View source for HMS Terror (1813)

{{Short description|British warship and polar exploration ship}}
{{other ships|List of ships named HMS Terror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMSTerrorThrownUpByIce.jpg
|Ship caption=HMS ''Terror'' in the [[Arctic]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
|Ship name=''Terror''
|Ship ordered=30 March 1812
|Ship builder=Robert Davy, [[Topsham, Devon]]
|Ship laid down=September 1812
|Ship launched=29 June 1813
|Ship acquired=
|Ship completed=By 31 July 1813
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship honours      = 
|Ship fate = Abandoned 22 April 1848, [[King William Island]]}}
{{Infobox|child=yes
| label1 = Wreck discovered
| data1 = 3 September 2016, [[Terror Bay]]
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Vesuvius|bomb vessel}}
|Ship tons burthen= 325 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]) <!-- Similar to {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} -->
|Ship length={{cvt|102|ft}}
|Ship beam={{cvt|27|ft}}
|Ship draught=
|Ship power=30 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|Nominal horsepower]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ATreatiseOnTheScrewPropeller |title=A treatise on the screw propeller: with various suggestions of improvement |section=Appendix, Table I: Dimensions Of Screw Steam Vessels In Her Majesty's Navy |page=i |first=John |last=Bourne |year=1852 |publisher=[[Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans]] |location=London}}</ref>
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship propulsion=*[[Sail]]s
*[[steam engine]]
|Ship complement=67
|Ship armament=*1 × {{cvt|13|in}} [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]
* 1 × {{cvt|10|in}} mortar
|Ship notes=
}}
{{designation list|embed=yes|designation1=Canada|designation1_offname=[[Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site|Wrecks of HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'' National Historic Site]]|designation1_date=2019}}
|}

'''HMS ''Terror''''' was a specialised warship and a newly developed [[bomb vessel]] constructed for the [[Royal Navy]] in 1813. She participated in several battles of the [[War of 1812]], including the [[Battle of Baltimore]] with the bombardment of [[Fort McHenry]] (as mentioned in [[The Star-Spangled Banner]]: "And the Rockets' red glare, the Bombs bursting in air"). She was converted into a polar exploration ship two decades later, and participated in [[George Back]]'s Arctic expedition of 1836–1837, the successful [[Ross expedition]] to the [[Antarctic]] of 1839 to 1843, and [[John Franklin|Sir John Franklin]]'s [[Franklin's lost expedition|ill-fated attempt]] to force the [[Northwest Passage]] in 1845, during which she was lost with all hands along with {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}}.

On 12 September 2016, the [[Arctic Research Foundation]] announced that the wreck of ''Terror'' had been found in [[Nunavut]]'s [[Terror Bay]], off the southwest coast of [[King William Island]]. The wreck was discovered {{cvt|92|km}} south of the location where the ship was reported abandoned, and some {{cvt|31|mi|order=flip}} from the wreck of HMS ''Erebus'', discovered in September 2014.

==Early history and military service==
HMS ''Terror'' was a {{sclass|Vesuvius|bomb vessel|0}} [[bomb ship]] built over two years at the Davy shipyard in [[Topsham, Devon|Topsham]] in south [[Devon]], for the Royal Navy. Her deck was {{cvt|31|m}} long, and the ship measured 325 [[tons burthen]]. The vessel was armed with two heavy [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] and ten [[cannon]], and was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] in June 1813.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/culture/franklin/hist/nav-ves/terror.aspx|title=HMS Terror|date=4 August 2015|publisher=[[Parks Canada]]|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

