdam]] that was {{cvt|380|mm|0}} wide and was composed of numerous [[watertight compartment]]s. An anti-splinter deck that was {{cvt|25|mm}} thick formed the roof of the cofferdam, and the entire structure was intended to contain flooding in the event of damage. The forward conning tower was protected by {{cvt|100|mm}} on the sides. The ship's main guns were each fitted with gun shields that were {{cvt|70|mm}} thick, and their ammunition hoists were protected by armored tubes of 25&nbsp;mm thick steel.{{sfn|Campbell|pp=312–313}}

==Service history==
[[File:French cruiser Jurien de la Graviere NH 55994.jpg|thumb|left|''Jurien de la Gravière'' in [[Toulon]] during [[World War I]]]]

Work began on ''Jurien de la Gravière'' with her [[keel laying]] on 17 November 1897 at the [[Arsenal de Lorient]] in [[Lorient]]. She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 26 July 1899, and after completing [[fitting-out]], was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] to begin her [[sea trials]] on 15 May 1901. Work on her propulsion system continued until 5 March 1902.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} The trials were interrupted in July 1902 by an accident with her propulsion system,{{sfn|Brassey & Leyland 1903|p=26}} and she was not placed in full commission until 16 June 1903.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} She was initially assigned the North Atlantic station, but she had to return to port due to problems with her engines. She departed Lorient on 23 July, initially bound for the [[West Indies]], but after a day at sea, she was forced to return to port. Her boiler rooms had become dangerously hot, ranging in temperature from {{convert|100|to|150|°F|°C}}, her boiler tubes leaked continuously, and she was unable to keep to her intended speed. In that condition, her cruising radius was less than half of what had been intended, around {{convert|4000|nmi}}.{{sfn|Brassey & Leyland 1904|p=10}}{{sfn|Garbett 1908|p=85}} Work on the ship was completed later that year.{{sfn|Campbell|p=313}} At this time, the ship was painted the standard color scheme of the French fleet; green below the waterline, a black upper hull, and [[Buff (colour)|buff]] superstructure.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=248}}

Upon entering service in 1903, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was assigned to the Atlantic Naval Division, along with the armored cruiser ''Dupleix''. When she joined the unit, she replaced the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|D'Estrées||2}}.{{sfn|Garbett 1903|pp=944–945}} In December, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was sent to the United States to represent France during the centennial celebration of the [[Louisiana Purchase|Louisiana transfer]] from France to the United States. She was present for the three-day festivities that began on 18 December. The Spanish cruiser {{ship|Spanish cruiser|Rio de la Plata||2}} and the US cruiser {{USS|Minneapolis|C-13|6}}, the [[training ship]] {{USS|Yankee|1892|6}}, and the [[gunboat]] {{USS|Topeka|PG-35|6}} joined her for the celebration.{{sfn|Fortier & Augustin|p=4}} She remained in the unit in 1904 with ''Dupleix'', being joined that year by the protected cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Troude||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Lavoisier||2}}.{{sfn|Garbett 1904|p=309}} She remained in the unit the following year.{{sfn|Brassey 1905|p=42}} While visiting the [[United States]] on 10 July 1906, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' collided with the American 130-[[gross register ton]] [[schooner]] ''Eaglet'' in the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] between [[New York City]] and [[New Jersey]]. ''Eaglet'' was lost, but all four people aboard her survived.{{sfn|Annual List|p=375}}

