View source for HMY Alexandra

{{Short description|Steamship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=HMY Alexandra.jpg
|Ship image size = 300px
| Ship caption=HMY ''Alexandra''
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header=
| Ship country=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
| Ship name=''Alexandra''
| Ship namesake=[[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom]]
| Ship owner=[[Her Majesty's Government (term)|His Majesty's Government]]
| Ship operator=[[Royal Navy]]
| Ship registry=
| Ship route=
| Ship ordered=
| Ship builder=[[A. & J. Inglis]], [[Glasgow]]
| Ship original cost=
| Ship yard number=280
| Ship way number=
| Ship laid down=
| Ship launched=30 May 1907
| Ship completed=April 1908
| Ship christened=
| Ship acquired=
| Ship maiden voyage=June 1908
| Ship in service=
| Ship out of service=June 1922
| Ship identification=
| Ship fate=Sold to the Norwegian shipping company ''[[Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab]]'' in May 1925
| Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header=title
| Ship country=[[Norway]]
| Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Norway}}
| Ship name=''Prins Olav''
| Ship namesake=[[Olav V of Norway|Prince Olav of Norway]]
| Ship owner=''Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab''
| Ship operator=
| Ship registry=[[Trondheim (city)|Trondheim]]
| Ship route=*Coast of Norway/[[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]]
*cruises (1925&ndash;1930)
*[[Edinburgh]]&ndash;North Cape 
*(1930&ndash;1935)
*''[[Hurtigruten]]'' (1937&ndash;1940)
| Ship ordered=
| Ship builder=
| Ship refit=*''[[Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted]]'' (1925-1926)
*''[[Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted]]'' (1936-1937)
| Ship original cost=£25,000
| Ship yard number=
| Ship way number=
| Ship laid down=
| Ship launched=
| Ship completed=
| Ship christened=
| Ship acquired=May 1925
| Ship maiden voyage=[[Bergen (city)|Bergen]]&ndash;North Cape, beginning on 5 July 1925
| Ship in service=
| Ship out of service=
| Ship identification=*[[Code letters]]: LCVM
*{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Mike}}
| Ship fate=Sunk by German bombers on 9 June 1940
| Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header=
| Header caption=as built
| Ship class=
| Ship type=*[[Royal yacht]] (1908&ndash;1922)
*[[Hospital ship]] (c. 1914&ndash;1918)
*[[Cruise ship]] (1925&ndash;1935)
| Ship tonnage=*2,113 tons ([[Gross register tonnage|gross]])
*1,135 tons ([[Net register tonnage|net]])
| Ship displacement=
| Ship length={{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam={{convert|12.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship height=
| Ship draught={{convert|13|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship draft=
| Ship depth=
| Ship decks=
| Ship deck clearance=
| Ship ramps=
| Ship ice class=
| Ship sail plan=
| Ship power=
| Ship propulsion=Three [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] turbines with 4,035 [[Horsepower|ihp]]
| Ship speed={{convert|18|kn|km/h}}
| Ship capacity=100 passengers (after 1925 rebuild)
| Ship crew=
| Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header=
| Header caption=after 1937 rebuild
| Ship class=
| Ship type=*''Hurtigruten'' passenger/cargo 
*ship (1937&ndash;1940)
*[[Troopship|Troop ship]] (1940)
| Ship tonnage=*2,147 tons (gross)
*1,247 tons (net)
| Ship displacement=
| Ship length=
| Ship beam=
| Ship height=
| Ship draught=
| Ship draft=
| Ship depth=
| Ship decks=
| Ship deck clearance=
| Ship ramps=
| Ship ice class=
| Ship sail plan=
| Ship power=
| Ship propulsion=3,500 ihp four-cylinder compound engine
| Ship speed={{convert|17|kn|km/h}}
| Ship capacity=450 passengers
| Ship crew=
| Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMY ''Alexandra''''' was a steamship built as a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[royal yacht]], completed in 1908. Normally transporting Britain's royal family to European ports, ''Alexandra'' served as a [[hospital ship]] during the [[World War I|First World War]]. After 17 years of British service, she was sold to [[Norway|Norwegian]] commercial interests in 1925. Renamed '''''Prins Olav''''', she was first used as a luxury [[cruise ship]] on trips to the [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape]], she was converted to take more passengers and cargo. In 1937 she began sailing as a ''[[Hurtigruten]]'' passenger/cargo ship along the coast of Norway. After being requisitioned by the Norwegian government following the 9 April 1940 German [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Norway]], she transported troops for the Norwegian war effort. ''Prins Olav'' was sunk by German bombers on 9 June 1940, while attempting to escape to the United Kingdom as the [[Norwegian Campaign]] was coming to an end.

