View source for Golem of Kruja

{{Short description|Albanian nobleman}}
{{Infobox royalty|
| name         = Golem of Kruja
| title        = Lord of Krujë
| image        = Gëziq eagle emblem.svg
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| more         = no
| reign        = 12??–1257
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| predecessor  = [[Grigor Kamona]]
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| succession   = [[Principality of Arbanon|Lord of Krujë]]
| spouse       = Daughter of [[Grigor Kamona]]
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'''Golem''' was an [[Albanians|Albanian]] [[Albanian nobility|nobleman]] who ruled the [[Principality of Arbanon]], in its phase of semi-independency. He was the last ruler of Arbanon before its final annexation in the [[Nicaean Empire|reemerging Byzantine Empire]]. His holdings included [[Krujë]] and probably [[Ohrid]].<ref name="Macrides259">{{harvnb|Macrides|2007|p=259}}</ref>

== Rule ==
He rose to rule Arbanon through marriage with the daughter of [[sebastos]] [[Gregorios Kamonas]] and [[Komnena Nemanjić]] and then succeeded him to rule Arbanon. The ascension of Golem is regarded as a reversion to the native rule of Albania.<ref name="Nicol1986">{{harvnb|Nicol|1986|p=161}}: "But he was overruled by Demetrios Chomatianos M. In due course the daughter of Kamonas married a local magnate called Golem (or Goulamos), and Kroia and Arbanon reverted to native rule. Golem was connected not only with the Serbian royal family but also by marriage with John Batatzes of Nicaea; and it was through this latter connexion that he was tempted into joining the winning side in Macedonia in 1252, when the armies..."</ref>  Komnena was the daughter of [[Stefan the First-Crowned]] and grand-daughter of [[Alexios III Angelos]], the last Byzantine Emperor before the [[Fourth Crusade]].<ref name="Nicol1986"/> This particular aspect of her origin would become important in later political developments as she was the niece of [[Irene Laskarina]], Empress of Nicaea and thus related to the Nicaean Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]].<ref name="Macrides273">{{harvnb|Macrides|2007|p=273}}</ref>

The exact date of Golem's rise to power is unknown. In his time, Arbanon had moved from independence under [[Dhimitër Progoni]] to semi-independence under the high suzerainty of [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]] of the [[Despotate of Epirus]] until 1230 when  [[Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria]] expanded westwards. When he died in 1240, the Despotate of Epirus under the Komneno-Doukai exerted again its influence in central Albania. This was the era of the rise of the [[Nicaean Empire]] which sought to take hold of all post-Byzantine states and reform the Byzantine Empire. In this context, the struggle between [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas]] and [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]] developed.  In 1246, the two expanded in the region of Macedonia and the new border between them in the area between Albania and western Macedonia. Golem was in control of Ohrid at the time. He, Theodore Petraliphas and others who were allies of Michael Doukas negotiated with Vatatzes and changed sides.<ref name=Osswald>{{harvnb|Osswald|2007|p=134}} "In 1252, Prince Golem of Arbanon submitted to the empire of Nicaea, but this did not last, since, in 1257/58, the Albanians rebelled again and rejoined the party of Michael II, ruler of Epirus."</ref><ref name="Nicol1957">{{harvnb|Nicol|1957|p=152}}: "They had barely crossed the frontiers of Albania when Golem, the chieftain of Kroia and Elbassan, who had been helping Michael's army in the region of Kastoria, surrendered himself and his soldiers to Vatatzes.</ref> Golem was probably in control of [[Ohrid]] and Petraliphas of [[Kastoria]].<ref name="Macrides273"/> Both men were in the region of Kastoria with their armies in order to support Michael against Vatatzes but instead of preparing to fight against him, they reached an agreement with Vatatzes who had also camped in western Macedonia. The exact details of the agreement are not known but contemporary historian George Pachymeres writes that Golem (''Goulielmos'') was "honored with Roman dignities" by the Nicaean Emperor.<ref name="Macrides257"/> Golem is last mentioned in the historical records among other 'notables' of Arbanon, in a meeting with [[George Akropolites]] in [[Durrës]] that occurred in the winter of 1256–1257. Akropolites subsequently annexed the statelet and installed a Byzantine civil, military and fiscal administration.<ref name="Ducellier-7912">{{Harvnb|Ducellier|1999|p=791|ps=: "In the winter of 1256–1257, George Akropolites, exercising authority over the newly acquired provinces, felt free to travel around the region, after bringing together at Durazzo the ‘notables’ of Arbanon, among them, no doubt, Prince Gulam (of whom subsequently no more would be heard); he thus annexed without a murmur the statelet in which he was able to install a civil, military and fiscal administration which was thoroughly Byzantine."}}</ref>

