View source for HMS Duke of York (17)

{{Short description|King George V-class battleship of the Royal Navy}}
{{Other ships|HMS Duke of York}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = File:HMS Duke of York during an Arctic convoy.jpg
| Ship image size = 300px
| Ship caption = HMS ''Duke of York'' in March 1942, while escorting [[Convoy PQ 12]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship country = United Kingdom
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
| Ship name = HMS ''Duke of York''
| Ship ordered = 16 November 1936
| Ship awarded = 
| Ship builder = [[John Brown and Company]], [[Clydebank]]
| Ship laid down = 5 May 1937
| Ship launched = 28 February 1940
| Ship namesake = [[George VI]] (previously the [[Duke of York]])<ref>[http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-01BB-HMS_Duke_of_York.htm Naval History – HMS Duke of York] (Accessed 13 August 2014)</ref>
| Ship commissioned = 4 November 1941
| Ship decommissioned = November 1951
| Ship struck = 18 May 1957
| Ship identification = [[Pennant number]]: 17
| Ship fate = Scrapped in 1957 at Shipbreaking Industries, Ltd., [[Faslane]], Scotland
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship class = {{Sclass|King George V|battleship (1939)|0}} [[battleship]]
| Ship displacement = {{convert|42076|LT|t}} [[deep load]]
| Ship length = *{{convert|745|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall)
* {{convert|740|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}} ([[waterline]])
| Ship beam = {{convert|103|ft|2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|34|ft|4|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| Ship power = 
*8 Admiralty 3-drum small-tube boilers
*{{convert|110000|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion = 4 sets [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared [[steam turbine|turbines]]
| Ship speed = {{convert|28.3|kn|lk=in}}
| Ship range = {{convert|15600|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
| Ship complement = 1,556 (1945)
| Ship sensors = *[[Type 281 radar|Type 281]] air warning radar
* [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 273|Type 273]] surface warning radar
* [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 284|Type 284]] radar.
* 4 × [[Type 285 radar|Type 285]] gunnery radar.
* 6 × [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 282|Type 282]] radar for "pom-pom" direction.
* Radars added between 1944 and 1945: Type [[Type 281 radar|281B]] radar added,
* 2 × Types [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 277|277]], [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 282|282]] and [[Type 293 radar|293]] radars added.<ref>Chesneau, pp. 54–55</ref>
| Ship EW = 
| Ship armament = *10 × [[BL 14 inch / 45 mk VII naval gun|BL {{convert|14|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} Mark VII]] guns
* 16 × [[QF 5.25 inch Mark I naval gun|QF {{convert|5.25|in|mm|abbr=on}} Mk. I]] [[Dual purpose gun|DP]] guns
* 48 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2 pdr {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} Mk.VIII]] AA guns
* 6 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} Oerlikon]] AA guns
| Ship armour = 
*[[Belt armor|Main Belt]]: {{convert|14.7|in|mm}}
* [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|5|-|6|in|mm|0}}
* Main turrets: {{convert|12.75|in|mm}}
* [[Bulkhead (partition)|Bulkheads]]: {{convert|10|-|12|in|mm|0}}
* [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|3|-|4|in|mm|0}}.<ref>Konstam, p. 22</ref>
| Ship aircraft facilities = 1 × double-ended [[aircraft catapult|catapult]]
| Ship aircraft = 4 × [[Supermarine Walrus]] [[seaplane]]s
| Ship notes = 
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Duke of York''''' was a {{sclass|King George V|battleship (1939)|0}} [[battleship]] of the [[Royal Navy]]. [[Keel laying|Laid down]] in May 1937, the ship was constructed by [[John Brown and Company]] at [[Clydebank]], and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Royal Navy on 4 November 1941, subsequently seeing combat service during the Second World War. In mid-December 1941, ''Duke of York'' transported Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] to the United States to meet President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Between March and September 1942 ''Duke of York'' was involved with convoy escort duties, including as flagship of the Heavy Covering Force of [[Convoy PQ-17]], but in October she was dispatched to [[Gibraltar]] where she became the [[flagship]] of [[Force H]].