''Terror'' saw service in the [[War of 1812]] against the [[United States]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/five-interesting-facts-about-hms-terror|title=Five interesting facts about the HMS Terror|last=Pope|first=Alexandra|date=12 September 2016|publisher=[[Canadian Geographic]]|language=en|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> during which the ships of the [[North America and West Indies Station]] of the Royal Navy blockaded the Atlantic ports of the United States and launched amphibious raids from its [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|base]] in [[Bermuda]], leading up to the 1814 [[War of 1812#Chesapeake campaign|Chesapeake campaign]], a punitive expedition that included the [[Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)|Raid on Alexandria]], the [[Battle of Bladensburg]], and the [[Burning of Washington]]. Under the command of [[John Sheridan (Royal Navy officer)|John Sheridan]], she took part in the bombardment of [[Stonington, Connecticut]], on 9–12 August 1814. She also fought in the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in September 1814 and participated in the bombardment of [[Fort McHenry]]; the latter attack inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the poem that eventually became known as "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]".<ref name=":1" /> In January 1815, still under Sheridan's command, ''Terror'' was involved in the [[Battle of Fort Peter]] and the attack on [[St. Marys, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Naval History of Great Britain |year=1835 |volume=6 |page=235 |publisher=James Ridgway |location=London |quote=On the 14th, the combined forces [at Point St Peter], accompanied by the bomb vessels Devastation and Terror..ascended the river to St Marys |url=https://archive.org/stream/navalhistoryofgr06jameuoft#page/235/mode/1up/search/235 |last=James |first=William}}</ref>

After the war, ''Terror'' was [[Reserve fleet|laid up]] until March 1828, when she was recommissioned for service in the [[Mediterranean Sea]].  She was removed from active service when she underwent repairs for damage suffered near [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]].<ref name="sode" />

==Early polar exploration service==
In the mid-1830s, ''Terror'' was refitted as a [[polar exploration]] vessel. Her design as a bomb ship meant she had an unusually strong framework to resist the [[recoil]] of her heavy mortars; thus it was presumed she could withstand the pressure of polar [[sea ice]], as well.<ref name=":4" />

===Back expedition===
[[File:Admiral Sir George Back shows HMS Terror anchored near a cathedral-like iceberg in the waters around Baffin Island (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|A painting by Admiral Sir [[George Back]] showing HMS ''Terror'' anchored near a cathedral-like iceberg in the waters around [[Baffin Island]]]]

In 1836, command of ''Terror'' was given to Captain [[George Back]] for an Arctic expedition to [[Hudson Bay]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> The expedition aimed to enter [[Repulse Bay, Nunavut|Repulse Bay]], where it would send out landing parties to ascertain whether the [[Boothia Peninsula]] was an island or a peninsula. ''Terror'' was trapped by ice near [[Southampton Island]], and did not reach Repulse Bay. At one point, the ice forced her {{cvt|12|m}} up the face of a cliff.<ref name="sode" /> She was trapped in the ice for ten months.<ref name=":1" /> In the spring of 1837, an encounter with an iceberg further damaged the ship. She nearly sank on her return journey across the Atlantic,<ref name=":1" /> and was in a sinking condition by the time Back sailed her into [[Lough Swilly]], before beaching her at [[Rathmullan]], Co. Donegal, Ireland on 21 September.<ref name="sode">{{cite book |last=Paine |first=Lincoln P. |title=Ships of Discovery and Exploration |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=2000 |pages=139–140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9W4QO1b_A8C&q=hms+terror+bomb+vessel |isbn=0-395-98415-7}}</ref><ref name=CM280937>{{Cite news |title=Shipping Intelligence |newspaper=Caledonian Mercury |location=Edinburgh |date=28 September 1837 |issue=18324 }}</ref><ref name="RMG1">{{cite web |last=Stanley |title=Sketched chart of Rathmullan Beach, with the position of HMS TERROR indicated, made by Lieutenant Stanley, 1837. (RCE/2/2)|date=28 September 1837 |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/archive/objects/1114778.html}}</ref>

The admiralty dispatched the shipwright, William McPherson Rice, to refloat and repair ''Terror'' sufficiently to enable her to sail to the naval shipyard at Chatham in Kent, where full repairs were carried out. Correspondence describing the repairs and the crew's sojourn in Rathmullan are held in the [[Royal Museums Greenwich]] collection.<ref name="RMG2">{{cite web |last=Rice |first=William |title=Items relating to the temporary repair of the Arctic discovery vessel HMS TERROR (1813) at Lough Swilly in 1837. (RCE/2/1-2) |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/archive/objects/521062.html}}</ref>  Back subsequently published a complete account of this voyage right up to the decommissioning of ''Terror'' in Chatham.<ref name="BHL1">{{cite book| last=Back| first=George| title=Narrative of an expedition in H. M. S. Terror, undertaken with a view to geographical discovery on the Arctic shores, in the years 1836-7 |date=1838 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00back/page/n7/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater }}</ref>