==In historiography==
Golem of Kruja is mentioned in two contemporary accounts. As ''Goulamos'' in that of [[George Akropolites]] and as ''Goulielmos'' in that of [[George Pachymeres]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grimm|1964|p=170}}</ref><ref name="Macrides257">{{harvnb|Macrides|2007|p=257}}</ref> Thus, his name could either be a variant of [[William]], which had entered Albanian as ''Gulielm'' or ''Golem'', which had entered Albanian either via Latin ''Gulielmus'' or south Slavic/Bulgarian and signified one's high status.<ref>{{harvnb|Stüber|2009|p=416}}</ref> In Albanian historiography, those scholars who have favored the second hypothesis have proposed a possible connection to the [[Arianiti family]], some members of which also used ''Golem'' in their names ([[Moisi Golemi]]).

==Notes==
*According to Donald M. Nicol, Golem was the "chieftain of Krujë and Elbasan".<ref name=Genealogist>{{harvnb|Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy|American Society of Genealogists|1980|p=40 (Note #29)}}: "29. For "Goulamos" or Golem, Prince of Kroia and Elbasan c.1254, see Karl Hopf, ''Chroniques gréco-romanes inedites ou peu connues'' (Berlin, 1873), p. 535 (table XI. 13) and Donald M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros (Oxford, 1957), pp. 152–53, 161–162, 237 (table III). Golem married the daughter of Gregorios Kamonas, Prince of Kroia c.1215 by his second wife, a daughter of Stefan II Prvovencani, King of Serbia and his first wife Eudokia Angelina."</ref><ref name="Nicol1957"/> Other modern sources also call him "Prince of Krujë and Elbasan",<ref name=Genealogist/> "Prince of Arbanon",<ref>{{harvnb|Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut|Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ost|2003|p=114}}: "Als letzter einheimischer Fürst von Arbanon wird 1253 Golem [Goulamos] genannt."</ref> or "[[Territorial lord]] of Albanon".<ref>{{harvnb|Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës: Instituti i Historisë e Gjuhs̈isë|1964|p=141}}: "Im Jahre 1253 wird als Landesherr von "Albanon' ein gewisser Golem, Goulâmos genannt, dessen Frau, Georgios..."</ref>

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy|last2=American Society of Genealogists|title=The Genealogist, Volumes 1–2|year=1980|location=New York|publisher=The Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7pnAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Ducellier|first=Alain|author-link=Alain Ducellier|title=La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen âge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn5pAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales}}
*{{New Cambridge Medieval History |volume=5 |last=Ducellier |first=Alain |author-link=Alain Ducellier |chapter=Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria |pages=779–795 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC}}
*{{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Gerhard|title=Albanische Forschungen, Issues 1–2|year=1964|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4_iAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Macrides|first=Ruth|title=George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-921067-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_0LdWboHXwC}}
*{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=Studies in Late Byzantine History and Prosopography|year=1986|location=London|publisher=Variorum Reprints|isbn=978-0-86078-190-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnKgAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald McGillivray|title=The Despotate of Epiros|year=1957|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell & Mott, Limited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TURoAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Osswald|first=Brendan|chapter=The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus|pages=125–154|editor1-last=Ellis|editor1-first=Steven G.|editor2-last=Klusáková|editor2-first=Lud'a|title=Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities|location=Pisa|publisher=Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-88-8492-466-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut|last2=Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ost|title=Österreichische Osthefte|volume=45|year=2003|location=Wien|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut|language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6AWAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Stüber|first=Karin|title=Indogermanische Frauennamen|year=2009|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter|isbn=978-3-8253-5600-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3l4rAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës: Instituti i Historisë e Gjuhs̈isë|title=Studia Albanica|volume=1|year=1964|location=Tirana|publisher=L'Institut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvoVAQAAMAAJ}}
{{refend|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=[[Gregorios Kamonas]]|title=Lord of Kruja and Elbasan|years=fl. 1252–1254|after=Post abolished}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golem Of Kruja}}
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:13th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:Princes of Albania]]
[[Category:Medieval Albanian nobility]]
[[Category:People from the Empire of Nicaea]]
[[Category:People from the Despotate of Epirus]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania]]
[[Category:Albanian monarchs]]