In October 1942, ''Duke of York'' was involved in the [[Operation Torch|Allied invasion of North Africa]], but saw little action as her role only required her to protect the accompanying [[aircraft carrier]]s. After the invasion, ''Duke of York'' was involved in Operations Camera and Governor, which were diversionary operations designed to draw the Germans' attention away from [[Operation Husky]], the invasion of [[Sicily]]. On 4 October, ''Duke of York'' operated with her [[sister ship]] {{HMS|Anson|79|2}} in covering a force of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[cruiser]]s and [[destroyer]]s and the American carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|2}}, during [[Operation Leader]], which raided German shipping off Norway. The attack sank four merchant ships and badly damaged a further seven.

On 26 December 1943 ''Duke of York'' was part of a task force which encountered the {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst}} off the [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]] of Norway. During [[Battle of North Cape|the engagement]] that followed, ''Scharnhorst'' hit ''Duke of York'' twice with little effect, but was herself hit by several of ''Duke of York''{{'}}s 14-inch shells, silencing one of her turrets and hitting a boiler room. After temporarily escaping from ''Duke of York''{{'}}s heavy fire, ''Scharnhorst'' was struck several times by torpedoes, allowing ''Duke of York'' to again open fire, contributing to the eventual sinking of ''Scharnhorst'' after a running action lasting ten-and-a-half hours. In 1945, ''Duke of York'' was assigned to the [[British Pacific Fleet]] as its flagship, but arrived too late to see any action before [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Japan surrendered]]. After the war, ''Duke of York'' remained active until she was [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|laid up]] in November 1951. She was eventually [[ship breaking|scrapped]] in 1957.

== Construction ==
In the aftermath of the First World War, the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an [[arms race]] developing between Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States. This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of [[capital ships]] at {{convert|35000|LT|t}}.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 107</ref> These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the [[London Naval Treaty]], but by the mid-1930s Japan and Italy had withdrawn from both of these treaties and the British became concerned about the lack of modern battleships in the Royal Navy. The [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] therefore ordered the construction of a new battleship class: the {{sclass|King George V|battleship (1939)|4}}. Due to the provisions of both the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Treaty, both of which were still in effect when the ''King George V''s were being designed, the main armament of the class was limited to the {{cvt|14|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns. They were the only battleships built at that time to adhere to the treaty and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements, it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937.<ref name=K20>Konstam, p. 20</ref>

''Duke of York'' was the third ship in the ''King George V'' class, and was [[Keel laying|laid down]] at [[John Brown & Company]]'s [[shipyard]] in [[Clydebank]] on 5 May 1937. The title of [[Duke of York]] was in abeyance at that time, having been that held by King [[George VI]] prior to his [[Succession to the throne of the UK|succession to the throne]] in December 1936. The battleship was launched on 28 February 1940 and completed on 4 November 1941, and joined the [[Home Fleet]] at [[Scapa Flow]].<ref name=C15>Campbell, p. 15</ref>

== Description ==
{{Main|King George V-class battleship (1939)|l1=King George V-class battleship}}
''Duke of York'' displaced {{convert|36727|LT|t|lk=on}} as built and {{convert|42076|LT|t}} fully loaded. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|740|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|103|ft|m|1}} and a [[draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|29|ft|m|1}}. Her designed [[metacentric height]] was {{convert|6|ft|1|in|m}} at normal load and {{convert|8|ft|1|in|m}} at deep load.<ref>Chesneau, p. 15</ref><ref>Garzke, p. 249</ref><ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 284</ref>

She was powered by [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared [[steam turbine]]s, driving four propeller shafts. Steam was provided by eight [[Admiralty boiler|Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boiler]]s which normally delivered {{cvt|100000|shp|lk=on}}, but could deliver {{cvt|110000|shp}} at emergency overload.{{#tag:ref|The [[King George V-class battleship (1939)#Machinery|''King George V''-class]] battleships had their steam plant specifications revised during the building phase, and as built the ships actually produced {{cvt|110000|shp}} at 230 rpm, and were designed for an overload power of {{cvt|125000|shp}}, which was exceeded in service.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 284, 304</ref><ref>Garzke, p. 191</ref>|group=N}}
This gave ''Duke of York'' a top speed of {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name="K20"/><ref>Garzke, p. 238</ref> The ship carried {{convert|3700|LT|t}} of fuel oil, which was later increased to {{convert|4030|LT|t|-2}}.<ref name=C15/> She also carried {{convert|183|LT|t}} of diesel oil, {{convert|256|LT|t}} of reserve feed water and {{convert|430|LT|t}} of freshwater.<ref>Garzke, p. 253</ref> At full speed ''Duke of York'' had a range of {{cvt|3100|nmi}} at {{convert|27|kn}}.<ref name=C6>Campbell, p. 6</ref>