==Background==
''Alexandra'' was intended to supplement the larger British royal yacht [[HMY Victoria and Albert (1899)|''Victoria and Albert'']], which had proven too large and unwieldy to carry out all her tasks satisfactorily. The contract for ''Alexandra''{{'}}s construction was the first for a royal yacht to be given through open competition, the assignment going to the experienced [[River Clyde]] shipbuilders [[A. & J. Inglis]]. The new ship was named for [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]], the consort of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom]].<ref name=story>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSA05081 |title=Alexandra |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=TheGlasgowStory |year=2004 }}</ref><ref name=bakka96>Bakka 2003, p. 96</ref>

==Construction==
''Alexandra'' had yard number 280 and was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 30 May 1907 in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. The ship's [[Ship sponsor|sponsor]] was [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]], Edward VII's sister.<ref name=story/><ref name=Miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=5602799|shipname=Alexandra |access-date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=warsailors>{{Cite web|last=Lawson |first =Siri Holm |url=http://warsailors.com/singleships/prinsolav.html |title=D/S Prins Olav |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=Warsailors.com }}</ref>

Completed in April 1908, ''Alexandra'' had a [[gross register tonnage]] of 2,113 tons, and a [[net register tonnage]] of 1,135 tons. She could achieve a speed of {{convert|18|kn|km/h}} with her three [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] turbines giving 4,035 [[Horsepower|ihp]]. She was {{convert|90|m|ft}} [[Length between perpendiculars|long between perpendiculars]], with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|12.2|m|ft}} and a draught of {{convert|13|ft|m}}. The ship featured a [[clipper]] bow, two [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]]s and three [[Mast (sailing)|masts]].<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=Miramar/><ref name=warsailors/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cameron |first=Stuart |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430140149/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1948 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 April 2005 |title=HM Yacht ALEXANDRA |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=Clydebuilt database }}</ref><ref name=Lloyds-30>{{cite book | title = Register of Ships | edition = 1930–31 }} {{cite web | url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0965.pdf | title = Scan of page 'Pri' | publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data | access-date = 10 July 2011 }}</ref>

==British service==
On her maiden voyage in June 1908, ''Alexandra'' struck a lock in the [[Kiel Canal]], damaging her propeller.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=The New Royal Yacht. Accident on Maiden Voyage |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14929214 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |page=7 |date=9 June 1908 |access-date=4 May 2015 }}</ref>

In her service as a royal yacht, ''Alexandra'' was crewed by the [[Royal Navy]]. The ship often carried Edward VII on holidays to [[Biarritz]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], or to [[German Empire|Germany]]. During the First World War ''Alexandra'' was used as a [[hospital ship]]. Following the First World War, ''Alexandra'' was rarely used, and was decommissioned in June 1922.<ref name=story/><ref name=bakka96/><ref name=Miramar/><ref name=warsailors/>
[[File:Royal Yatch at Malta 001.jpg|thumb|HMY ''Alexandra'', Malta, 1911]]

==Norwegian career==
In May 1925 she was sold to the Norwegian shipping company ''[[Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab]]'' (NFDS) in [[Trondheim (city)|Trondheim]] for £25,000. ''Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab'' had suffered heavy losses [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|to German U-boat]]s during the First World War, and needed to replenish and expand its fleet.<ref name=bakka96/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Trondheim byleksikon]] |title=Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab |editor=[[Terje Bratberg|Bratberg]], [[Jon Gunnar Arntzen|Arntzen]] |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008080104041 | year=1996 |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |isbn=82-573-0642-8|pages=387 |language=no }}</ref>

''Alexandra'' was renamed ''Prins Olav'', after Queen Alexandra's [[Olav V of Norway|Norwegian grandson]]. In Norwegian service she was assigned the [[code letters]] LCVM.<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=warsailors/>