''Jurien de la Gravière'' remained in service with the Atlantic Naval Division until early 1907; she was placed in [[reserve fleet|reserve]] at Lorient on 9 March.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} In 1908, the French Navy adopted a new paint scheme that retained the green bottom hull, but replaced the above-water colors with a uniform blue-gray.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=248}} ''Jurien de la Gravière'' remained out of service until 8 March 1911, and in April, she was moved to [[Toulon]],{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} where she joined the Reserve Division of the [[Mediterranean Squadron (France)|Mediterranean Fleet]]. The unit initially also included the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Victor Hugo||2}} and {{ship|French cruiser|Jules Michelet||2}} and the protected cruiser ''Châteaurenault'', and later that year, it was strengthened with the addition of the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Jules Ferry||2}}.{{sfn|Brassey 1911|p=56}} She remained in the unit the following year, and was activated to take part in the annual fleet maneuvers that began on 17 July 1912 and lasted for a week.{{sfn|Earle|pp=1117–1118}} During the year, she also visited [[French Morocco]] and the [[Levant]].{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}}

In May 1913, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was mobilized to join the active component of the Mediterranean Fleet, serving in the role of {{lang|fr|répétiteur}} (signal relay ship).{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}} She sailed on 20 October in company with the [[battleship]]s of the 1st Squadron and six torpedo boats to make a [[show of force]] during a period of tension between Italy and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The French ships visited [[Alexandria]], Egypt, where they were visited by thousands of people. They then steamed north past [[Cyprus]] on 3 November, then back west to [[Messina]], Italy, two days later. On the way there, they met the German [[battlecruiser]] {{SMS|Goeben}}. The fleet then returned to the eastern Mediterranean, visiting a series of ports in [[Ottoman Syria]]. The ships then steamed to the [[Dardanelles]] straits, where the commander, Admiral [[Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère]], transferred from his flagship, the [[pre-dreadnought]] {{ship|French battleship|Voltaire||2}}, to ''Jurien de la Gravière'', to enter the straits and make an official visit to the Ottoman capital, [[Constantinople]]. The fleet then sailed to [[Salamis, Greece]], to meet King [[Constantine I of Greece]] aboard his fleet's flagship, the armored cruiser {{ship|Greek cruiser|Georgios Averof||2}} on 28 November. After a week visiting other Greek ports, the French vessels stopped in [[Porto-Vecchio]] in [[Corsica]] before rejoining the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet at [[Porquerolles]]. They arrived back in Toulon finally on 20 December.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=241}}

On 1 August 1914, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' departed from Toulon in company with the 2nd Submarine Flotilla, bound for [[Bizerte]]. By that time, Europe had already begun to spiral into [[World War I]] following the [[July Crisis]] that resulted in [[Austria-Hungary]]'s declaration of war on Serbia over the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] in late June. Boué de Lapeyrère ordered the fleet to [[mobilization|mobilize]] the following day and steam to the North African coast to cover the transport of French units in [[French North Africa]] to mainland France. Boué de Lapeyrère received word of the start of hostilities with Germany in the early hours of 4 August.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=252}}

===World War I===
[[File:French cruiser Jurien de la Graviere NH 55995.jpg|thumb|''Jurien de la Gravière'' in [[dry dock]] in Toulon during World War I]]

====1914–1915====
Faced with the prospect that the German [[Mediterranean Division]]—centered on ''Goeben''—might attack the [[troopship]]s carrying the French Army in North Africa to [[metropolitan France]], the French fleet was tasked with providing heavy escort to the convoys. But instead of attacking the convoys, ''Goeben'' bombarded [[Annaba|Bône]] and [[Skikda|Philippeville]] and then fled east to the Ottoman Empire. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was sent with the armored cruisers {{ship|French cruiser|Bruix||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Latouche-Tréville||2}}, and {{ship|French cruiser|Amiral Charner||2}} to patrol the [[Strait of Sicily]] on 7 August to free British forces to pursue ''Goeben'' and the [[light cruiser]] {{SMS|Breslau}} as they sailed eastward. After completing this mission, the Mediterranean Fleet then turned to confront the fleet of Germany's ally, the Austro-Hungarians, in the [[Adriatic Sea]] after France and the United Kingdom declared war on that country on 12 August.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=252, 254–255}}{{sfn|Corbett|p=68}}