=== Armament ===
''Duke of York'' mounted 10 [[BL 14 inch Mk VII naval gun|BL {{cvt|14|in|mm|adj=on|0}} Mk VII guns]], which were mounted in one Mark II twin turret forward and two Mark III quadruple turrets, one forward and one [[aft]]. The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees, while their [[training arc]]s varied. Turret "A" was able to traverse 286 degrees, while turrets "B" and "Y" could both move through 270 degrees. Hydraulic drives were used in the training and elevating process, achieving rates of two and eight degrees per second, respectively. A full gun [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] weighed {{cvt|15950|lb|kg}}, and a [[salvo]] could be fired every 40 seconds.<ref>Garzke, p. 227</ref> The secondary armament consisted of 16 [[QF 5.25 inch Mark I naval gun|QF {{cvt|5.25|in|mm|adj=on}} Mk I]] [[dual purpose gun|dual purpose]] guns which were mounted in eight twin turrets.<ref name=G229>Garzke, p. 229</ref> The maximum range of the Mk I guns was {{cvt|24070|yd|m|1}} at a 45-degree elevation, the anti-aircraft ceiling was {{cvt|49000|ft|m|1}}. The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees.<ref>Garzke, p. 228</ref> The normal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute, but in practice the guns could fire only seven to eight [[rounds per minute]].<ref name="G229"/>

Along with her main and secondary batteries, ''Duke of York'' carried 48 [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2 pdr ({{cvt|40|mm|in|adj=on|1}}) Mk.VIII]] "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns in six octuple, power-driven, mountings. These were supplemented by six [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{cvt|20|mm|in|adj=on|1}} Oerlikon]] light AA guns in single, hand-worked, mounts.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 287, 290</ref>

== Operational history ==
===Second World War ===
[[File:‘Whisky’ the cat, pet and mascot of HMS Duke of York (6105339563).jpg|thumb|right|Whisky, the [[ship's cat]], off duty]]
[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A22608.jpg|thumb|[[Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain#History|CEMA]] performers and a Royal Navy officer aboard the ''Duke of York'' at Scapa Flow]]
In mid-December 1941, ''Duke of York'' embarked Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] for a trip to the United States to confer with President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. She arrived at [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]], on 22 December 1941, made a [[shakedown cruise]] to [[Bermuda]] in January 1942, and departed for Scapa Flow on 17 January with Churchill returning home by air.<ref name=G216>Garzke, p. 216</ref><ref>Burt, p. 418</ref>

On 1 March 1942, she provided close escort for [[Convoy PQ 12]] in company with the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}, the cruiser {{HMS|Kenya|14|2}}, and six destroyers. On 6 March, that force was reinforced with one of ''Duke of York''{{'}}s sister-ships, {{HMS|King George V|41|2}}, and the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}}, the [[heavy cruiser]] {{HMS|Berwick|65|2}}, and six destroyers as a result of [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] [[John Tovey, 1st Baron Tovey|John Tovey]]'s concerns that the battleship {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz}} might attempt to intercept the convoy. On 6 March, the German battleship put to sea and was sighted by a British [[submarine]] around 19:40; no contact was made, however, except for an unsuccessful aerial torpedo attack by aircraft from ''Victorious''.<ref name=G216/>

[[File:The Royal Navy during the Second World War A12958.jpg|thumb|left|''Duke of York'' leads {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}}, {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}, {{HMS|Formidable|67|2}}, and {{HMS|Argonaut|61|2}} during the occupation of French North Africa]]
Later that month, [[Convoy PQ 13]] was constituted and ''Duke of York'' again formed part of the escort force.<ref>Rohwer, p. 153</ref> In early April, ''Duke of York'', ''King George V'', and the carrier ''Victorious'' formed the core of a support force that patrolled between Iceland and Norway to cover several convoys to the Soviet Union.<ref>Rohwer, p. 158</ref> In late April, when ''King George V'' accidentally rammed and sank the destroyer {{HMS|Punjabi||2}} in dense fog, sustaining significant bow damage, ''Duke of York'' was sent to relieve her.<ref>Rohwer, p. 162</ref> She continued in these operations through May, when she was joined by the American battleship {{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}}.<ref>Rohwer, p. 167</ref> In mid-September, ''Duke of York'' escorted [[Convoy QP 14]].<ref>Rohwer, p. 195</ref>