===Ross expedition===
[[File:'Erebus' and the 'Terror' in New Zealand, August 1841 by John Wilson Carmichael.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''"Erebus" and "Terror" in New Zealand'' on the [[Ross expedition]], August 1841, by [[John Wilson Carmichael]]]]
{{main|Ross expedition}}

In 1839 ''Terror'' was assigned to a voyage to the [[Antarctic]] along with ''Erebus'' under the overall command of [[James Clark Ross]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Francis Crozier]] was commander of ''Terror'' on this expedition, as well as second-in-command to Ross.<ref name=":4" /> The expedition spanned three seasons from 1840 to 1843 during which ''Terror'' and ''Erebus'' made three forays into Antarctic waters, traversing the [[Ross Sea]] twice, and sailing through the [[Weddell Sea]] southeast of the [[Falkland Islands]]. The dormant volcano [[Mount Terror (Antarctica)|Mount Terror]] on [[Ross Island]] was named after the ship by the expedition commander.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=sode/>

==Franklin expedition==
{{main|Franklin's lost expedition}}
[[File:Yellow flower plate from HMS Terror.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Sample of dishware carried by ''Terror'', showing vessel name and the cypher for King George.]]
Before leaving on the [[Franklin expedition]], both ''Erebus'' and ''Terror'' underwent heavy modifications for the journey.<ref name=":1" /> They were both outfitted with steam engines, consisting of former [[London and Greenwich Railway]] [[steam locomotives]]. Rated at {{cvt|25|hp|lk=in}}, each could propel its ship at {{cvt|4|kn|km/h|lk=in}}. The pair of ships were among the first Royal Navy ships to have steam-powered engines and screw propellers.<ref name=":1" /> Twelve days' supply of [[coal]] was carried.<ref name=HR199>{{cite journal |title=British loco boiler at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean |first=Harry |last=Gow |journal=Heritage Railway |issue=199 |date=12 February 2015 |publisher=Mortons Media Group Ltd |location=Horncastle |page=84 |issn=1466-3562}}</ref> Iron plating was added [[Bow (ship)|fore]] and [[aft]] on the ships' hulls to make them more resistant to [[pack ice]], and their decks were cross-planked to distribute impact forces.<ref name=":1" /> Along with ''Erebus'', ''Terror'' was stocked with supplies for their expedition, which included among other items: two tons of [[tobacco]], 8,000 [[Steel and tin cans#History|tins]] of [[Fruit preserves|preserves]], and {{cvt|7,560|litre}} of liquor. ''Terror''{{'}}s library had 1,200 books, and the ship's [[Berth (sleeping)|berth]]s were heated via ducts that connected them to the stove.<ref name=":1" />

Their voyage to the Arctic was with Sir [[John Franklin]] in overall command of the expedition in ''Erebus'', and ''Terror'' again under the command of Captain [[Francis Crozier]]. The expedition was ordered to gather magnetic data in the [[Arctic Archipelago]] and complete a crossing of the [[Northwest Passage]], which had already been charted from both the east and west, but never entirely navigated. It was planned to last three years.<ref name=":1" />

The expedition sailed from [[Greenhithe, Kent|Greenhithe]], [[Kent]], on 19 May 1845, and the ships were last seen entering [[Baffin Bay]] in August 1845.<ref name="sode" /> The disappearance of the Franklin expedition set off a massive search effort in the Arctic and the broad circumstances of the expedition's fate were revealed during a series of expeditions between 1848 and 1866. Both ships had become icebound and were abandoned by their crews, all of whom died of exposure and starvation while trying to trek overland to [[Fort Resolution]], a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost {{cvt|970|km}} to the southwest. Subsequent expeditions up until the late 1980s, including autopsies of crew members, revealed that their canned rations may have been tainted by both [[lead poisoning|lead]] and [[botulism]]. Oral reports by local [[Inuit]] that some of the crew members resorted to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] are supported by evidence of cut marks and pot polish{{what|date=August 2024}} on the skeletal remains of crew members found on [[King William Island]] during the late 20th century.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