===Cruise ship===
The first years in Norway she was used as a luxury [[cruise ship]]. After a minor refurbishing in Trondheim, ''Prins Olav'' left for [[Bergen (city)|Bergen]] in [[Western Norway]] on 3 July 1925. Her maiden cruise voyage going from Bergen to the North Cape in [[Northern Norway]] began on 5 July 1925.<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=warsailors/>

Following the conclusion of the 1925 summer season, ''Prins Olav'' was modified at the shipyard ''[[Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted]]'' in [[Fredrikstad (town)|Fredrikstad]] from December 1925. The rebuild created accommodation for 100 passengers, while retaining the original royal quarters on the ship unaltered. ''Prins Olav'' served as an effective [[public relations]] tool for ''Nordenfjeldske''. The ship was especially popular with foreign tourists, and together with the new-built steamer [[SS Dronning Maud (1925)|''Dronning Maud'']] she gave the company a dominating position in the [[Tourism in Norway|tourist industry]] in Northern Norway.<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=kirhusmo71>Kirkhusmo 1997, p. 71</ref><ref>Storberget 1993, pp. 15</ref>

Between 1926 and 1930 ''Prins Olav'' sailed on summer cruises on the Norwegian coast. In winter time, ''Prins Olav''  was mothballed, with the exception of 1928, when winter cruises in the Mediterranean were carried out, something which was repeated in 1935. In the seasons of 1930 to 1935 she cruised between [[Edinburgh]] in Scotland and the North Cape.<ref name=warsailors/>

===Hurtigruten===
[[File:DS Prins Olav i Molde.jpg|thumb|''Prins Olav'' in the Norwegian port of [[Molde]] in 1925]]
In 1936 she was taken out of service for a complete rebuild at ''[[Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted]]'' and the ''Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s own repair yard ''Nordre Verft'' in Trondheim.<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=Miramar/><ref name=warsailors/> As part of the 1936 ''Hurtigruten'' contract with the Norwegian government, ''Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab'' had obligated itself to put a new ship into the service. Rather than building a new ship, ''Nordenfjeldske'' decided to rebuild ''Prins Olav'' for the ''Hurtigruten'' cargo/passenger service on the coast of Norway. The rebuild, which lasted until 27 May 1937, changed her tonnage to 2,147 gross register tons (1,247 net register tons). In her new configuration she had the capacity to carry 450 passengers, with 95 cabins in the First Class section and 145 cabins in the Third Class section. Much effort was put into providing good standards for the Third Class section. Her turbines were replaced with a 3,500 ihp four-cylinder compound engine, the largest steam engine built in Norway up to that point in time. The engine had been manufactured by the shipyard ''Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted'', where ''Prins Olav'' had previously had modification work done.<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=bakka97/><ref name=Lloyds-37>{{cite book | title = Register of Ships | edition = 1937–38 }} {{cite web | url = https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/37/37b0714.pdf | title = Scan of page 'Pri' | publisher = Plimsoll Ship Data | access-date = 10 July 2011 }}</ref> The new shape of ''Prins Olav'' included a single funnel, unlike the two she had had in her previous guise. While ''Prins Olav'' had featured two decks and a shelter deck prior to her rebuild, the rebuilt ship had an additional [[promenade deck]] and a cruiser stern.<ref name=Lloyds-30/><ref name=Lloyds-37/><ref>Kirkhusmo 1997, p. 70</ref>

The rebuilt ship, the largest and grandest in ''Hurtigruten'' service at the time, bore little exterior resemblance to the original royal yacht. ''Prins Olav'' was considered the flagship of the ''Hurtigruten'' service.<ref name=bakka96/><ref name=svanberg286>Svanberg 1990, p. 286</ref><ref>Svanberg 1990, p. 689</ref>

Some four months after completing her rebuild, ''Prins Olav'' ran aground off [[Brønnøysund]] in [[Nordland]] on 25 September 1937, having to be recovered by the [[Salvage tug|salvage ship]] ''Traust''.<ref name=warsailors/>

The ship's royal connection continued in Norway. King [[Haakon VII of Norway]] had visited the ship shortly after her rebuild, and in March 1938 she transported the King, her namesake [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]] and numerous officials and skiers to the 1938 Norwegian Skiing Championship in [[Mo i Rana]].<ref name=bakka97/><ref>Brekke 1999, p. 242</ref>