In October 1942, ''Duke of York'' was sent to [[Gibraltar]] as the new [[flagship]] of [[Force H]], and supported the [[Operation Torch|Allied landings in North Africa]] the following month.<ref>Konstam, p. 43</ref> During this time ''Duke of York'' came under air attack by Italian aircraft on several occasions, but the raids were relatively small scale and were swiftly dealt with by the "umbrella" provided by the aircraft from the accompanying carriers ''Victorious'', {{HMS|Formidable|67|2}} and {{HMS|Furious|47|2}}. After this action, ''Duke of York'' returned to Britain for a refit.<ref name=C14>Campbell, p. 14</ref>

With her refit completed, ''Duke of York'' resumed her status as flagship from 14 May 1943 pending the departure of ''King George V'' and ''Howe'' for [[Operation Husky]], the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]]. Operation Gearbox in June 1943 involved a sweep by ''Duke of York'' and {{HMS|Anson|79|2}}, in company with the US battleships {{USS|Alabama|BB-60|6}} and {{USS|South Dakota|BB-57|2}}, to provide distant cover for minor operations in [[Spitsbergen]] and the [[Kola Inlet]], while the following month diversionary operations, code-named "Camera" and "Governor of Norway," were carried out to draw the Germans' attention away from [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]].<ref name=C14/> On 4 October, ''Duke of York'' and ''Anson'' covered a force of Allied cruisers and destroyers and the American carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}} under [[Operation Leader]], which raided German shipping off Norway. The attack resulted in the sinking of four German merchant ships and damage to seven others, which forced many of them to be grounded.<ref>Rohwer, p. 280</ref>

==== Action against ''Scharnhorst'' ====
{{main|Battle of the North Cape}}
[[File:HMS Duke of York gunners A 021168.jpg|thumb|Members of ''Duke of York''{{'}}s gun crews at Scapa Flow after the Battle of the North Cape]]

In 1943 the German battleship ''Scharnhorst'' moved to Norway, a position whence she could threaten the Arctic convoys to Russia. With ''Tirpitz'' and two armoured ships also in Norwegian fjords, it was necessary for the Royal Navy to provide heavy escorts for convoys between Britain and Russia. One of these was sighted by the Germans in early December 1943, and Allied intelligence concluded that the following convoy, [[Convoy JW 55B]], would be attacked by the German surface ships.  Two surface forces were assigned to provide distant cover to JW 55B, which had left Loch Ewe on 22 December. On 25 December 1943, ''Scharnhorst'' was reported at sea. Force 1 cruisers {{HMS|Belfast|C35|2}}, {{HMS|Norfolk|78|2}} and {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}}, with four destroyers, made contact shortly after 09:00 on 26 December. A brief engagement occurred around 09:30, but ''Scharnhorst'' outdistanced her pursuers, and again outran them after a brief skirmish around noon.<ref>Garzke, p. 218</ref>