==Discovery of the wreckage==
[[File:Franklin's-Lost-Expedition.png|thumb|Map of the probable routes taken by [[HMS Erebus (1826)|HMS ''Erebus'']] and HMS ''Terror'' during Franklin's lost expedition. Disko Bay is about {{cvt|3,200|km}} from the mouth of the Mackenzie River.]]
[[File:King William Island.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|HMS ''Terror'' was found off the south coast of [[King William Island]], highlighted at centre left.]]
[[File:Map Remains of Franklin's Lost Expedition.svg|thumb|Sites of remains of Franklin's Lost Expedition]]
On 15 August 2008, [[Parks Canada]], an agency of the [[Government of Canada]], announced a [[Canadian dollar|CAD]]$75,000 six-week search, deploying the icebreaker {{ship|CCGS|Sir Wilfrid Laurier}} with the goal of finding the two ships. The search was also intended to strengthen Canada's claims of [[Territorial claims in the Arctic|sovereignty over large portions of the Arctic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=147541d1-0d04-445c-963a-f9c498b32883 |title=Parks Canada to lead new search for Franklin ships |publisher=[[Windsor Star]] |date=2008-01-30 |access-date=2013-08-30 |first=Randy |last=Boswell |archive-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524112602/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=147541d1-0d04-445c-963a-f9c498b32883 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Attempts were also undertaken in 2010, 2011, and 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=4969 |title=2012 search Expedition for Franklin's ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror |website=[[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)]] |date=2012-08-23 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005145419/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=4969 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> all of which failed to locate the ships' remains.

On 8 September 2014, it was announced that the wreckage of one of Franklin's ships was found on 7 September using a [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] recently acquired by Parks Canada.<ref name=bbc-2014sep09>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-29131757 |title=Sir John Franklin: Fabled Arctic ship found |website=[[BBC News]] |date=2014-09-09 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><ref name=cbc-2014sep09>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/lost-franklin-expedition-ship-found-in-the-arctic-1.2760311 |title=Lost Franklin expedition ship found in the Arctic |website=[[CBC News]] |date=2014-09-09 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref> On 1 October 2014, Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] announced that the remains were that of ''Erebus''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/franklin-expedition-ship-found-in-arctic-id-d-as-hms-erebus-1.2784268 |title=Franklin expedition ship found in Arctic ID'd as HMS Erebus |website=CBC News |date=2014-10-01 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref>

On 12 September 2016, a team from the Arctic Research Foundation announced that a wreck close to ''Terror''{{'}}s description had been located on the southern coast of [[King William Island]] in the middle of [[Terror Bay]] ({{coord|68|54|N|98|56|W|region:CA-NU_type:waterbody_scale:500000|name=Terror Bay}}), at a depth of {{cvt|69|-|79|ft}}.<ref name=":2">{{cite news | last=Watson | first=Paul | title=Ship found in Arctic 168 years after doomed Northwest Passage attempt | newspaper=The Guardian | date=2016-09-12 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/12/hms-terror-wreck-found-arctic-nearly-170-years-northwest-passage-attempt | access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/mysterious-mosaic-alexander-the-great-israel/shipwreck-discovered-hms-terror-franklin-arctic-canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018222211/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/mysterious-mosaic-alexander-the-great-israel/shipwreck-discovered-hms-terror-franklin-arctic-canada/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|title=Unlikely Tip Leads to Discovery of Historic Shipwreck|last=Pringle|first=Heather|date=13 September 2016|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> The remains of the ships are designated a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] with the exact location withheld to preserve the wrecks and prevent looting.<ref>{{CRHP|19683|Erebus and Terror|29 October 2013}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec7/sites-lieux79_e.asp |title=National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan |publisher=[[Parks Canada]] |date=2009-05-08 |access-date=2013-08-30 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924044854/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec7/sites-lieux79_e.asp |archive-date=24 September 2005 |df=dmy-all }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec6/sites-lieux74_e.asp |title=National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan map |publisher=[[Parks Canada]] |date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2013-08-30 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529114414/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec6/sites-lieux74_e.asp |archive-date=29 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sammy Kogvik, an Inuit hunter and member of the [[Canadian Rangers]] who joined the crew of the Arctic Research Foundation's ''Martin Bergmann'', recalled an incident from seven years earlier in which he encountered what appeared to be a mast jutting from the ice. With this information, the ship's destination was changed from Cambridge Bay to Terror Bay, where researchers located the wreck in just 2.5 hours.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-trust-led-to-hms-terror/|title=HMS Terror: How the final Franklin ship was found|last=Sorensen|first=Chris|date=14 September 2016|publisher=[[Maclean's]]|language=en-CA|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="nocamera">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/sammy-kogvik-hms-terror-franklin-1.3763653/|title=No camera, no proof: Why Sammy Kogvik didn't tell anyone about HMS Terror find|last=Barton|first=Katherine|date=15 September 2016|publisher=[[CBC News]]|language=en-CA|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> According to Louie Kamookak, a resident of nearby [[Gjoa Haven]] and a historian on the Franklin expedition, Parks Canada had ignored the stories of locals that suggested that the wreck of ''Terror'' was in her namesake bay, despite many modern stories of sightings by hunters and from airplanes.<ref name=":3" />