==Second World War==
The outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]] led to concerns in the Norwegian government with regards to the economy, and as a savings measure a decision to limit the ''Hurtigruten'' service from the ordinary seven sailings from Bergen a week to five was taken on 1 October 1939. After protests from the coastal population daily sailings were reintroduced on 5 December 1939.<ref name=bakka100>Bakka 2003, p. 100</ref>

===Norwegian Campaign===
When the Germans invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, ''Prins Olav'' was in the northern port of [[Harstad (town)|Harstad]], having begun her north-bound route from Bergen on 1 April. Being in the part of Norway which initially avoided being occupied, ''Prins Olav'' was requisitioned to assist with the Norwegian mobilization effort. Serving as a [[Troopship|troop ship]] from 11 April, she first transported Norwegian troops from the [[Lofoten]] region to [[Sørreisa (village)|Sørreisa]] in [[Troms]], and later from [[Kirkenes]] in eastern [[Finnmark]] to [[Gratangen Municipality|Gratangen]] near the front lines [[Battles of Narvik|at Narvik]]. In the latter mission ''Prins Olav'' transported two companies of the 1st battalion of [[12th Infantry Regiment (Norway)|Infantry Regiment 12]], the rest of the battalion having been shipped out several days earlier on the ''Hurtigruten'' ships {{SS|Dronning Maud|1925|2}} and [[SS Kong Haakon (1904)|''Kong Haakon'']], and the steamer ''Hestmanden''. For the last stretch of their voyage, on 17 April, the Norwegian transports were escorted by the Norwegian patrol boat [[HNoMS Heimdal OPV (1892)|''Heimdal'']].<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=bakka97/><ref name=svanberg286/><ref name=bakka100/><ref name=abelsen>Abelsen 1986, p. 302</ref><ref>Berg 1991, pp. 43&ndash;44</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vrakdykking.com/maud4.htm |title=D/S Dronning Maud |access-date=21 May 2011 |last=Andresen |first=Dag-Jostein |date=2 April 2004 |work=Vrakdykking i Nord- og Midt-Norge |page=4 |language=no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085345/http://www.vrakdykking.com/maud4.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Steen 1958, p. 224</ref>

After completing her troop carrying missions she was [[Ship camouflage|camouflaged]] with grey paint and hidden in a fjord in Finnmark. As the fighting in Norway neared its end with the [[Operation Alphabet|Allied evacuation]] from the country following the German [[Battle of France|attack into France]], the Norwegian authorities instructed ''Prins Olav''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s captain to sail west to the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=bakka97/><ref name=svanberg286/><ref name="Vesterålen">{{Cite journal | last =Krogstad | first =Peter | title =På havets bunn står skutene... | journal =[[Bladet Vesterålen]] | pages =57&ndash;58 | date =21 December 2007 | url =http://www.isdykk.no/mSpider/_data/filarkiv/m1200746676.pdf | access-date = 20 May 2011 | language=no}}</ref>

===Last voyage and sinking===
On 7 June 1940 ''Prins Olav'' [[Bunkering|bunkered]] in the port of [[Hammerfest (town)|Hammerfest]] in western Finnmark, before sailing to [[Kågsund]] in Troms, where the [[Royal Norwegian Navy]]'s chief of staff, Captain [[Gunnar Hovdenak]], was organizing the evacuation of merchant vessels from Northern Norway to the United Kingdom. ''Prins Olav'' embarked Captain Hovdenak and steamed alone towards the Faroe Islands in the early morning on 8 June, attempting to join the last of the British evacuation convoys to have left Norway.<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=bakka97/><ref name=svanberg286/><ref name=abelsen/><ref name=voks>Voksø 1994, p. 47</ref><ref name=lunde>Lunde 2009, p. 526</ref> While ''Prins Olav'' had been bunkering in Hammerfest, false rumours had been circulating in the civilian population of the town that King Haakon and his government were on board.<ref name="Vesterålen"/>