Meanwhile, Force 2, including ''Duke of York'', the cruiser [[HMS Jamaica (44)|''Jamaica'']] and four destroyers, was closing, and it was estimated that a night action with ''Scharnhorst'' would commence around 17:15. But ''Scharnhorst'' altered course, and contact was made at 16:32, at a distance of  {{convert|29700|yd|m}}. Force 2 manoeuvred for broadside fire. ''Belfast'', with Force 1, fired [[Star shell|starshells]] at 16:47 to illuminate ''Scharnhorst''. This failed, so ''Duke of York'' fired a starshell from one of her  {{convert|5.25|in|mm|sing=on|0}} guns, taking ''Scharnhorst'' by surprise with her main battery trained fore and aft. By 16:50 ''Duke of York'' had closed to {{convert|12000|yd|m}} and opened fire with a full ten-gun broadside, scoring one hit. Although under heavy fire, ''Scharnhorst'' straddled ''Duke of York'' a number of times and hit her twice. A {{convert|28.3|cm|adj=on|1}} shell passed through the mainmast and its [[Port and starboard|port]] leg without detonating,<ref>Raven and Roberts, &nbsp;p. 356</ref> but fragments from the hit destroyed the cable for the main search radar. A {{convert|15|cm|adj=on|1}} shell also pierced the port [[strut]] of the foremast without exploding.<ref name=G220>Garzke, &nbsp;p.220</ref> At 16:55 a {{convert|14|in|mm|sing=on|0}} shell silenced turrets Anton and Bruno, but Scharnhorst maintained speed so that by 18:24 the range had opened to {{convert|21400|yd|m}}, when ''Duke of York'' ceased fire after expending fifty-two broadsides.<ref>Garzke, &nbsp;p.219</ref> One shell from the final salvos hit and exploded in ''Scharnhorst''{{'}}s number one boiler room, slowing the ship and allowing the pursuing destroyers to overtake her.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation "Ostfront" – The Battle off the North Cape (25–26. December 1943)|url=http://www.scharnhorst-class.dk/scharnhorst/history/scharnostfront.html|access-date=5 July 2012|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514190338/http://www.scharnhorst-class.dk/scharnhorst/history/scharnostfront.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Force 2's destroyers then attacked with torpedoes, firing 28 and scoring hits with three. This slowed ''Scharnhorst'', and at 19:01 ''Duke of York'' again opened fire, at a range of {{convert|10400|yd|m}}. She ceased fire at 19:30 to allow the cruisers to close on ''Scharnhorst''. Ten 14-inch shells had hit the German battleship, causing fires and explosions, and silencing almost all of the secondary battery. By 19:16 all of the main turrets aboard ''Scharnhorst'' had ceased fire and her speed had been cut to {{convert|10|kn}}. ''Duke of York'' ceased fire at 19:30.<ref name=G220/> In the final stages of the battle the destroyers fired a total of 19 torpedoes at her, causing ''Scharnhorst'' to list badly to port, and at 19:45 she sank after a running action lasting ten-and-a-half hours from the first, taking with her over 1,700 men.<ref>Chesneau, pp. 14–15</ref>  Following her sinking, and the retreat of most of the other German heavy units from Norway, the need to maintain powerful forces in British home waters was diminished.<ref name=G216/>

==== Subsequent operations ====
[[File:Allied battleships in Sagami Bay 28 Aug 1945.jpg|thumb|Warships of the [[U.S. Third Fleet]] and the [[British Pacific Fleet]] in [[Tokyo Bay]], 28 August 1945, preparing for formal Japanese surrender. ''Duke of York'' lies just beyond {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} in the fore. [[Mount Fuji]] is in the background.]]
On 29 March 1944, ''Duke of York'' and the bulk of the Home Fleet left Scapa Flow to provide a support force for [[Convoy JW 58]].<ref>Rohwer, p. 314</ref> The ship operated in the [[Arctic]] and as cover for carriers conducting the [[Operation Goodwood (naval)|Goodwood series]] of [[Airstrike|air strikes]] on ''Tirpitz'' in mid to late August.<ref>Rohwer, p. 350</ref> In September, when she was overhauled and partially modernized at [[Liverpool]], radar equipment and additional [[anti-aircraft guns]] were added. She was then ordered to join the [[British Pacific Fleet]] and sailed in company with her [[Sister ship|sister-ship]] ''Anson'' on 25 April 1945. A problem with the ship's electrical circuitry delayed her while she was at [[Malta]] and, as a result, she did not reach Sydney until 29 July, by which time it too late for her to take any meaningful part in hostilities against the Japanese.<ref name=C15/>

Nevertheless, in early August, ''Duke of York'' was assigned to [[Task Force 37]], along with four aircraft carriers and her sister-ship ''King George V''. From 9 August, TF 37 and three American carrier task forces conducted a series of [[air raids on Japan]], which continued until 15 August when a surrender came into effect.<ref>Rohwer, p. 426</ref> After the conclusion of hostilities, ''Duke of York'', alongside her sister-ship, ''King George V'', participated in [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|the surrender ceremonies]] that took place in [[Tokyo Bay]]. The following month ''Duke of York'' sailed for Hong Kong, to join the fleet that assembled there to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison.<ref name=C15/> She was the flagship of the British Pacific Fleet when the Japanese surrendered, and remained so until June 1946, when she returned to [[Plymouth]] for an [[Overhaul and refueling|overhaul]].<ref name=G221>Garzke, p. 221</ref>