The wreck was found in excellent condition, her decks and interior spaces largely intact. A wide exhaust pipe that rose from the outer [[Deck (ship)|deck]] was pivotal in identifying the ship; it was located in the same location where the smokestack from ''Terror''{{'}}s locomotive engine had been installed. The wreck was nearly {{cvt|100|km}} south of where historians thought her final resting place was, calling into question the previously accepted account of the fate of the sailors, that they died while trying to walk out of the Arctic to the nearest Hudson's Bay Company trading post.<ref name=":2" />

The location of the wreckage, and evidence in the wreckage of anchor usage, indicates continued use, raising the possibility that some of the sailors had attempted to re-man the ship and sail her home (or elsewhere),<ref name=":2" /> possibly on orders from Crozier.<ref name=":3" />

On 23 October 2017 it was announced by British [[Secretary of State for Defence|Defence Minister]] Sir [[Michael Fallon]] that the British government would be giving ''Terror'' and ''Erebus'' to Canada, retaining only a few relics and any gold, along with the right to repatriate any human remains.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674uk_to_gift_franklin_shipwrecks_to_canada/ |title=HMS Erebus ship's bell recovered from Franklin expedition |website=[[Nunatsiaq News]] |date=2017-10-24 |first=Steve |last=Ducharme |access-date=24 October 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112232339/http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674uk_to_gift_franklin_shipwrecks_to_canada/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018, ''Terror'' and ''Erebus'' were gifted to Canada and the [[Inuit]], in care of the Inuit Heritage Trust, by the government of the United Kingdom. This includes all the remaining artifacts.<ref>[https://nationalpost.com/news/britain-gifts-historical-franklin-expedition-ships-to-canada-inuit U.K. gifts two historical Franklin expedition ships worth $430,000 to Canada, Inuit]</ref><ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-britain-officially-gifts-two-long-lost-ships-from-franklin-expedition/ Britain officially gifts two long-lost ships from Franklin expedition to Canada, Inuit]</ref>

Although the exact location has not been released, Nancy Anilniliak, the Field Unit Superintendent of the Nunavut Field Unit, has restricted access to an approximately {{cvt|10|×|5|km|mi}} rectangular area in Terror Bay. The area runs from Point E ({{coord|68|54|25.45|N|98|59|42.07|W|region:CA-NU_type:waterbody|name=point E}}) to Point F ({{coord|68|54|25.24|N|98|51|29.08|W|region:CA-NU_type:waterbody|name=point F}}) to Point G ({{coord|68|48|46.23|N|98|51|31.25|W|region:CA-NU_type:waterbody|name=point G}}) to Point H ({{coord|68|48|46.44|N|98|59|42.15|W|region:CA-NU_type:waterbody|name=point H}}).<ref>[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nu/epaveswrecks/info/plan Restricted area and activities in The Wrecks Of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site Of Canada]</ref>