The French fleet was therefore sent to the southern Adriatic Sea to contain the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]. At that time, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was attached to the Dreadnought Division, which at that time only included the new [[dreadnought]] battleships {{ship|French battleship|Jean Bart|1911|2}} and {{ship|French battleship|Courbet||2}}.{{sfn|Corbett|p=88}} On 15 August, the French fleet arrived off the [[Strait of Otranto]], where it met the patrolling British cruisers {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}} and {{HMS|Weymouth|1910|6}} north of [[Othonoi]]. Boué de Lapeyrère then took the fleet into the Adriatic in an attempt to force a battle with the Austro-Hungarian fleet; the following morning, the British and French cruisers spotted vessels in the distance that, on closing with them, turned out to be the protected cruiser {{SMS|Zenta}} and the torpedo boat {{SMS|Ulan}}, which were trying to blockade the coast of [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]. In the ensuing [[Battle of Antivari]], Boué de Lapeyrère initially ordered his battleships to fire warning shots, but this caused confusion among the fleet's gunners that allowed ''Ulan'' to escape. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' and several torpedo boats were detached to pursue ''Ulan'', but they were unable to catch her. The slower ''Zenta'' attempted to evade the French battleships, but she quickly received several hits that disabled her engines and set her on fire. She sank shortly thereafter and the Anglo-French fleet withdrew.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=254–257}}

''Jurien de la Gravière'' continued to operate with the main fleet after it enacted a [[blockade]] of the southern end of the Adriatic. On 18–19 September, the fleet made another incursion into the Adriatic, steaming as far north as the island of [[Vis (island)|Lissa]]. The fleet continued these operations in October and November, including a sweep off the coast of Montenegro to cover a group of merchant vessels replenishing their coal there. Throughout this period, the battleships rotated through Malta or Toulon for periodic maintenance; Corfu became the primary naval base in the area.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=194}}{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=257}}

The patrols continued through late December, when an Austro-Hungarian [[U-boat]] torpedoed ''Jean Bart'', leading to the decision by the French naval command to withdraw the main battle fleet from direct operations in the Adriatic. For the rest of the month, the fleet remained at [[Navarino Bay]]. The battle fleet thereafter occupied itself with patrols between [[Kythira]] and [[Crete]]; these sweeps continued until 7 May. Following the Italian entry into the war on the side of France, the French fleet handed control of the Adriatic operations to the Italian ''[[Regia Marina]]'' (Royal Navy) and withdrew its fleet to Malta and Bizerte, the latter becoming the main fleet base.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=257–260}}{{sfn|Halpern|p=16}}

====1916–1918====
In October 1916, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' served as Boué de Lapeyrère's flagship during a bombardment operation on the southern [[Anatolia]]n coast of the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=194}} The Greek government had remained neutral thus far in the conflict, since Constantine I's wife [[Sophia of Prussia|Sophie]] was the sister of the German [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]]. The French and British were growing increasingly frustrated by Constantine's refusal to enter the war, and sent the significant elements of the Mediterranean Fleet to try to influence events in the country. In August, a pro-Allied group launched a coup against the monarchy in the ''[[Noemvriana]]'', which the Allies sought to support. Several French ships sent men ashore in [[Athens]] on 1 December to support the coup, but they were quickly defeated by the royalist Greek Army. In response, the British and French fleet imposed a blockade of the royalist-controlled parts of the country. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was among the vessels sent to enforce the blockade. By June 1917, Constantine had been forced to abdicate.{{sfn|Smigielski|p=194}}{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=269}}

The French fleet, which had by then been relocated to a large anchorage at [[Corfu]], remained largely immobilized due to shortages of coal, preventing training until late September 1918. During this period, the fleet's large ships had members of their crews transferred to destroyers and other anti-submarine patrol vessels. Coupled with the inaction of the fleet, these reductions seriously damaged the morale of those men who remained aboard the fleet's battleships and cruisers. In late October, members of the [[Central Powers]] began signing [[armistice]]s with the British and French, signaling the end of the war.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=274–279}}{{sfn|Hamilton & Herwig|p=181}}