=== Post war ===
[[File:Lenana duke of york bell.png|thumb|HMS ''Duke of York'' ship's bell|187x187px]]
''Duke of York'' was flagship of the Home Fleet following the end of the war and remained in active service until April 1949.<ref name=G221/> She was laid up in November 1951, and on 18 May 1957, she was ordered scrapped. She was broken up by Shipbreaking Industries, Ltd., in [[Faslane]].<ref>Garzke, p. 222</ref> The ship's bell was salvaged and given to the Duke of York School (since renamed the [[Lenana School]]) in [[Nairobi, Kenya]].

== Refits ==
During her career, ''Duke of York'' was refitted on several occasions to bring her equipment up-to-date. The following are the dates and details of the refits undertaken.<ref>Campbell, p. 52</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates !! Location !! Description of Work
|-
| April 1942 || [[Rosyth]] || 8 × single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]] added.<ref name=K37>Konstam, p. 37</ref>
|-
| December 1942 – March 1943 || [[Rosyth]] || 14 × single 20 mm added.<ref name=C55>Campbell, p. 55</ref>
|-
| Early 1944|| || 2 ×  single 20 mm removed; 2 × twin 20 mm added.<ref name=C55/>
|-
| September 1944 – April 1945 || [[Liverpool]] || 2 × 4-barrelled [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors guns]] added, 2 × 8-barrelled 2-pdr pom-pom added, 6 × 4-barrelled 2-pdr pom-pom added, 14 × twin 20 mm added, 18× single 20 mm removed, Aircraft facilities removed.<ref name=K37/> [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 273|Type 273]] radar removed, [[Type 281 radar]] replaced by [[Type 281 radar|Type 281B radar]], [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 284|Type 284 radar]] replaced by 2 × [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 274|Type 274 radar]]; 2 × [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 277|Types 277]], [[List of World War II British naval radar#Type 282|282]] and [[Type 293 radar|293]] radars added.<ref name=C55/>
|-
| 1946 || || 4 × 4-barrelled 2-pdr pom-pom added, 25 × single 20 mm removed.<ref name=C55/>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships, 1919–1939|year=1993|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|location=London|isbn=1-85409-068-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Buxton |first1=Ian |last2=Johnston |first2=Ian |title=Battleship ''Duke of York'': An Anatomy from Building to Breaking |date=2021 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-5267-7729-4|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Mayflower Books|location=New York|year=1980|isbn=0-8317-0303-2 |chapter=Great Britain |last1=Campbell |first1=N. J. M.|pages=2–85}}
* {{cite book|title=''King George V'' Battleships|last=Chesneau|first=Roger|publisher=Chatham Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-86176-211-9|series=ShipCraft|volume=2|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Garzke|first1=William H. Jr. |last2=Dulin|first2=Robert O. Jr. |title=British, Soviet, French, and Dutch Battleships of World War II|year=1980|publisher=Jane's|location=London|isbn=978-0-71060-078-3|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|title=British Battleships 1939–45 (2) ''Nelson'' and ''King George V'' classes|last=Konstam|first=Angus |publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2009|series=New Vanguard|volume=160|isbn=978-1-84603-389-6|location=Oxford, UK|author-link=Angus Konstam}}
* {{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John|title=British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1976|isbn=0-87021-817-4|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
* {{cite book|last=Stephen|first=Martin|title=Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2|year=1988 |publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-556-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/seabattlesinclos00mart}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tarrant |first1=V. E. |title=King George V Class Battleships |date=1991 |publisher=Arms and Armour |location=London |isbn=1-85409-026-7}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|HMS Duke of York (17)}}
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/battleships/duke_of_york/hms_duke_of_york.htm Maritimequest HMS Duke of York pages]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/battleships/duke_of_york/hms_duke_of_york_alan_sutherland_collection.htm Alan Sutherland RN Collection on MaritimeQuest]
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=22538 Newsreel footage of HMS ''Duke of York''] (last quarter of the clip).
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205119483 HMS ''Duke of York'' in heavy seas while on Arctic convoy duty]

{{King George V class battleship (1939)}}
{{Good article}}

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[[Category:King George V-class battleships (1939)]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:1940 ships]]
[[Category:World War II battleships of the United Kingdom]]