Initially, ''Prins Olav'' sailed in the company of the steamer {{SS|Finmarken||2}}, but lost sight of the other vessel while temporarily changing course to order the [[Tromsø]]-bound steamer {{SS|Ingerfire|1905|2}} to redirect to [[Tórshavn]] on the Faroe Islands.<ref name=Steen287/>{{#tag:ref|{{SS|Finmarken||2}} was later intercepted by German aircraft and forced to turn back to Norway.<ref name=Steen287>Steen 1958, p. 287</ref>|group=Note}}

On 9 June ''Prins Olav'' caught up with the fellow ''Hurtigruten'' steamer [[SS Ariadne (1929)|''Ariadne'']]. The two unarmed Norwegian vessels sailed together throughout the day. At 22:30 the ships were discovered by six ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers from the ''II. Gruppe'' of ''[[Kampfgeschwader 26]]'', despatched from [[Værnes Air Station]] near Trondheim to search for ships trying to escape from Northern Norway, and came under attack. After managing to avoid being hit for more than an hour by evasive manoeuvring at full speed, dodging 14 [[Aerial bomb|bombs]], ''Prins Olav'' suffered a near miss which damaged her machinery and left her dead in the water. The crew abandoned ship while being [[Strafing|strafed]] by the German aircraft. Shortly after the crew had boarded [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|life boats]] and left the ship, ''Prins Olav'' was struck by two bombs in the stern and caught fire before later sinking at {{Coord|67|07||N|01|00||E|display=inline,title}}. One crew member was killed in the sinking, while four others were wounded.<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=bakka97/><ref name=svanberg286/><ref name=abelsen/><ref name=voks/><ref name=lunde/><ref name=ariadne>{{Cite web|last=Lawson |first =Siri Holm |url=http://warsailors.com/singleships/ariadne.html |title=D/S Ariadne |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=Warsailors.com }}</ref><ref>Hafsten 2005, p. 52</ref><ref>de Zeng 2007, p. 81</ref><ref name=henriksen>Henriksen 1996, p. 21</ref> In all, 36 people survived the sinking of ''Prins Olav''.<ref>Steen 1958, p. 288</ref>

''Ariadne'', which had served as a hospital ship during the Norwegian Campaign but disembarked her medical personnel in Tromsø and had her [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|red crosses]] painted over before departing, was also sunk by the German bombers, with the loss of nine lives. After the attack, the survivors of the two ships spent several hours in their life boats until rescued by the British destroyer {{HMS|Arrow|H42|6}}. ''Arrow'' had been despatched after the British evacuation convoy had received a partial emergency radio signal from ''Prins Olav'' before the latter ship's antenna was knocked out in the German bombing. The 81 survivors, nine of whom were female, of ''Prins Olav'' and ''Ariadne'' were landed at [[Scapa Flow]] on 14 June.<ref name=warsailors/><ref name=lunde/><ref name=ariadne/><ref name=henriksen/><ref>Berntsen 1991, p. 543</ref><ref>Haarr 2010, p. 314</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4006-19JUN02.htm |title=Naval Events, June 1940, Part 2 of 4 Saturday 8th – Friday 14th |access-date=1 May 2011 |last=Kindell |first=Don |work=Naval-History.net }}</ref>

====Aftermath====
A hearing on the loss of ''Prins Olav'' and '' Ariadne'' was held on 24 June 1940 in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]]. The captain of ''Prins Olav'', Reidar Mauseth, testified at the hearing that the German bombers had been intentionally strafing the survivors in the life boats.<ref name=warsailors/>{{#tag:ref|Reidar Mauseth was the captain of ''Prins Olav'' from her 1937 conversion to ''Hurtigruten'' service until she was sunk on 9 June 1940.<ref name=bakka97>Bakka 2003, p. 97</ref>|group=Note}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Voksø |first=Per |author-link=Per Voksø |title=Krigens Dagbok &ndash; Norge 1940&ndash;1945 |publisher=Forlaget Det Beste |location=Oslo |year=1994 |isbn=82-7010-245-8 |language=no}}
{{Refend}}

{{Royal Yachts of the United Kingdom}}
{{Inglis ships}}
{{June 1940 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexandra}}
[[Category:1907 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Royal yachts of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hospital ships in World War I]]
[[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hospital ships of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Steamships of Norway]]
[[Category:Cruise ships of Norway]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Troop ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in June 1940]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by German aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea]]
[[Category:Merchant ships sunk by aircraft]]