===Postwar===
After the war, ''Jurien de la Gravière'' served in the Syrian Division, along with two smaller vessels through early 1920. At that time, she served as the flagship of [[Rear Admiral]] [[Charles Mornet]].{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=289}} In October 1920, she was relieved by the protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Cassard||2}}, and she thereafter returned to France. In March 1921, a proposal was made to sell the ship to the [[Romanian Navy]], but the idea came to nothing. Instead, the ship was struck from the [[naval register]] on 27 July 1921 and placed for sale on 5 October. ''Jurien de la Gravière'' was eventually sold to [[ship breaker]]s in [[Villefranche-sur-Mer]] on 28 December 1922.{{sfn|Roberts|p=237}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal
  |last=Brassey
  |first=Thomas A.
  |author-link=Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
  |title=Chapter III: Comparative Strength
  |journal=The Naval Annual
  |year=1905
  |location=Portsmouth
  |publisher=J. Griffin & Co.
  |pages=40–57
  |oclc=496786828
  |ref={{SfnRef|Brassey 1905}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |last=Brassey
  |first=Thomas A.
  |title=Chapter III: Comparative Strength
  |journal=The Naval Annual
  |year=1911
  |location=Portsmouth
  |publisher=J. Griffin & Co.
  |pages=55–62
  |oclc=496786828
  |ref={{SfnRef|Brassey 1911}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |last1=Brassey
  |first1=Thomas A.
  |last2=Leyland
  |first2=John
  |title=Chapter II: The Progress of Foreign Navies
  |journal=The Naval Annual
  |year=1903
  |location=Portsmouth
  |publisher=J. Griffin & Co.
  |pages=21–56
  |oclc=496786828
  |name-list-style=amp
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pBIAQAAMAAJ
  |ref={{SfnRef|Brassey & Leyland 1903}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |last1=Brassey
  |first1=Thomas A.
  |last2=Leyland
  |first2=John
  |title=Chapter I: Progress of Navies
  |journal=The Naval Annual
  |year=1904
  |location=Portsmouth
  |publisher=J. Griffin & Co.
  |pages=1–25
  |oclc=496786828
  |name-list-style=amp
  |ref={{SfnRef|Brassey & Leyland 1904}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Campbell
  | first = N. J. M.
  | chapter = France
  | pages = 283–333
  | editor1-last = Gardiner
  | editor1-first = Robert
  | year = 1979
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-133-5
  | ref = {{SfnRef|Campbell}}
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2
  }}
* {{cite book 
  |last=Corbett
  |first=Julian Stafford
  |author-link=Julian Corbett
  |title=Naval Operations: To The Battle of the Falklands, December 1914
  | url = https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb
  |volume=I
  |year=1920
  |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.
  |location=London
  |oclc=174823980
  |ref={{SfnRef|Corbett}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Earle
  |editor-first=Ralph
  |title=Professional Notes
  |journal=[[Proceedings (magazine)|United States Naval Institute Proceedings]]
  |date=September 1912
  |volume=38
  |number=3
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |ref={{SfnRef|Earle}}
  |issn=0041-798X
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | editor-last = Fisher
  | editor-first = Edward C.
  | year = 1969
  | title = 157/67 French Protected Cruiser Isly
  | journal = Warship International
  | volume = VI
  | issue = 3
  | pages = 238
  | issn = 0043-0374
  |ref={{SfnRef|Fisher}}
  |location=Toledo
  |publisher=[[International Naval Research Organization]]
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Fortier
  |first1=Alcée
  |last2=Augustin
  |first2=James M.
  |title=Centennial Celebration of the Louisiana Transfer, December, 1903
  |volume=III
  |location=New Orleans
  |publisher=Louisiana Historical Society
  |year=1904
  |oclc=1041786628
  |ref={{SfnRef|Fortier & Augustin}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Friedman
  | first = Norman
  | author-link=Norman Friedman
  | year = 2011
  | title = Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-84832-100-7