In August 2019, taking advantage of "exceptionally co-operative" weather conditions, Parks Canada conducted 48 dives over the course of seven days to ''Terror'', 3D-mapping the wreck and searching the interior with [[remote operated vehicle|ROVs]]. The team was able to map out ninety per cent of ''Terror''{{'}}s lower deck, but were unable to access Crozier's cabin due to the buildup of sediment. Despite this, Crozier's cabin was considered the best preserved space in the lower deck, and Parks Canada has expressed the hope that written materials may be found there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/terror-wreck-exploration-franklin-expedition-mystery-1.5252023|title=HMS Terror's 'incredible' condition may offer new clues to Franklin Expedition mystery|last=Davison|first=Janet|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=28 August 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> The planned exploration of the wreck sites in 2020 was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/franklin-wreck-exploration-1.5688400|title=COVID-19 pandemic stalls further exploration of Franklin wrecks|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|date=16 August 2020|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> Parks Canada's Underwater Archaeology Team returned to the wrecks in May 2022, after a two-year postponement caused by the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2022/04/parks-canada-returns-to-the-franklin-expedition-sites-after-a-two-year-postponement.html|title=Parks Canada returns to the Franklin Expedition sites after a two-year postponement|website=[[Government of Canada]]|date=April 28, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2022/05/research-resumes-franklin-expedition-wreck-sites|title=Research Resumes At Franklin Expedition Wreck Sites|date=May 4, 2022|website=National Parks Traveler}}</ref>

==Legacy==

===In art, entertainment, and media===
{{in popular culture|section|date=July 2022}}
HMS ''Terror'' is featured, often alongside HMS ''Erebus'', in fictional works that involve or allude to the Franklin expedition, such as:
* [[Northwest Passage (song)]] is a 1981 song by Canadian musician Stan Rogers about the Franklin expedition and its fate.
* ''Terror and Erebus'' (1965) is a verse play for [[CBC Radio]] by Canadian poet [[Gwendolyn MacEwen]], subsequently published in her collection ''Afterworlds'' (1987).
* [[Mordecai Richler]]'s novel ''[[Solomon Gursky Was Here]]'' (1989), in which Ephraim Gursky survives the expedition and lives to pass on his [[Judaism]] and [[Yiddish]] to some of the local Inuit.<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/canada-franklin-ship-myth-verified |title=Canada Rediscovers the Mythos of the Franklin Expedition |last=Gopnik |first=Adam |date=24 September 2014 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>
* ''Terror and Erebus (A Lament for Franklin)'' (1997) is an [[oratorio]] for solo baritone and chamber ensemble by Canadian composer Henry Kucharzyk, adapted from MacEwen's verse drama and crediting her for its libretto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soundmakers.ca/soundstreams-commissions/terror-erebus-henry-kucharzyk|title=Soundmakers – Terror and Erebus by Henry Kucharzyk|website=www.soundmakers.ca|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref>
* [[Dan Simmons]]' novel ''[[The Terror (novel)|The Terror]]'' (2007), a fictionalized account of Captain Sir John Franklin's lost expedition of HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'' to the Arctic, in 1845–1848, to force the Northwest Passage. In the novel, while Franklin and his crew are plagued by starvation and illness, and forced to contend with mutiny and cannibalism, they are stalked across the bleak Arctic landscape by a monster. The novel has been adapted as an [[The Terror (TV series)|eponymous 2018 television series]] by cable TV channel [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]].
* [[Clive Cussler]]'s novel ''[[Arctic Drift]]'' (2008), in which ''Erebus'' and ''Terror'' contain a mysterious silver metal which holds the key to solving the characters' mystery.
* In July 2013, an anonymous miniaturist began reconstructing a 1:48 scale model of HMS ''Terror'', documenting the process on buildingterror.blogspot.com.<ref>[http://buildingterror.blogspot.com buildingterror.blogspot.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/building-scale-model-hms-terror|title=Building a scale model of HMS Terror|last=Finn|first=Jessica|date=1 December 2014|website=Canadian Geographic}}</ref> In June 2017, it was announced<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buildingterror.blogspot.ca/2017/06/hms-terror-to-cross-atlantic-once-again.html|title=HMS TERROR TO CROSS THE ATLANTIC ONCE AGAIN|website=buildingterror.blogspot.ca|date=13 June 2017|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> that the model HMS ''Terror'' would be shown alongside the historical model of HMS ''Erebus'' (c.1839)<ref>[http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/66676.html Historical model of HMS ''Erebus'' (c.1839)]</ref> in the "Death in the Ice" exhibit<ref>[https://www.rmg.co.uk/work-services/news-press/press-release/death-in-the-ice-franklins-final-expedition "Death in the Ice" exhibit]</ref> at the [[National Maritime Museum]] in Greenwich (July 2017 – January 2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buildingterror.blogspot.ca/2017/08/erebus-and-terror-together-again.html|title=EREBUS AND TERROR TOGETHER AGAIN|website=buildingterror.blogspot.ca|date=8 August 2017|access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> A corresponding Twitter account for "Building Terror"<ref>[https://twitter.com/HMSTerror_model @HMSTerror_model]</ref> was created in December 2017.
* ''Terror & Erebus''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070913/https://terroranderebus.com/ Terror & Erebus]</ref> is a [[chamber opera]] for six singers and [[Percussion instrument|percussion]] quartet by Canadian composer Cecilia Livingston,<ref>[https://cecilialivingston.com/ Cecilia Livingston]</ref> to premiere in 2023.
* ''The Erebus and the Terror'', an instrumental piece composed by [[Mícheál Ó Domhnaill]], is the third track on the 1987 album [[Something of Time]] by [[Nightnoise]].
*''Erebus: The Story of a Ship'' (2018, published by Hutchinson (a division of [[Random House]]), by [[Michael Palin]], is a historical account of the ships ''Erebus'' and ''Terror''.<ref>'[[The Guardian]]" review [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/sep/30/erebus-story-of-a-ship-review-michael-palin]</ref> The book was serialized on [[BBC Radio 4]] in 2018.