  | ref ={{SfnRef|Friedman}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Garbett
  |editor-first=H.
  |title=Naval Notes: France
  |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
  |date=August 1903
  |volume=XLVII
  |number=306
  |location=London
  |publisher=J. J. Keliher & Co.
  |pages=941–946
  |oclc=1077860366
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkmAQAAIAAJ&dq=cruiser+Jurien&pg=PA944
  |ref={{SfnRef|Garbett 1903}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Garbett
  |editor-first=H.
  |title=Naval Notes: France
  |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
  |date=June 1904
  |volume=XLVIII
  |number=316
  |location=London
  |publisher=J. J. Keliher & Co.
  |pages=707–711
  |oclc=1077860366
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3GTXmzTTXUC
  |ref={{SfnRef|Garbett 1904}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |editor-last=Garbett
  |editor-first=H.
  |title=Naval Notes: France
  |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
  |date=January 1908
  |volume=XLVII
  |number=299
  |location=London
  |publisher=J. J. Keliher & Co.
  |pages=84–89
  |oclc=1077860366
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hAP_-Q2KJ_MC
  |ref={{SfnRef|Garbett 1908}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Halpern
  | first = Paul G.
  | title = The Battle of the Otranto Straits
  | publisher = Indiana University Press
  | location = Bloomington
  | year = 2004
  | isbn = 978-0-253-34379-6
  | ref = {{SfnRef|Halpern}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |editor1-last=Hamilton
  |editor1-first=Robert
  |editor2-last=Herwig
  |editor2-first=Holger
  |title=Decisions for War, 1914–1917
  |year=2004
  |location=Cambridge
  |publisher=Cambridge University Press
  |isbn=978-0-521-83679-1
  |ref={{SfnRef|Hamilton & Herwig}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Jordan
  |first1=John
  |last2=Caresse
  |first2=Philippe
  |title=French Battleships of World War One
  |date=2017
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |location=Annapolis
  |isbn=978-1-59114-639-1
  |name-list-style=amp
  |ref={{SfnRef|Jordan & Caresse}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Roberts
  |first=Stephen
  |title=French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914
  |year=2021
  |location=Barnsley
  |publisher=Seaforth
  |isbn=978-1-5267-4533-0
  |ref={{sfnref|Roberts}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Ropp
  | first = Theodore
  |author-link=Theodore Ropp
  | title = The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904
  | editor-last = Roberts
  | editor-first = Stephen S.
  | year = 1987
  | location = Annapolis
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-141-6
  |ref={{SfnRef|Ropp}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |title=Ships
  |journal=Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers
  |date=February 1902
  |volume=XIV
  |number=1
  |location=Washington D.C.
  |publisher=R. Beresford
  |pages=282–368
  |ref={{SfnRef|Ships}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Smigielski
  |first=Adam
  |chapter=France
  |pages=190–220
  |editor1-last=Gardiner
  |editor1-first=Robert
  |editor2-last=Gray
  |editor2-first=Randal
  |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
  |year=1985
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |isbn=978-0-87021-907-8
  |name-list-style=amp
  | url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0
  | ref = {{SfnRef|Smigielski}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3330070
  |title=Thirty-Ninth Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States for the Year Ending June 30, 1906
  |series=1936/37-1939/41: Report series, no.&#91;1&#93;, 4, 8, 11
 |location= Washington, D.C.
  |publisher=Government Printing Office
  |year=1907
  |ref={{SfnRef|Annual List}}
  }}

{{French cruiser Jurien de la Gravière}}
{{French protected cruisers}}
{{WWI French ships}}
{{1906 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jurien de la Graviere}}
[[Category:Cruisers of the French Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:1899 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1906]]