===In namesakes===
*[[Mount Terror (Antarctica)|Mount Terror]] on [[Ross Island]], near Antarctica, was named for the ship by Captain Ross, who also named a nearby and slightly taller peak to the west, [[Mount Erebus]].
*[[Erebus and Terror Gulf]], in Antarctica. Named for the vessels used by Royal Navy Captain Sir James Clark Ross in exploring the area in 1842–43.<ref>[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=108699 Erebus and Terror Gulf]</ref><ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis | type = antarid | id = 4559| name = Erebus and Terror Gulf | access-date = 2012-03-02}}</ref>
*[[Terror Bay]] on [[King William Island]] was named in 1910,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/OAQIM |title=Terror Bay|website=Geographic Names Board of Canada|author= Natural Resources Canada}}</ref> long before the discovery of the wreck there.<ref name=":1" />
*[[List of geological features on Mercury|Terror Rupes]] an escarpment on Mercury
*Terror Street in the suburb of [[Keilor Park, Victoria|Keilor Park]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
* Terror Club - Singapore, Sembawang. Named after HMS Terror, when the Royal Navy had control of the northern part of Singapore island. It remains today and is a functioning bar/eatery for its members.

== Books ==
* {{Cite book |last=Palin |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Palin |year=2018 |title=Erebus: The Story of a Ship |location=London |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-1-847-94812-0 |oclc=1099677972}}

==See also==
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]
* [[List of bomb vessels of the Royal Navy]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{refbegin}}
*Beardsly, Martyn: ''Deadly Winter: The Life of Sir John Franklin''. {{ISBN|1-55750-179-3}}.
*Beattie, Owen: ''Frozen in Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition''. {{ISBN|1-55365-060-3}}.
*Berton, Pierre: ''The Arctic Grail''. {{ISBN|0-670-82491-7}}.
*Cookman, Scott: ''Ice Blink: The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition''. {{ISBN|0-471-37790-2}}.
*James, William (1827). ''The Naval History of Great Britain'', Volume 6, 1811 – 1827. Conway Maritime Press. {{ISBN|0-85177-910-7}}.
*McGregor, Elizabeth: ''The Ice Child''.
*Ronchetti L, Clement D, William-Hawkes E:''HMS Terror: a Topsham Ship'' - Published by Topsham Museum Society {{No ISBN}}.
*Simmons, Dan: [[The Terror (novel)|''The Terror'']] (Fictionalized account of the Franklin expedition). {{ISBN|0-593-05762-7}} (UK H/C).
*Smith, Michael: ''Captain Francis Crozier: The Last Man Standing?''. {{ISBN|1-905172-09-5}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
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* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28150#page/9/mode/1up Narrative of an expedition in H. M. S. Terror, undertaken with a view to geographical discovery on the Arctic shores, in the years 1836-7 by Captain Back R.N.]
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{{Commons category|2=HMS Terror}}
* {{OL subject|terror_(ship)|HMS ''Terror''}}

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[[Category:1813 ships]]
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